Deck 1: Personality: What It Is and Why You Should Care

Question 1

Which of the following is true of the personality differences among cell phone users as discovered by research?

A) Those who were less conscientious spent more time texting than those who were more conscientious.
B) Individuals with a weak sense of self-identity spent much more time making calls than individuals who scored higher on that personality characteristic.
C) Those who were shy spent less time texting when compared to those who were extraverted.
D) Introverts spent much more time changing their ring tones and wallpapers than extraverts.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Identify a cultural difference between individualism and collectivism.

A) The levels of anxiety and depression have been found to be higher in collectivistic cultures than in the individualistic ones.
B) Individualism has traditionally been encouraged in Asian cultures.
C) Collectivism has traditionally been encouraged in Western cultures.
D) The levels of anxiety and depression have been found to be lower in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic ones.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The concept of karma:

A) may be seen as a deterministic view of human nature by Buddhists.
B) emphasizes free choice and action.
C) encourages an active,rebellious personality type.
D) has shaped the beliefs of many Islamic communities.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true of research on the effect of culture in shaping personality?

A) European Americans displayed a far greater number of negative emotions than did the Asian Americans.
B) Recent Chinese immigrants to Canada scored significantly higher in extraversion than those who have been living for past ten or more years.
C) Brain wave activity in response to a particular visual stimulus has been found to be the same among people from all cultures.
D) In general,people from Western cultures are more optimistic than people from Eastern cultures.

Question 5

A person from a collectivist society is more likely to focus on:

A) group values.
B) assertiveness.
C) competitiveness.
D) self-enhancement.

Question 6

The personality of an individual is _____.

A) completely based on self-perception
B) unstable and unpredictable
C) a unique cluster of characteristics
D) determined at birth and stays unchanged

Question 7

Research that was conducted in diverse countries,such as the Netherlands,Serbia,Hong Kong,and Korea,suggests that those who have a high level of social network use are _____ than those who use it less.

A) more introverted
B) less irritable
C) less anxious
D) more emotionally stable

Question 8

In the past,_____ were more likely to be used in research on personality theory.

A) White women
B) Latino men
C) White men
D) Black men

Question 9

A study on child-rearing practices in different cultures and their effects on personality concluded that:

A) restrictive parental practices adversely affected the mental health and emotional well-being of Arab teenagers.
B) the effect child-rearing practices have on the development of personality is neutralized by the time an individual reaches adolescence.
C) parents in individualistic cultures tended to be noncoercive,democratic,and permissive.
D) Chinese mothers living in Canada were found to be less authoritarian in raising their children than non-Chinese mothers in Canada.

Question 10

Girls and boys are usually reared according to:

A) the norms of the neighborhood where they were raised.
B) the explicit wishes of the grandparents.
C) books on parenting.
D) traditional stereotypes.

Question 11

Around 1500,the Latin word persona was used to refer to:

A) a person's mechanistic behavior.
B) predictable and automatic responses.
C) a mask used by actors in a play.
D) a robe worn by noblemen.

Question 12

Identify a true statement about an individual's personality.

A) It can be stable and predictable.
B) It is generally resistant to sudden changes.
C) It is based on personal traits and behavior.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following is a problem limiting the applicability of cross-cultural personality research?

A) Much less research has been conducted on personality in English-speaking countries than in Latin America.
B) Much of the personality research that has been done in other languages have not been made widely available in English-language sources.
C) The majority of the research on personality has been done on children and the aged in Latin America.
D) The majority of the research on personality conducted in the English-speaking countries has not been well-documented until very recently.

Question 14

Which of the following is true of people using social networking sites,such as Facebook?

A) They tend to portray an idealized self-image of themselves.
B) They feel they are able to express their true selves.
C) They have a tendency to present themselves as much more emotionally stable.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 15

Which of the following is true about personality?

A) Personality is a characteristic exhibited by only a few people.
B) Personality can limit or expand the choices one has in life.
C) Personality is characterized by most psychologists as either terrific or terrible.
D) Personality remains constant in all circumstances.

Question 16

Which of the following statements can be used to sum up personality?

A) Personality is how we perceive ourselves and also how others perceive us.
B) Personality shows that we are deterministic,mechanical,and do not change throughout our lives.
C) Personality is entirely the reflection of fantasies and past recollections of repressed memories.
D) Personality is entirely based on how we were treated during our childhood years.

Question 17

The research conducted by Barrett,Lane,Sechrest,and Schwartz (2000)suggests that:

A) men are more concerned with what people think of them than women do.
B) women exhibit greater emotional complexity than men.
C) women are more resistant to emotional disorders than men.
D) men are more likely to suffer from anxiety than women.

Question 18

We research theories of personality to:

A) establish one of them as superior amongst all.
B) describe their use for real-world problems.
C) show how personality theories are superior to any other theories.
D) generalize that all people are the same across cultures.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of self-enhancement?

A) It is prevalent among Nordic cultures.
B) It is defined as the process of administering rewards or punishments to oneself.
C) It is defined as the tendency to make one conspicuous.
D) It is genetically induced and determined at birth.

Question 20

Which of the following is true of the assumptions made by early personality theorists?

A) Personality theories were valid for all people,regardless of gender and race.
B) Siblings growing up together had highly identical personality types.
C) Social and environmental forces do not have any effect on shaping personality.
D) A person's ethnic background largely influences his or her personality.

Question 21

For which of the following is the MMPI is not appropriate?

A) For those with lower intelligence
B) For those with lower reading skills
C) For children
D) All of these are correct.

Question 22

A limiting factor in the applicability of cross-cultural research of personality is that subjects:

A) demand exorbitantly high amounts to participate in research studies.
B) easily conform to how a researcher wants them to respond.
C) are mostly American college students.
D) are mostly children and adolescents in treatment.

Question 23

The most widely used self-report personality test is the:

A) Rorschach Inkblot Technique.
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
C) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
D) Thematic Apperception Test.

Question 24

The Thematic Apperception Test was developed by:

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Morgan and Murray.
C) Carl Jung.
D) John Watson.

Question 25

In research for the Rorschach,conclusions on validity and reliability are _____.

A) mixed
B) highly consistent
C) absolute
D) largely positive

Question 26

In 1992,the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-A (MMPI-A)was developed for use with _____.

A) adults
B) adolescents
C) children
D) illiterates

Question 27

Self-report measures of personality are advantageous because:

A) they are designed to be taken by both children and adults.
B) they are designed for people of all ranges of intelligence.
C) they are designed and automated to be scored quickly.
D) they are designed for people with all ranges of reading ability.

Question 28

A main reason for administering an online self-report inventory is that:

A) it prevents test-takers from looking ahead at questions.
B) the scoring is highly subjective.
C) it allows test-takers to change answers already given.
D) the method is easily understood by children.

Question 29

In the context of assessment of personality,identify a true statement about research on gender and ethnic issues.

A) Girls exhibit higher levels of depression than boys in the same age group.
B) Women tend to score lower than men on tests measuring assertiveness.
C) Women are more often diagnosed with depression than are men.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 30

Projective techniques are used to assess personality by:

A) having individuals associate personal needs,fears,and values onto an ambiguous stimulus.
B) observing the behavior of individuals in a given situation.
C) talking to individuals being evaluated and asking relevant questions about problems that led them to seek psychological help.
D) recording individuals' thoughts and providing samples over a period of time.

Question 31

Which question best clarifies the meaning of validity?

A) Has the test been taken by many people?
B) Does the student know what is on the test?
C) Does the test measure what it is intended to measure?
D) Are the results of the test consistent?

Question 32

In the context of the ethnic issues that affect personality assessment,Hispanics tend to:

A) constantly seek therapy compared to Whites and other minority groups.
B) never follow up on their first visit by returning for additional sessions.
C) avoid doctors who are from the same ethnic and racial background as themselves.
D) keep their distress hidden and only reveal this distress to close family members.

Question 33

The Rorschach Inkblot Technique:

A) was an instant success at the time of its publication.
B) is used to objectively interpret the values,needs,and fears of a person.
C) can be used with greater confidence than the MMPI for ethnic minority groups.
D) is rated lower than the MMPI in validity research.

Question 34

A projective test of personality:

A) clearly describes an objective assessment of personality.
B) has low inter-scorer reliability and validity.
C) was initially based on the behavioral theory of personality.
D) is consistent across circumstances and individuals taking the test.

Question 35

Which of the following approaches to personality assessment involves asking people to give an account of and answer questions about their behavior and feelings in various situations?

A) Behavioral assessment procedures
B) Projective techniques
C) Experience sampling procedures
D) Self-report personality tests

Question 36

Which of the following is true of the principle of reliability that is used in personality assessment?

A) It involves the consistency of response to an assessment device.
B) It is an indicator of the validity of an assessment technique.
C) It is an assessment device measuring what it is expected to measure.
D) It involves selecting the most accurate score from a group of results.

Question 37

In the context of the effect of ethnicity on personality assessment,Asians _____.

A) tend to score low on collectivism
B) tend to view any form of mental disorder as a shameful condition
C) tend to avoid self-effacement and view it negatively
D) tend to score low on self-criticism

Question 38

Which of the following statements characterizes the Hispanic population with respect to personality assessment?

A) Hispanics tend to seek help for their mental condition from personnel of other ethnicities in order to avoid potential embarrassment in their own community.
B) Hispanics are highly individualistic and tend to score high on self-enhancement.
C) Compared to Blacks,Hispanics score considerably higher on suspicion and lack of trust in other people.
D) Compared to Whites,there is a higher rate of PTSD symptoms among Hispanic civilian survivors with physical injuries.

Question 39

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)is a projective technique that _____.

A) is a highly valid and reliable test
B) is highly objective and easy to interpret
C) consists of 19 ambiguous pictures and 1 blank card
D) consists of multiple-choice and true-false questions

Question 40

In thought and experience assessment,_____.

A) response words are analyzed for their commonplace or unusual nature
B) subjects are asked relevant questions about the problems that led them to seek psychological help
C) subjects are presumed to project personal needs,fears,and values onto their interpretation or description of an ambiguous stimulus
D) the observer and the person being observed are the same

Question 41

The reliability of assessment techniques is concerned with whether a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Question 42

Rearing of girls and boys according to traditional gender stereotypes plays a major role in shaping their personalities in different ways.

Question 43

Which of the following is true about the role of theories in the study of personality?

A) Theories disrupt the order data brings in,helping to create more possibilities.
B) Theories often turn out to be contradictions of reality.
C) Theories provide vague,abstract,and speculative ideas.
D) Theories help us to understand,predict,and change behavior.

Question 44

Self-report inventories remain the most objective approach to personality assessment.

Question 45

Those who feel they are able to express their true selves are more active on Facebook and other social media sites than those who do not feel that way about themselves.

Question 46

Which of following is true of the problems regarding the cross-cultural application of personality assessment techniques?

A) Responding to questions in a true-false format or multiple-choice format,which is natural to American college students,may be an awkward or alien way of answering in other cultures.
B) The TAT cannot be used effectively in Nordic cultures because of the Nordic prohibitions against representing humans in pictorial form.
C) Due to the ongoing ethnic tensions in the Arab world,there has been a steady decline in the number of personality tests,developed in America,being successfully translated into Arabic.
D) People of European origin may reflect mistrust or interpersonal wariness due to pervasive discrimination and perceived racism.

Question 47

A test-taker tends to make himself or herself appear acceptable and socially desirable on a self-report inventory.

Question 48

The correlational method of research:

A) employs inkblots to assess an individual's psychological makeup.
B) involves exposing one of two groups to the stimulus variable.
C) requires people to describe ambiguous pictures to understand how they feel and think.
D) measures the relationship between two variables.

Question 49

Online testing is less expensive and less time-consuming than conventional classroom tests.

Question 50

In experimental research,the _____ variable is the one manipulated by the experimenter.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) external
D) internal

Question 51

Projective tests are highly accurate and objective in their ability to describe personality.

Question 52

Online or virtual research is advantageous because:

A) there are objective and reliable sources,such as Wikipedia.
B) online samples are almost truly representative of a population as a whole.
C) studies conducted on the Web are cheaper and lead to faster responses.
D) subjects provide honest and accurate answers related to questions about age,race,and income.

Question 53

_____ refers to the view that personality is basically fixed in the early years of life and subject to little change thereafter.

A) Natural selection
B) Historical determinism
C) Attribution theory
D) Social exchange theory

Question 54

In the context of the personality research methods,_____ is a technique for determining the effect of one or more variables on behavior.

A) an experiment
B) a case study
C) a projective test
D) a clinical observation

Question 55

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)is considered a projective measure of personality assessment.

Question 56

In the context of the clinical method used in personality research,a _____ refers to a detailed history of an individual that contains data from a variety of sources.

A) primary disclosure document
B) white paper
C) consent form
D) case study

Question 57

The primary limitation of the correlation method deals with:

A) solving the highly complex results.
B) using statistical analysis.
C) determining cause and effect.
D) analyzing the experimental variables.

Question 58

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)is not appropriate for people with limited reading skills.

Question 59

Personality accounts for the large and small ways in which an individual is different from everybody else.

Question 60

Significant differences in responses to most self-report inventories have been found between paper-and-pencil tests and the same tests administered online.

Question 61

How have personality theories been shaped by the life experiences of the personality theorists?

Question 62

The Rorschach Inkblot tests,unlike the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI),can be widely used for ethnic minorities.

Question 63

Define the terms reliability and validity.List the major approaches of personality assessment.

Question 64

Discuss the ways in which the use of social media and an individual's personality affect each other.

Question 65

Men are more often diagnosed with depression than are women.

Question 66

Discuss the roles of race,gender,and culture in shaping personality.

Question 67

Although projective tests have low reliability and low validity,they are still widely used for assessment and diagnostic purposes.

Question 68

Clinical interviews are more systematic than formal behavioral assessment procedures.

Question 69

Discuss the various ways in which personality can be defined.