Deck 6: Erik Erikson: Identity Theory

Question 1

Erikson divided the growth of the personality into:

A) nine stages up to adolescence.
B) four psychosexual levels.
C) eight psychosocial stages of development.
D) six categories of biological changes.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The locomotor-genital stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development,which occurs between ages 3 and 5,involves _____ as the two ways of coping.

A) initiative versus guilt
B) identity versus role confusion
C) autonomy versus doubt and shame
D) trust versus mistrust

Answer 2

A

Question 3

From his early work and analysis with Anna Freud,Erikson developed an interest in:

A) psychoanalytic work with children.
B) feminine psychology.
C) understanding the biological influences of personality development.
D) the unconscious and subconscious thoughts of his patients.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In which of the following did Erikson note the phenomenon of identity confusion?

A) His study of patients in Vienna
B) His study of World War II veterans
C) His study of schizophrenic adults
D) All of these are correct.

Question 5

After migrating from Vienna,Erikson worked:

A) in Germany with schizophrenic patients.
B) with young children in Africa.
C) at a guidance center for emotionally disturbed delinquents.
D) with Sigmund Freud.

Question 6

During Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development,when trust or mistrust are the ways of coping,the most important body part is the:

A) anus.
B) mouth.
C) stomach.
D) nose.

Question 7

Erikson's childhood and youth were characterized by:

A) a number of identity crises.
B) a conflicted relationship with his negligent mother.
C) a strong bond with his biological father.
D) a strong Oedipal complex.

Question 8

According to Erikson,personality develops:

A) mostly during early childhood.
B) only until age five.
C) during adolescence.
D) over the entire life span.

Question 9

The adolescence stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development that includes the ways of coping of identity cohesion or role confusion appears between ages:

A) 3 and 5.
B) 6 and 11.
C) 12 and 18.
D) 19 and 35.

Question 10

Erikson used the term _____ to refer to the idea that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on hereditary factors.

A) functional autonomy of motives
B) epigenetic principle of maturation
C) expressive behavior
D) primary-process thought

Question 11

Erikson included all of the following in his theory of personality except:

A) the eight stages of life.
B) social and environmental forces.
C) basic strengths.
D) unconscious forces.

Question 12

Erikson studied each of the following groups except:

A) delinquents.
B) schizophrenic adults.
C) Native American tribes.
D) normal children.

Question 13

Erik Erikson lived out one of his most famous concepts through:

A) his rejection of an important father figure-Freud.
B) the failure to earn an academic degree.
C) several identity crises.
D) his refusal to sign an oath of loyalty to the field of medicine.

Question 14

In the context of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development,identify a true statement about the personal conflicts in the developmental stages.

A) The potential for these personal conflicts exists at birth.
B) Each conflict or crisis can be overcome in one of two ways.
C) The personal crises involve a shift in perspective.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 15

In Erikson's view,at each stage of psychosocial development,_____.

A) the maladaptive way of coping must be suppressed
B) the ego must incorporate both maladaptive and adaptive ways of coping
C) we must eliminate our sexual and physical needs
D) the mother is most important in resolving the crisis for the child

Question 16

According to Erikson,_____ involves a determination to exercise freedom of choice and self-restraint in the face of society's demands.

A) competence
B) will
C) purpose
D) fidelity

Question 17

According to Erikson,if a conflict at one developmental stage cannot be resolved,then a person is more likely to:

A) resolve it during the later stages.
B) compensate for it at the next stage of development.
C) find it difficult to adapt to later problems.
D) overcome problems faster in later stages.

Question 18

Erikson's epigenetic principle of maturation:

A) concerns the time required for a child to grow or mature to become an adult.
B) states that personality is determined entirely by genetics.
C) asserts that development is determined by both biological and social factors.
D) confirms that only social and environmental factors determine our personality.

Question 19

Erikson extended Freud's theory by placing greater emphasis on the _____ than on the _____.

A) id; ego
B) ego; id
C) superego; ego
D) unconscious; id

Question 20

Each of Erikson's developmental stages provides individuals an opportunity to:

A) increase their awareness of their unconscious mind.
B) explore the pleasure principle.
C) overcome genetic predispositions.
D) develop their basic strengths.

Question 21

To Erikson,the end of young adulthood may occur at the age of:

A) 21.
B) 35.
C) 25.
D) 30.

Question 22

The basic strength associated with the final stage of psychosocial development is:

A) hope.
B) faith.
C) purpose.
D) wisdom.

Question 23

The psychosocial developmental stage of maturity that lasts the longest is the:

A) muscular-anal stage.
B) locomotor-genital stage.
C) adulthood stage.
D) latency stage.

Question 24

According to Erikson,the basic strength that should develop during adolescence is:

A) purpose.
B) wisdom.
C) hope.
D) fidelity.

Question 25

Which of the following did Erikson consider to be a positive outcome in the young adulthood stage?

A) A person establishes intimate relationships.
B) Individuals establish their dependence on their parents.
C) A person acquires the skill of competence.
D) Individuals focus on understanding the purpose of their lives.

Question 26

According to Erikson,_____ are motivating characteristics that derive from the unsatisfactory resolution of developmental crises.

A) secondary traits
B) instinctoid needs
C) free associations
D) basic weaknesses

Question 27

Identify a true statement about people who are unable to develop positive relationships during young adulthood.

A) They prefer to live in isolation.
B) They avoid social contacts and reject other people.
C) They fear intimacy.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 28

According to Erikson,when middle-aged people cannot or will not find an outlet for generativity,they:

A) lose their strengths of competence,purpose,and fidelity.
B) may become overwhelmed by stagnation and regress to a stage of pseudo-intimacy.
C) adopt the behaviors of older,and more mature,adults.
D) may join as many organizations as possible to satisfy their ego.

Question 29

According to Erikson,which of the following should older people seek?

A) Vital participation in life
B) New challenges
C) Stimulation from their environment
D) All of these are correct.

Question 30

Erikson believed that for adolescents,excessive association with fanatical groups and cults or obsession with popular cultural icons could:

A) restrict the developing ego.
B) increase their positive well-being.
C) lead them to develop their superego.
D) help them overcome issues of fidelity.

Question 31

According to Erikson,a(n)_____ identity is preferable to no identity during the adolescent stage.

A) positive
B) confusing
C) incongruent
D) negative

Question 32

The term fidelity encompasses:

A) sincerity,genuineness,and a sense of duty in relationships.
B) trust,autonomy,initiative,and industriousness.
C) the courage to envision and pursue goals.
D) the freedom of choice and self-restraint.

Question 33

Ego integrity involves:

A) making unconscious desires conscious.
B) allowing the superego and the id to be more balanced.
C) experiencing a sense of frustration with one's past.
D) accepting one's place and one's past.

Question 34

According to Erikson,a person in the adulthood stage experiences _____ versus _____ and needs to be involved in teaching and guiding the next generation.

A) generativity; stagnation
B) ego integrity; despair
C) intimacy; isolation
D) industriousness; inferiority

Question 35

Erikson identified the stage that deals with identity cohesion versus role confusion as:

A) a time when a person has a strong sense of their own identity.
B) a stage where a person develops a variety of physical and mental abilities.
C) a moratorium to give a person time and energy to play different roles.
D) a period of consistency,hope,and resolution of conflicts.

Question 36

According to Erikson,people who are unable to develop positive relationships during young adulthood may prefer to be alone because they fear _____ as a threat to their ego identity.

A) casual social contact
B) unconscious desires
C) intimacy
D) conflict

Question 37

Erikson's depiction of emotional difficulties in middle age is similar to:

A) Freud's description of ego development.
B) Jung's description of the midlife crisis.
C) Adler's description of individual psychology.
D) Horney's description of middle-age anxiety.

Question 38

According to Erikson,a person undertakes some form of productive work,establishes intimate relationships,and has an opportunity to become independent from his or her parents during the stage of:

A) young adulthood.
B) adolescence.
C) adulthood.
D) latency.

Question 39

_____,developed in the seventh stage of life,may be the most important factor contributing to ego integrity in the eighth and final stage of psychosocial development.

A) Generativity
B) Intimacy
C) Industriousness
D) Trust

Question 40

Erikson believed that the basic strength associated with adulthood is:

A) wisdom.
B) love.
C) purpose.
D) care.

Question 41

In his study of play constructions,Erikson believed he saw:

A) the symbolic expression of the genitals for both sexes.
B) proof of his first three developmental stages.
C) how sex roles were changing in modern culture.
D) gender neutrality in the selection of play objects.

Question 42

Erikson's primary research method was the:

A) Inkblot analysis.
B) psychoanalysis questionnaire.
C) case study.
D) free association analysis.

Question 43

Women college students who are career-oriented are likely to:

A) marry later in life.
B) pursue a committed relationship early in life.
C) date men who are not employed and who need emotional support.
D) date more in college than those women who are not career-oriented.

Question 44

Which of the following psychosocial types precedes foreclosure in the adolescent stage of development?

A) Identity achievement
B) Moratorium
C) Social acceptance
D) Identity diffusion

Question 45

Each of the following is a psychological type,or status,in the adolescent stage of development except:

A) identity achievement.
B) identity competence.
C) foreclosure.
D) moratorium.

Question 46

Erikson's use of psychohistorical analysis included such significant personalities and figures as:

A) Hitler and Hannibal.
B) Moses and Noah.
C) Castro and Stalin.
D) Gandhi and Martin Luther.

Question 47

In the adolescence stage of psychosocial development,the status of _____ describes adolescents who are committed to occupational and ideological choices.

A) identity achievement
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) identity diffusion

Question 48

On the free will-determinism dimension,Erikson's theory of human nature:

A) is only partially deterministic.
B) rejects determinism in favor of free will.
C) proposes no ultimate life goal.
D) focuses mainly on free will and innate tendencies.

Question 49

Which of the following statuses of the adolescent stage of development does not represent a successful resolution of the identity problem?

A) Identity diffusion
B) Alienated achievement
C) Foreclosure
D) Moratorium

Question 50

Erikson's most unusual assessment technique is:

A) dream analysis.
B) psychohistorical analysis.
C) free association.
D) birth order characterization.

Question 51

Adolescents who have not experienced an identity crisis but are committed to an occupation are in the:

A) foreclosure status.
B) moratorium status.
C) identity competence status.
D) identity achievement status.

Question 52

In Erikson's view,malignancies develop when:

A) only a negative tendency is present.
B) only an adaptive tendency is present.
C) neuroses predominate.
D) adulthood is reached.

Question 53

Erikson believes that basic strengths:

A) are goals to strive for but not reach.
B) are potentially achievable by everyone.
C) cannot be fully expressed because of id interference.
D) are biologically determined and inevitable.

Question 54

Studies on the concept of ego identity that was proposed by Erikson showed that:

A) it is negatively related to maternal identification.
B) younger men experience lower levels of psychological distress than do older men.
C) women are more successful than men in achieving ego identity.
D) adolescents who developed trust and autonomy displayed a high level of identity cohesion.

Question 55

Research on Erikson's theory suggests that college may delay the resolution of the _____.

A) generativity crisis
B) womb envy
C) identity crisis
D) penis envy

Question 56

Erikson suggests that the failure of a person to adapt at one developmental stage:

A) dooms the person to failure at later stages.
B) can displace the person's true developing self.
C) can be corrected successfully at a later stage.
D) prevents the development of the superego.

Question 57

Identify the assessment technique Erikson used in his analysis of emotionally disturbed children.

A) Psychological testing
B) Free association
C) Dream analysis
D) Play therapy

Question 58

Which of the following stages in the development of a psychologically healthy Black identity,proposed by William Cross,includes three identity clusters?

A) The encounter stage
B) The immersion-emersion stage
C) The pre-encounter stage
D) The internalization stage

Question 59

Generativity in middle age correlates positively with:

A) income.
B) hope.
C) wisdom.
D) power.

Question 60

Research on Erikson's psychosocial stages demonstrated:

A) little support for all individual stages and their associated psychological manifestations.
B) a relationship between happiness and adaptive development in the first six stages.
C) no relationship between the individual stages and their ascribed aspects of personality.
D) support for the occurrence of generativity or stagnation during adolescence.

Question 61

According to Erikson,in the latency stage of psychosocial development,a child's growing powers of deductive reasoning and the ability to play by rules lead to the deliberate refinement of the skills displayed in building things.

Question 62

In response to charges that his concepts are ambiguous and poorly defined,Erikson cited:

A) numerous supporters who refuted these charges.
B) his growing influence and fame.
C) the basic impossibility of trying to define personality.
D) his artistic temperament and lack of formal training in science.

Question 63

Erikson is best known for his eight stages of psychosocial development.Consider the stage of trust versus mistrust and (A)identify when this stage occurs; (B)give a general description of a positive and negative development of this stage.

Question 64

The preference for gender-based toys among children existed during the time of Erikson but is not prevalent today.

Question 65

Erickson believed that our personality development is affected by both biological and social factors.

Question 66

One of the most important contributions of Erikson's personality theory is to the field of:

A) psychometry.
B) computational social science.
C) recombinant memetics.
D) life-span developmental psychology.

Question 67

How is the superego developed in a child in the locomotor-genital stage according to Erikson?

Question 68

The basic strength associated with the final stage of maturity and old age is hope.

Question 69

Rather than just reflecting on the past,Erikson believed that older people must remain active,vital participants in life,while seeking challenge and stimulation from their environment.

Question 70

As indicated by Erikson,young adulthood includes generativity versus stagnation as the ways of coping with crisis and a person might resolve the crisis of his or her basic ego identity during this stage.

Question 71

According to Erikson,basic strengths are interdependent and one strength cannot develop until the strength associated with the previous psychological stage of personality development has been confirmed.

Question 72

The basic strength that emerges from the intimacy of the young adult years is love.

Question 73

The basic strength called purpose should be realized during the muscular-anal stage,which is characterized by initiative versus guilt.

Question 74

People who fail to achieve a cohesive identity will experience a confusion of their roles and thus will have an identity crisis.

Question 75

Erikson's theory allows for optimism and offers the possibility of a positive outcome in each stage of personality development.

Question 76

Autonomy versus shame is associated with the locomotor-genital stage,which occurs between the ages of one to three.

Question 77

Erikson believed that all institutions- whether business,government,social service,or academic-related-provide opportunities for us to express ego integrity.

Question 78

Erikson's theory has been criticized because it is:

A) irrelevant to the lives of average persons.
B) more applicable to women than to men.
C) incomplete in its description of the last stage of maturity.
D) of more value in the laboratory than in the clinic.

Question 79

Care is the basic strength that emerges from generativity in adulthood.

Question 80

Erikson's theory of personality development involves a series of personal constructs and ego-idealizations.