Deck 8: Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck, The Five-Factor Theory, Hexaco, and the Dark Triad

Question 1

Cattell worked with the prominent American psychologist _____.

A) Carl Rogers
B) Henry Murray
C) Edward L.Thorndike
D) Abraham Maslow

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Source traits are:

A) derived from surface traits.
B) basic factors of personality.
C) unstable and impermanent.
D) composed of several elements.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Personality characteristics that correlate with one another but do not constitute a factor are called:

A) surface traits.
B) source traits.
C) ability traits.
D) dynamic traits.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

_____ traits are the driving forces for behavior.

A) Temperament
B) Dynamic
C) Guiding
D) Modal

Question 5

Factor analysis is a:

A) new version of Freud's psychoanalysis.
B) technique to measure relationships between several variables.
C) method that assesses subjects by observing their gestures.
D) technique to analyze the differences among group means and their associated procedures.

Question 6

Spearman used factor analysis to measure mental abilities,whereas Cattell resolved to apply the method to the structure of:

A) personality.
B) society.
C) higher education.
D) physiological research.

Question 7

Which of the following is true about Cattell's approach to personality?

A) He relied on experimentation involving measurement of change of behavior against stimuli.
B) He was more inclined to change behavior from abnormal to normal.
C) His approach to personality was rigorously scientific.
D) His approach was clinical in nature and relied heavily on case studies.

Question 8

Factor analysis is based on:

A) correlations between several measures.
B) clinical analysis of case studies.
C) treatment of the data derived from free association.
D) the statistical analysis of life history factors.

Question 9

In Cattell's system,the mental elements of personality are called:

A) complexes.
B) traits.
C) sentiments.
D) archetypes.

Question 10

Cattel was interested in:

A) modifying behavior from abnormal to normal.
B) treating emotionally disturbed patients.
C) changing the personality of unhappy people.
D) studying the personality of normal people.

Question 11

Cattell's childhood was characterized by:

A) excessive poverty.
B) neurotic parents.
C) competition with an older brother.
D) loneliness and lack of freedom.

Question 12

Which of the following is true about the life of William Cattell?

A) His parents were very restrictive and did not allow him much spare time.
B) His decision to study psychology was rewarded with immediate success.
C) He only married once,and his wife shared his dedication to his work.
D) His life was characterized by intense dedication to and total absorption in his work.

Question 13

Cattell's goal in studying personality was to:

A) explore the unconscious.
B) predict behavior.
C) change behavior.
D) cure emotionally disturbed persons.

Question 14

Which of the following traits describe the general style and emotional tone of our behavior and affect the ways we act and react to situations?

A) Ability traits
B) Unique traits
C) Temperament traits
D) Dynamic traits

Question 15

According to Cattell,which of the following statements is true of traits?

A) They are relatively permanent reaction tendencies.
B) They are the basic structural units of the personality.
C) They are derived by the method of factor analysis.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 16

Cattell used _____ for treatment of the data.

A) ANOVA
B) projective techniques
C) regression analysis
D) factor analysis

Question 17

According to Cattell's conclusion,if two measures showed a high correlation,then:

A) they exhibited mutual causation.
B) they demonstrated the close relationship between the unconscious and the conscious.
C) they measured similar or related aspects of personality.
D) they still couldn't be safely combined to form a trait.

Question 18

Why did Cattell aim just to study the personality of normal people?

A) He did not have to serve as a therapist in a mental institution.
B) He was apathetic toward the problems of emotionally disturbed people.
C) He avoided treating people with mental illness,as it was considered a taboo during his time.
D) He thought it would be wise to understand personality fully before treating it.

Question 19

During his formal training in psychology,Cattell worked with:

A) Charles E.Spearman.
B) Henry Murray.
C) B.F.Skinner.
D) Alfred Adler.

Question 20

In the context of Cattell's classification of traits,characteristics such as intelligence and gregariousness are examples of _____ traits.

A) common
B) dynamic
C) unique
D) unusual

Question 21

In the context of his views on human nature,Cattell:

A) was more optimistic about our ability to solve social problems in his younger years.
B) was more pessimistic about our ability to solve social problems in his younger years.
C) was flattering in depicting the peaceful resolution of inner conflicts.
D) was gloomy in illustrating a dark cellar of conflict in which a battle is continually raging.

Question 22

According to Cattell's research,one-third of our personality is _____ based.

A) educationally
B) environmentally
C) genetically
D) socially

Question 23

According to Cattell's stages of development,as we mature,personality:

A) becomes less flexible.
B) changes dramatically.
C) ceases to grow.
D) begins to disintegrate.

Question 24

The L-data technique uses:

A) questionnaires filled by the subjects themselves.
B) ratings of specific behaviors in real-life settings.
C) objective tests which are immune to falsification.
D) observations of behavior in laboratory.

Question 25

According to Cattell's view of human nature,which of the following is true?

A) Human beings are capable of exhibiting great spontaneity,even within the restrictions of law and order.
B) With age,Cattell became more pessimistic about our ability to solve social problems.
C) Cattell is biased toward free will on the issue of free will versus determinism.
D) The experiences and forces of childhood have a permanent effect on personality.

Question 26

Which of the following is true about the basic factors of personality?

A) They are measured by the 16 PF Test.
B) They can be tested objectively.
C) They are source traits.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 27

According to Cattell,behavior that is considered predictable must be:

A) perceived early on in life,such as childhood.
B) perceived in the unconscious mind.
C) lawful and orderly.
D) an outcome of the constructs formed in the subject.

Question 28

Environmental-mold traits are:

A) learned characteristics that impose a pattern on personality.
B) derived from internal conditions.
C) less stable and permanent than the constitutional traits.
D) developed from biological conditions but are not necessarily innate.

Question 29

Cattell accepted the influences on personality of both:

A) free will and the drive for self-actualization.
B) the superego and the id.
C) the conscious and unconscious.
D) nature and nurture.

Question 30

In Cattell's 16 PF (personality factor)questionnaire,on factor Q₄,the high scorers are tense,driven,and fretful,whereas the low scorers are:

A) apprehensive,insecure,self-reproaching.
B) forthright,naïve,and unpretentious.
C) tough-minded,self-reliant,and demanding.
D) relaxed,tranquil,and composed.

Question 31

In Cattell's 16 PF (personality factor)questionnaire,on factor A,the low scorers are reserved,aloof,and detached,whereas the high scorers are:

A) dominant,assertive,and forceful.
B) suspicious,jealous,and withdrawn.
C) outgoing,warmhearted,and easygoing.
D) shrewd,worldly,and insightful.

Question 32

According to Cattell's view,which of the following is a necessary goal in life?

A) Self-actualization
B) Fullest development of all factors
C) Tension reduction
D) None of these are correct.

Question 33

Q-data are obtained by:

A) self-report questionnaires filled by subjects.
B) tape recordings of psychotherapy sessions.
C) observation of behavior in real-life settings.
D) autobiographical accounts of the psychologists.

Question 34

The two types of source traits are:

A) common traits and unique traits.
B) constitutional traits and environmental-mold traits.
C) ability traits and dynamic traits.
D) environmental-mold traits and temperament traits.

Question 35

Cattell has identified 16 _____ traits that form the basis of personality.

A) surface
B) unique
C) ability
D) source

Question 36

Cattell's personality theory:

A) was incorporative of several Freudian ideas.
B) was closely aligned with Horney's theory.
C) was similar to Adler's theory of individual psychology.
D) was closely aligned to Erikson's eight stages of development.

Question 37

During _____,people reexamine their values and search for a new self.

A) maturity
B) late maturity
C) adolescence
D) old age

Question 38

On the uniqueness and universality issue,Cattell noted the existence of _____ traits and _____ traits.

A) obvious; hidden
B) surface; source
C) common; unique
D) learned; observational

Question 39

The behaviors that result from alcohol intake are _____.

A) constitutional traits
B) environmental-mold traits
C) source traits
D) dynamic traits

Question 40

The assessment technique that involves the use of tests in which a person responds without knowing what aspect of behavior is being evaluated is:

A) T-data.
B) Q-data.
C) L-data.
D) P-data.

Question 41

According to Eysenck,the most significant factor in intelligence was:

A) environment.
B) heredity.
C) learning.
D) unpredictability.

Question 42

Factor-analytic research has shown that partners in a stable marriage:

A) have highly different personality traits.
B) score high on the factor of apprehension.
C) have highly similar personality traits.
D) score low on the factor of apprehension.

Question 43

Eysenck believed that personality traits can be derived from:

A) case histories.
B) dream analysis.
C) factor analysis.
D) performance projective tests.

Question 44

In the context of the forms of factor-analysis used by Cattell to study personality,in the _____,large amounts of data are collected on one subject over a long period.

A) R technique
B) P technique
C) L-data technique
D) Q-data technique

Question 45

Which of the following is true of the study of behavioral genetics?

A) It involves the study of the relationship between hereditary factors and personality traits.
B) It shows that environmental factors are more important than genetic factors.
C) It was begun by Murray and carried forward by Allport and Cattell.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 46

Cattell agreed that the _____ approach to research is scientific,rigorous,and quantitative but argued that it dealt with only limited aspects of personality.

A) bivariate
B) clinical
C) multivariate
D) case-study

Question 47

Factor analysis is:

A) open to subjective bias.
B) completely objective.
C) a precise way to collect data.
D) too restrictive to reveal much about personality traits.

Question 48

Cattell used the term "objective" to describe tests in which:

A) results are reported in precise numerical scores.
B) the observers record L-data on subjects in real-life situations.
C) the subjects cannot distort responses to conceal their traits.
D) precise Q-data from questionnaires are collected.

Question 49

In the context of the forms of factor-analysis used by Cattell to study personality,in the _____,large amounts of data are collected from a group of people.

A) R technique
B) T-data technique
C) P technique
D) L-data technique

Question 50

Which of the following activities were performed by Cattell's research subjects for measurements of personality?

A) They produced life records rated by observers.
B) They filled self-report questionnaires.
C) They took personality tests resistant to faking.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true of Eysenck's approach to Cattell's theory?

A) He disagreed with Cattell and stated that personality is composed of the id,ego,and superego.
B) He supplemented factor analysis with other personality tests.
C) He was an advocate of factor analysis and Cattell's research.
D) He demonstrated that factor analysis could be replicated under any circumstance.

Question 52

One advantage of T-data is that:

A) it is obtained under controlled laboratory conditions.
B) it is resistant to biases which affect scoring and interpretation.
C) the subjects do not know what is being measured.
D) the subjects know themselves better than the researchers do.

Question 53

Eysenck believed that personality dimensions,such as introversion:

A) are stable throughout the life span.
B) are inconsistent because of heredity.
C) are determined by childhood alone.
D) are influenced equally by environment and heredity.

Question 54

The 16 PF Test,in its original form,is used:

A) for predicting occupational success,clinical diagnosis,and research.
B) only with subjects whose first language is English.
C) specially with neurotics and people with organic brain damage.
D) with children younger than 16 years and adults older than 60 years of age.

Question 55

According to Eysenck's research,extraverts have lower levels of _____ than introverts.

A) hostility
B) cortical arousal
C) self-esteem
D) agreeableness

Question 56

Which of the following is true about the findings of the studies using Cattell's test?

A) Three of the 16 source traits are determined by hereditary factors.
B) A Turkish translation of the 16 PF test has been found to be valid measure of personality differences.
C) The 16 PF Test can't be distorted or faked like the other personality tests.
D) Partners in stable marriages were found to possess complementary traits.

Question 57

As a result of higher cortical arousal levels,introverts:

A) exhibit greater sensitivity to low-level stimuli than extraverts.
B) have higher pain thresholds than extraverts.
C) need,and actively seek,excitement and stimulation.
D) react less strongly than extraverts to sensory stimulation.

Question 58

Despite Cattell's perception,personality tests using the T-data technique are _____ because of the biases that affect scoring and interpretation.

A) subjective
B) realistic
C) objectionable
D) optimistic

Question 59

Which of the following research approaches was preferred by Cattell to study personality?

A) The bivariate approach,or laboratory experiment method
B) The clinical method,or case studies
C) The multivariate approach,involving factor analysis
D) All of these are correct.

Question 60

All of the following are personality dimensions identified by Hans Eysenck except:

A) extraversion versus introversion.
B) neuroticism versus emotional stability.
C) shyness versus social rejection.
D) psychoticism versus impulse control.

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true of neuroticism?

A) People who scored high in neuroticism performed worse than those who scored low when their work environment was stressful.
B) The characteristics of neuroticism are anxiety,depression,irrationality,tension,and moodiness.
C) Neuroticism is largely a product of learning or experience rather than a product of genetics.
D) A higher level of neuroticism was associated with increasing satisfaction from social relationships.

Question 62

Cattell stated that environmental-mold traits derive from influences in our social and physical environments.

Question 63

The factors of McCrae and Costa that have a similarity to the dimensions proposed by Eysenck are:

A) openness and agreeableness.
B) openness and conscientiousness.
C) attractiveness and likeableness.
D) neuroticism and extraversion.

Question 64

Unique traits are those aspects of the personality shared by few other people.

Question 65

Hans Eysenck was highly satisfied with his career choice in psychology.

Question 66

In the context of the relative importance of McCrae and Costa's Big Five personality factors in different cultures,conscientiousness was considered the most important factor in the culture of _____.

A) Chile
B) Singapore
C) Japan
D) India

Question 67

McCrae and Costa's five personality factors:

A) are the first five factors identified by Cattell.
B) show that environment is more important than heredity.
C) largely overlap amongst themselves.
D) include sociability,impulsivity,and emotionality.

Question 68

All of the following are personality factors identified by McCrae and Costa except:

A) neuroticism.
B) deference.
C) conscientiousness.
D) openness.

Question 69

In the context of McCrae and Costa's Five-Factor Model,the characteristic traits of the factor of openness is:

A) careful,reliable,hardworking,and organized.
B) sociable,talkative,fun-loving,and affectionate.
C) worried,insecure,nervous,and highly strung.
D) original,independent,creative,and daring.

Question 70

According to Brody,Buss,and Stelmack,the theories of Cattell,Eysenck,McCrae and Costa,Ashton and Lee,and Paulhus and Williams indicate that inheritance may account for as much as _____ percent of personality.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50

Question 71

Cattell's aim was to treat the personality,not merely study it.

Question 72

At maturity,personality becomes more flexible compared to earlier stages.

Question 73

Cattell used the statistical procedure called factor analysis,which involves assessing the relationship between each possible pair of measurements taken from a group of research participants to determine common factors.

Question 74

All of the following are personality factors identified by Ashton and Lee except:

A) neuroticism.
B) emotionality.
C) agreeableness.
D) extraversion.

Question 75

According to the Dark Triad of Personality by Paulhus and Williams,which of the following is a characteristic of narcissism?

A) Using great charm and violence
B) Taking advantage of others
C) Need to manipulate others
D) Inflated sense of one's abilities

Question 76

Cattell described static traits as the traits concerned with motivation.

Question 77

Constitutional traits are unitary personality factors that are very stable and permanent,while source traits originate in biological conditions but are not necessarily innate.

Question 78

According to the Dark Triad of Personality by Paulhus and Williams,which of the following is defined as the need to manipulate others,which is characterized by cunning,deceit,and unscrupulous behaviors?

A) Machiavellianism
B) Narcissism
C) Psychopathy
D) Homophobia

Question 79

Environmental-mold traits derive from influences in our social and physical environments.

Question 80

Ability traits describe the general style and emotional tone of our behavior.