Deck 17: Caring for Others

Question 1

According to Gilligan (1982),as compared to that of men,women's moral orientations are more concerned with ______.

A)caring and relationships
B)abstract rights and principles
C)freedom and autonomy
D)abstract and hypothetical situations

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which stage/level of Kohlberg's theory embodies the attitude "you do a favor for me, and I will do one for you"?

A)punishment and obedience
B)reciprocity
C)conventional morality
D)postconventional morality

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Stage four of Kohlberg's theory focuses on ______.

A)individual rights are accepted and reviewed in response to critical discussion
B)the emphasis is on society and conformity to social rules
C)the child aims to be a good person in his or her own eyes and in the eyes of others where personal relationships are paramount
D)showing a law and order mentality where the child/adult follows authority rules

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which stage/level of Kohlberg's theory is dominated by the desire to avoid punishment?

A)punishment and obedience
B)reciprocity
C)conventional morality
D)postconventional morality

Question 5

Gilligan (1982)also sees women as developing ______ through stages.

A)relationships
B)love
C)moral appreciation
D)sympathy

Question 6

Feminists have criticized male-created theories of ethics on the basis that such theories overemphasize ______.

A)the individual,impartiality and universality
B)compassion,autonomy and rules
C)consecutiveness,equality and non-violence
D)caring,relationships and consecutiveness

Question 7

Gilligan (1982)argues that in their moral decision-making,women focus on ______.

A)relationships
B)treating everyone fairly
C)impartiality
D)all of these

Question 8

Feminists complain that traditional moral theories do not pay sufficient attention to ______.

A)trust and community
B)equality and justice
C)community morality
D)relationships and trust

Question 9

Stage three of Kohlberg's theory focuses on ______.

A)individual rights are accepted and reviewed in response to critical discussion
B)the emphasis is on society and conformity to social rules
C)the child aims to be a good person in his or her own eyes and in the eyes of others where personal relationships are paramount
D)showing a law and order mentality where the child/adult follows authority rules

Question 10

At the earliest stage of individuals' lives,Kohlberg theorized the emphasis is on ______.

A)their family
B)themselves and their self-interest
C)their community
D)their role in society

Question 11

Kohlberg wanted to understand why people would ______.

A)treat others will such little respect
B)break a law for a purpose they held to be a higher good
C)differentiate between morals,virtues,and character
D)none of these

Question 12

Kohlberg conducted studies of moral development based on children's responses to various scenarios.He was most interested in their moral ______.

A)judgments
B)content
C)theories
D)upbringing

Question 13

According to Gilligan (1982),as compared to that of women,men's moral orientations are more concerned with ______.

A)everyday problems
B)rights and autonomy
C)caring and responsibility
D)interpersonal relationships

Question 14

Based on his studies,Kohlberg concluded that people pass through different stages of moral development,which are ______,operate in sequence,and are irreversible.

A)emergent
B)divisible
C)universal
D)compartmentalized

Question 15

According to Kohlberg's model,what is the highest level can women achieve because they are focused on others?

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 16

Gilligan believes that men apply rules fairly,impartially,and equally,while women are more likely to try to resolve issues by seeking solutions that ______.

A)involve conflict
B)focus on generosity
C)maintain relationships
D)develop morality

Question 17

According to Hinman's (1998),which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms feminists have made of classical and traditional moral philosophies?

A)They assume the notion of the isolated individual.
B)They envisage the objective of moral philosophy as theorizing and explaining how individuals ought to treat each other.
C)They argue that females do not commit as many moral violations as believed.
D)They rely on theories concerning the development of a social contract as a way for a person to enter into moral relationships.

Question 18

Which of the following are levels in Gilligan's (1982)theory of moral development?

A)conventional morality
B)orientation to individual survival
C)rights and responsibilities
D)personal relationships

Question 19

Women judge ______ after considering the suffering of other people.

A)relationships
B)moral issues
C)autonomy
D)caring

Question 20

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development,at the 6th and highest stage there is a ______.

A)strong desire to avoid punishment which motivates ethical behavior
B)concentration on internalized principles of ethics
C)strong norm of reciprocity
D)reliance on universal ethical principles of justice,reciprocity,etc.

Question 21

Fuller (1998)designed a pyramid of concepts that he believed are essential in ______ criminology.

A)peacemaking
B)peacekeeping
C)warmaking
D)social justice

Question 22

One commentator suggests that the ethics of ______ and care are interdependent and interrelated and are each necessary conditions of the other.

A)fairness
B)compassion
C)justice
D)belonging

Question 23

Some of Gilligan's critics argue that her ethical theory is merely an aspect of ______ ethics.

A)kantian
B)virtue
C)utilitarian
D)egoistic

Question 24

What is an element considered critical in ethical decision-making with a focus on relationships with others?

A)Connectiveness
B)Caring
C)Mindfulness
D)Inclusion

Question 25

Both Gilligan (1982)and Noddings (1984)argue that women resort less to ______ than men and are more likely to want concrete rather than abstract reasoning.

A)rules and principles
B)love and caring
C)morals and ethics
D)responsibility and duties

Question 26

The second level of Gilligan's (1982)focuses on ______.

A)women begin to become aware of their responsibility for others' well-being
B)social norms and consensus are the basis for moral judgments and concern for others,especially others' feelings,and the possibility of hurting others is of major
Concern
C)women now understand that care includes caring for themselves as well as others
D)individual survival is paramount,and moral considerations are relevant only when one's own needs are in conflict

Question 27

The conclusion Gilligan (1982)reached was that the caring approach is an equally valid moral perspective that has ______.

A)generally been ignored in both moral theory and psychological research because of male bias
B)thrived in both male and female research circles
C)provided insights into the workings of female morality
D)all of these

Question 28

How does the ethic of caring differ from traditional ethics?

A)The ethic of care relies on rules to assess the morality of right or wrong.
B)The ethics of care regards rules as determinants.
C)We should respond caringly to those with whom we interact in life.
D)Follows the specific principle of caring for others.

Question 29

Held (1987)understands ______ as central and fundamental to social relationships and argues that morality ought to make room for this social bond.

A)spouses
B)mothering
C)nuclear families
D)family

Question 30

What means that we are not simply isolated individuals but rather are linked to all other human beings,animals,and the environment?

A)Connectiveness
B)Caring
C)Mindfulness
D)Inclusion

Question 31

John Fuller has designed a pyramid of concepts that he believes constitutes peacemaking criminology; and the crucial concept that makes up the foundation of the
Pyramid is:

A)Nonviolence
B)Inclusion
C)Ascertainable criteria
D)Correct means

Question 32

Fuller (1998)designed a pyramid of concepts involved in peacemaking.The foundation of the pyramid is ______.

A)care
B)compassion
C)equality
D)non-violence

Question 33

The second transition of Gilligan's (1982)focuses on ______.

A)women begin to become aware of their responsibility for others' well-being
B)social norms and consensus are the basis for moral judgments and concern for others,especially others' feelings,and the possibility of hurting others is of major
Concern
C)women now understand that care includes caring for themselves as well as others
D)individual survival is paramount,and moral considerations are relevant only when one's own needs are in conflict

Question 34

West (1997)concludes that ______ images appear to be oppositional to images of justice.

A)love
B)care
C)responsibility
D)sharing

Question 35

It might also be argued that women might be ______ to an approach that emphasizes caring because of the social role that they have traditionally performed.

A)less attracted
B)more attracted
C)somewhat attracted
D)none of the above

Question 36

Robin West (1997)argues that the criminal justice system must not only seek justice,but must also show ______.

A)concern for the rights of female defendants
B)concern for the rights of female victims
C)compassion and care
D)dedication to the doctrine of precedent

Question 37

Nodding (1984)argues that one approach in finding justice in a case would be to ask ______?

A)what if this were my child
B)what result would be dictated by feminist theory
C)are males and females being treated equally
D)are male or female values appropriate here

Question 38

Gilligan termed her conclusion that men and women differ in terms of voices by terming the different voice evidenced among females ______.

A)caring approach
B)notion of care
C)ethic of care
D)perspective of care

Question 39

According to West (1997),caring should be central to the meaning of ______.

A)legal justice
B)peacemaking
C)developmental theory
D)personal relationships

Question 40

Ruddick contends that the act of ______ itself generates a conception of virtue and that this experience is central to women's ethical life.

A)love
B)mothering
C)empathy
D)compassion

Question 41

Feminist ethical theorists argue that the field of ethics is biased because the field has
been dominated by male philosophers.

Question 42

The second level of Fuller's (1998)pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking criminology that ______.

A)nonviolence
B)social justice
C)inclusion
D)correct means

Question 43

Pepinsky (1999)sees two contrary approaches toward social control in the forms of ______.

A)imperatives and hypotheticals
B)making and keeping
C)war making and peacemaking
D)rights and responsibilities

Question 44

Women are more likely to try to resolve issues by seeking solutions that apply rules
fairly,impartially,and equally.

Question 45

The level of Fuller's (1998)pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking criminology that means there must be participation by all concerned parties in solutions
Is ______.

A)nonviolence
B)social justice
C)inclusion
D)correct means

Question 46

The level of Fuller's (1998)pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking criminology that focuses on criteria that must be understood,considered valid,and be
Trustworthy to all concerned parties is ______.

A)inclusion
B)correct means
C)ascertainable criteria
D)categorical imperative

Question 47

The apex of Fuller's (1998)pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking criminology is formed by the concept created by Immanuel Kant.

A)Inclusion
B)Correct means
C)Ascertainable criteria
D)Categorical imperative

Question 48

Kohlberg concluded that most people achieve only the third of six moral stages

Question 49

Feminist ethical theorists tend to support the social contract theory of society.

Question 50

In an ethics of care or peacemaking approach to solving ethical dilemmas the first step is to identify the options.The second step is to identify ______.

A)the costs and benefits of each option
B)the particular virtues served by each option
C)the particular relationships involved
D)the consequences of each option

Question 51

"Mindfulness" is advocated by peacekeeping criminologists.This term basically
means thinking about how our actions affect the needs of others in the long term.

Question 52

After non-violence the second most important principle in the peacemaking pyramid
is social justice.

Question 53

Fuller (1998)links social control to ______.

A)peacemaking
B)peacekeeping
C)warmaking
D)social justice

Question 54

Braswell and Gold's version of peacemaking theory stresses connectiveness,caring
and mindfulness.

Question 55

Gilligan and Kohlberg have shown that moral ______.

A)conceptions for males and females are identical
B)rules tend to work against females
C)dilemmas are solved the same way in spite of gender differences
D)development varies according to gender

Question 56

According to Kohlberg's model,women can achieve only the second level,because
they are focused on caring for others.

Question 57

Most ethical theories created by males require identifying the particular relationships
involved in the ethical dilemma.

Question 58

Which of the following are principles identified by Pepinsky (1999)that are advocated in social control solutions?

A)taking time to review one's feelings
B)making a deliberate attempt to draw out victims and hear their stories
C)to join with those who have no voice in confronting those who hold the power
D)all of these

Question 59

Peacemaking criminologists do not seek elimination of the death penalty.

Question 60

The foundation of Fuller's (1998)pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking criminology is ______.

A)nonviolence
B)social justice
C)inclusion
D)correct means

Question 61

Fuller and other peacemaking criminologists argue that "peacemaking" should not be
confused with the similar word "______."

Question 62

One criticism of care theory is that it is incapable of acting as a stand-alone theory
and is best viewed as a supplement to the ______ ethics.

Question 63

The second step in solving an ethical dilemma using peacemaking and care
approaches is to identify all the particular ______ involved.

Question 64

An ______ affirms the priority we give as a matter of course to our family and close
friends and goes beyond the notion that being a loving parent is simply a duty.

Question 65

What is the first,or lowest level,of Kohlberg's moral development model?

Question 66

Peacemaking criminologists advocate the elimination of excessive force and ______
punishment from the criminal justice system.

Question 67

Fuller and Pepinsky are theorists associated with a version of criminology called
______ criminology.

Question 68

Gilligan argues that in their moral decision making,women focus on ______ and on
feelings of empathy and compassion,and women are situationally oriented.

Question 69

Kohlberg posed a number of questions to the participants in his study,including a
problem known as ______.

Question 70

Braswell and Gold suggest that the three basic aspects of peacemaking are
connectiveness,caring and ______.