Deck 3: Individual Views of Delinquency: Choice and Trait

Question 1

Classical criminology suggests that delinquent acts,especially violent ones,are not rational choices but uncontrollable,irrational behaviors.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Research shows that children with conduct disorder are frequently involved in bullying,fighting,committing sexual assaults,and behaving cruelly toward animals.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Arousal theorists believe that some people's brains function differently in response to environmental stimuli.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Situational crime prevention aims to reduce opportunities to commit crimes by increasing the effort or the risks of criminal activity or by reducing the rewards attached to delinquent acts.

Question 5

Early biological theories portrayed delinquent behavior as a function of a single factor or trait,such as body build or defective intelligence.

Question 6

As a rule,deterrence strategies are based on the idea of an "irrational" offender.

Question 7

A guiding principle of deterrence theory is that the more severe,certain,and swift the punishment,the greater the deterrent effect.

Question 8

According to routine activities theory,crime is a normal function of modern living.

Question 9

Children with ADHD are more likely to use illicit drugs,alcohol,or cigarettes during adolescence.

Question 10

As the number of arrests increases,the deterrent effect becomes stronger.

Question 11

The techniques of situational crime prevention include hardening targets,using surveillance, and installing more effective street lighting.

Question 12

According to data from the Cambridge Youth Survey,fewer sons of noncriminal fathers become chronic offenders than youths with criminal fathers.

Question 13

According to specific deterrence if young offenders are punished severely,the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal acts.

Question 14

Lombroso found that criminals are formed based on environmental factors associated with concentric zones and neighborhood transition.

Question 15

Police crackdowns seem to have an effective short-term strategy,but their effect begins to decay once the initial shock effect wears off.

Question 16

Cognitive theory holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood.

Question 17

Twin studies and adoption studies provide no evidence that delinquent-producing traits may be inherited.

Question 18

Beccaria and Bentham found that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them similar to our primitive ancestors.

Question 19

Choice theory (classical criminology)assumes that people have free will.

Question 20

The general deterrence concept holds that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment.

Question 21

Social learning suggests that children who grow up in homes where violence is a way of life may learn to believe that such behavior is acceptable.

Question 22

A guiding principle of ____________________ is that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment.

A)general deterrence
B)specific deterrence
C)restorative justice
D)retribution

Question 23

Cognitive theory contends that a significant number of nondelinquent youths display higher stages of moral reasoning than delinquents.

Question 24

Philosophers Beccaria and Bentham are identified as the core theorists of ___________________.

A)criminal atavism
B)classical criminology
C)Marxism
D)social learning theory

Question 25

Situational crime prevention strategies aim to reduce opportunities to commit delinquent acts through all means provided except:

A)target-hardening techniques,such as unbreakable glass or a locked gate
B)installation of street lights and closed-circuit TV cameras
C)publishing names of offenders in the local papers
D)early intervention programs that focus on improving the general well-being of individual children

Question 26

Which of the following is not a reason why specific deterrence and strict punishment do not work with juveniles?

A)Incarcerating youths cuts them off from prosocial supports in the community,making them more reliant on deviant peers.
B)The stigma of harsh treatment labels adolescents and helps lock them into a criminal career.
C)Experiencing harsh punishment may cause severe psychological problems.
D)Punishment will lead to future compliance of social and legal norms.

Question 27

Which of the following factors that motivate a potential delinquent to act on his or her antisocial propensities is false?

A)Kids choose delinquency when they believe they have little chance of becoming financially successful in the conventional world.
B)Some kids embrace deviant lifestyles,such as joining a gang,in order to compensate for their feelings of social powerlessness.
C)Kids who are granted a lot of time to socialize with peers are just as likely to engage in deviant behaviors as those who are closely supervised.
D)Some delinquent youth have the false belief that "crime pays."

Question 28

According to the text,which of the following is not among the problems that exist with relying on a deterrence-based strategy to control delinquency?

A)Juveniles often commit crimes individually;thus peer pressure has no impact on the deterrence of the law.
B)Minors tend to be less capable of making mature judgments or rational decisions.
C)The most serious delinquents may neither fully comprehend the seriousness of their acts nor appreciate their consequences.
D)Many juvenile offenders are under the influence of drugs or alcohol,which might impair their decision-making ability.

Question 29

_______________________ theory views crime as a "normal" function of modern living.

A)Social control
B)Social learning
C)Trait
D)Routine activities

Question 30

According to choice theorists,offenders:

A)are rational actors who choose to commit crime because they believe their actions will be beneficial
B)are compelled to engage in crime because of specific physical or psychological conditions
C)developed abnormal personality types
D)have hormonal imbalances that have not been detected

Question 31

According to the concept of ________________,if offenders are punished severely,the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal acts.

A)specific deterrence
B)general deterrence
C)retribution
D)restorative justice

Question 32

According to routine activities theory,the volume and distribution of predatory crimes in a particular area and at a particular time are influenced by the interaction of three variables.Which of the following is not one of these variables?

A)The availability of suitable targets
B)The absence of capable guardians
C)The presence of motivated offenders
D)The absence of law enforcement

Question 33

Which of the following statements about specific deterrence is false?

A)Kids who are placed in a juvenile justice facility are just as likely to become adult criminals as those treated with greater leniency.
B)The association between punishment and desistance is logical,and there is plenty of evidence that punitive measures alone deter future delinquency.
C)A history of prior arrests,convictions,and punishments has proven to be the best predictor of re-arrest among young offenders released from correctional institutions.
D)Punishment strategies may stigmatize kids and help lock offenders into a delinquent career.

Question 34

Cognitive theory contends that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment;if people believe illegal behavior will result in severe sanctions,they will choose not to commit crimes.

Question 35

Hirschi and Hindelang reported that IQ is more important than race and social class for involvement in delinquency.

Question 36

A guiding principle of ______________ theory is that the more severe,certain,and swift the punishment,the greater the ability to prevent crime.

A)deterrence
B)choice
C)trait
D)behavioral

Question 37

Routine activities theory was developed by prominent researchers:​

A)​Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen
B)​Lawrence Driscoll and Marcus Felson
C)​Marcus Mullin and Edwin Sutherland
D)​Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Mullin

Question 38

Which of the following statements about situational crime prevention efforts is true?

A)They are designed to reduce or redirect crime by making it more difficult to profit from illegal acts.
B)They aim at reducing crime through the application of severe punishments.
C)They are based on the fear of the severity,swiftness,and certainty of punishments.
D)They are based on the beliefs that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically similar to our savage and primitive ancestors.

Question 39

In the 1990s,various deterrence-based strategies were implemented based on the increase in teenage violence. Which of the following is not one of those policies?

A)Legislators toughened juvenile sentencing codes and made it easier to waive juveniles to the adult court.
B)Police used aggressive tactics to deter membership in drug-trafficking gangs.
C)Some juvenile courts shifted from an emphasis on treatment to an emphasis on public safety.
D)Programs taught problem-solving skills that may include self-disclosure,listening,following instructions,and using self-control.

Question 40

Among the factors that contribute to the development of antisocial personalities are family dysfunction and lower levels of arousal.

Question 41

Research that links antisocial behavior to a person's brain chemistry,brain damage,and complications attributed to low birthweight draw from which theoretical perspective?

A)Hormonal imbalances
B)Deterrence theory
C)Behaviorism
D)Neurological dysfunction

Question 42

A geographic location that is known to be the scene of repeated delinquent activity is called a:

A)critical area
B)party zone
C)hot zone
D)hot spot

Question 43

Which of the following theories best reflects the branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood?

A)Psychodynamic theory
B)Behavioral theory
C)Cognitive theory
D)General deterrence theory

Question 44

The __________________ develops through interactions with parents and others and represents the conscience and the moral rules that are shared by most adults.

A)superego
B)id
C)ego
D)self

Question 45

Which of the following criminologists is credited with the development of the theory of criminal atavism?

A)Charles Goring
B)Enrico Ferri
C)Cesare Lombroso
D)Raffaele Garofalo

Question 46

Biosocial theorists believe antisocial behavior characteristics and mental disorders have a genetic influence. Which of the following statements is an indirect connection?

A)Antisocial behavior is inherited.
B)The genetic makeup of parents is passed on to children.
C)Genetic makeup may shape friendship patterns and orient people toward conventional or antisocial friends.
D)Genetic abnormality is directly linked to a variety of antisocial behaviors.

Question 47

According to Moffitt,learning disabilities correlate highly with early onset of:

A)hyperactivity
B)depression
C)aggressiveness
D)deviance

Question 48

Which of the following approaches have tested the gene-delinquency association?

A)Twin studies
B)Adoption studies
C)Parental deviance
D)All of the above

Question 49

It has been suggested that children who manifest behavioral disturbances may have neurological deficits,such as damage to the hemispheres of the brain.This is sometimes referred to as:

A)bipolar disorder
B)cognitive dissonance
C)minimal brain dysfunction
D)autism

Question 50

According to __________________ theory,delinquency is a function of personal predispositions such as temperament,personality,hormones,or genetics.

A)social learning
B)choice
C)trait
D)social structure

Question 51

The _______________________ assumes that LD leads to poor school behavior,which leads to frustration,negative self-image,and acting out.

A)school failure rationale
B)susceptibility rationale
C)reactionary rationale
D)accentuating mediating rationale

Question 52

Which of the following criminologists advocated that criminality could best be controlled by regulating the reproduction of families exhibiting abnormal traits,such as "feeblemindedness?"

A)Charles Goring
B)Enrico Ferri
C)Cesare Lombroso
D)Raffaele Garofalo

Question 53

A psychological condition producing mood swings between wild elation and deep depression is called:

A)sleep disorder
B)bipolar disorder
C)anxiety disorder
D)mood disorder

Question 54

Research that links antisocial behavior to a person's diet draws from which theoretical perspective?

A)Biosocial theories
B)Choice theory
C)Behaviorism
D)Personality trait theory

Question 55

Contemporary biochemical factors related to delinquency include each of the following except:

A)overexposure to lead
B)highsugar diet
C)minimal brain dysfunction
D)exposure to high levels of testosterone

Question 56

Which statement about attachment theory is false?

A)The ability to have an emotional bond to another person has important lasting psychological implications that follow people across the lifespan.
B)Failure to develop proper attachment may cause kids to fall prey to a number of psychological disorders.
C)Girls disproportionately experience disrupted attachment and that these disruptions are causally related to their disproportionate rates of offending.
D)Attachment figures must provide support and care,and without attachment an infant would be helpless and could not survive.

Question 57

Which of the following is not a symptom of ADHD?

A)The individual frequently fails to finish projects.
B)The individual cannot organize tasks or work.
C)The individual sustains interest in play activities.
D)The individual has difficulty regulating emotions.

Question 58

The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA)at Columbia University released findings that show how learning disabilities are linked to substance abuse.Which of the following is false?

A)Children exposed to alcohol,tobacco,and drugs in the womb are at higher risk for various developmental disorders,including learning disabilities.
B)It is known that about 50 percent of those with ADHD self-medicate with drugs and alcohol.
C)Learning disabilities may indirectly lead to substance abuse by generating behaviors,such as depression and loneliness,which lead adolescents to abuse drugs.
D)None of these statements are false.

Question 59

The _______________________ argues that the link between learning disabilities and delinquency is caused by the side effects of learning disabilities such as impulsiveness and the inability to learn from social cues.

A)school failure rationale
B)susceptibility rationale
C)reactionary rationale
D)accentuating mediating rationale

Question 60

Erik Erikson coined the term ____________________ to refer to a psychological state in which youth face inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles.

A)identity crisis
B)alter ego
C)adolescent superego
D)peer identity diffusion

Question 61

Given his symptoms,which diagnosable neurological condition is most appropriate?

A)Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B)Oppositional defiant disorder
C)Minimal brain dysfunction
D)Conduct disorder

Question 62

Of the various delinquent motivations discussed in the book,which is most relevant to this scenario?

A)Solving personal problems
B)Doing crime,an easy way to make money
C)The opportunity presented itself
D)Economic need of the family

Question 63

People commit crimes when they model their actions after others they see being rewarded for the same acts,and actions are reinforced by rewards and extinguished by punishment.Which of the following theories does this best illustrate?

A)Psychodynamic
B)Behavioral
C)Cognitive
D)General deterrence theory

Question 64

It is estimated that the average child views ____________ TV murders before finishing elementary school.

A)425
B)670
C)1,200
D)8,000

Question 65

Which of the following is false regarding ADHD?

A)Children with ADHD are more likely to use illicit drugs,alcohol,and cigarettes in adolescence.
B)Children with ADHD are more likely to be arrested,to be charged with a felony,and to have multiple arrests.
C)ADHD children are most often treated by giving them doses of sedatives.
D)ADHD may result in bullying,stubbornness,and mental disorder.

Question 66

If Mike is caught,arrested,and sent to a detention facility for his crime,what delinquency prevention strategy is being followed?

A)General deterrence
B)Situational crime prevention
C)Specific deterrence
D)Crackdown

Question 67

Which of the following hypotheses is false regarding the link between media and violence?

A)Media violence influences specific areas of the brain that are involved in the regulation of emotion,arousal,and attention.
B)Those who watch television frequently view aggression and violence as common,socially acceptable behavior.
C)Extensive and repeated exposure to media violence sensitizes kids to real-world violence.
D)Television may help violent youths justify their behavior as socially acceptable.

Question 68

According to the text,behaviorism was popularized by Harvard professor:

A)G.H.Mead
B)B.F.Skinner
C)S.Pinker
D)Goffman

Question 69

Which theorist developed the stages of moral development?

A)Lombroso
B)Sheldon
C)Kohlberg
D)Drummond

Question 70

What is the basic assumption of choice theory?

A)People have free will.
B)Genetics are influential.
C)Crime is a product of abnormal personality.
D)Crime is learned.

Question 71

What broad category of explanation might this case fall under?

A)Choice theory
B)Behavioral theory
C)Cognitive theory
D)Biosocial theory

Question 72

Which of the following is not a personality trait identified by Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck to characterize delinquents?

A)Extraversion
B)Empathy
C)Ambivalence
D)Impulsiveness

Question 73

_____________________ are impulsive individuals who lack the ability to examine their own motives.

A)Extraverts
B)Neurotics
C)Sadists
D)Defiants

Question 74

__________________ hold that children will model their behavior according to the reactions they receive from others.

A)Behaviorists
B)Social learning theorists
C)Psychodynamic theorists
D)Arousal theorists

Question 75

According to the text,what disorder is not linked to antisocial youth?

A)Oppositional defiant disorder
B)Dyslexia
C)Bulimia/anorexia
D)Conduct disorder

Question 76

Of the hypotheses formulated to explain the media-violence linkage,which of the following is false?

A)Extensive viewing may result in a large number of aggressive scripts stored in long-term memory that can then be used as a guide for social behavior.
B)Extensive and repeated exposure to media violence sensitizes kids to real-world violence,thus decreasing aggression.
C)Media violence allows aggressive youths to justify their behavior.
D)Those who watch television frequently view aggression and violence as common,socially acceptable behavior.

Question 77

The cognitive approach is most associated with _________________ who hypothesized that reasoning processes develop in an orderly fashion,beginning at birth and continuing until age 12 and older.

A)Lombroso
B)Bell
C)Kohlberg
D)Piaget

Question 78

According to routine activities theory,the elderly female may fall into which category?

A)Motivated offender
B)Suitable target
C)Capable guardian
D)None of the above

Question 79

Cognitive theorists contend that chronically delinquent youths use fewer cues than most people to process information,use violence to get what they want,and react in a volatile fashion to the slightest provocation because they:

A)have learned improper scripts
B)modeled violent behavior from TV
C)are unrestrained by formal consequences
D)have severe hormonal imbalances

Question 80

Given the scenario,a possible cause for Eric's behavior may include:

A)increased levels of testosterone
B)impairment in executive functioning
C)inruly peers
D)poor diet