Deck 5: Developmental Views of Delinquency: Life Course and Latent Trait

Question 1

According to socialization models,men are much more likely to feel distressed than women.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Critical feminists argue that,as the roles of women change,so will their crime patterns.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Chesney-Lind's study found that police are more likely to arrest female adolescents for sexual activity and to ignore the same behavior among male adolescents.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Girls seem to be more deeply affected than boys by child abuse,and the link between abuse and female delinquency seems stronger than it is for male delinquency.

Question 5

Some biosocial experts believe that females are more aggressive because they have evolved that way to secure more mates.

Question 6

Girls fight more frequently at home with parents than do boys.

Question 7

Male delinquency is increasing at a faster rate than female delinquency,especially for crimes of violence.

Question 8

Liberal feminists hold that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women.

Question 9

The gender gap in crime and delinquency arrest has remained unchanged over the last 20 years.

Question 10

Girls are often stereotyped as talkative,and research supports that hypothesis.

Question 11

In patriarchal families,the husband and wife share similar positions of power at home and in the workplace;daughters gain a kind of freedom that reflects reduced parental control.

Question 12

Moore's study of gang girls in East Los Angeles found that about 30 percent of the females reported that family members made sexual advances toward them.

Question 13

The most recent data from the 2014 Human Trafficking Survey found that just under 1 million young women are trafficked through the United States yearly.

Question 14

Females display more self-control than males,a factor that has been related to criminality.

Question 15

In paternalistic families,the husbands assume the role of breadwinners and mothers remain at home;mothers are expected to control the behavior of daughters while giving sons greater freedom.

Question 16

In egalitarian families,the wives assume the role of breadwinners and fathers remain at home;fathers are expected to control the behavior of the sons while giving daughters greater freedom.

Question 17

Girls associated with primarily a male gang exhibit less violence than those in all-female gangs.

Question 18

The androgen most often related to antisocial behavior is testosterone.

Question 19

According to W.I.Thomas,female delinquency is linked to a wish for luxury and excitement.

Question 20

Today more than ever,criminologists portray female delinquents as "fallen women" who were exploited by men and involved in illicit sexual activities.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about female violence is false?

A)The majority of girl's violence is directed at same-sex peers.
B)Girls fight more frequently at home with parents than do boys.
C)Girls in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely to perpetrate violence against others.
D)Girls associated with primarily male gangs exhibit less violence than those in all-female gangs.

Question 22

Girls are taught that their self-worth depends on their ability to:

A)sustain relationships
B)achieve higher academics
C)engage in less delinquency
D)find a life partner

Question 23

While gender differences have an impact on crime patterns,there is no significant impact on the way boys and girls are treated by the juvenile justice system.

Question 24

With the publication of his book The Female Offender,____________ extended his pioneering work on criminality to females.

A)Freud
B)Lombroso
C)Thomas
D)Burt

Question 25

Overall,officials and policy makers show much concern about girls' victimization and addressing the factors that brought them to the attention of the juvenile justice system.

Question 26

According to ________________________,women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to men.

A)gender-schema  theory
B)the chivalry hypothesis
C)the masculinity hypothesis
D)power-control theory

Question 27

In 1925,Cyril Burt:

A)linked lead contamination to male delinquency
B)linked female delinquency to menstruation
C)linked female delinquency to poor diet
D)linked male delinquency to puberty

Question 28

Females were committed to a correctional facility at older ages than those of males.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about gender differences and delinquency is false?

A)Among males,early offending is highly correlated with later misbehavior.
B)Males seem more aggressive and less likely to form attachments to others.
C)Females view aggression as an appropriate means to gain status.
D)Females are more likely to be influenced by current levels of social support than they are by their early history of antisocial behavior.

Question 30

According to research by Stevens and colleagues,when girls are more violent,tolerance for their behavior significantly decreases.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is false concerning gender differences in cognition?

A)Males acquire language faster.
B)Females are superior in verbal ability.
C)Males test higher in visual spatial performance.
D)Females are less likely to have reading problems.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is false concerning gender differences in personality?

A)Females are more willing to reveal their feelings and more likely to express concern for others.
B)Females are more interested in competing for material success.
C)As adolescents develop,male self-esteem and self-concept rise,whereas female self-confidence is lowered.
D)Males are more likely to introduce new topics and to interrupt conversations.

Question 33

In her meta-analysis of studies examining gender differences in such traits as personality,cognition,communication skills,and leadership ability,psychologist Janet Shibley Hyde found that men and women are basically more alike than different on these critical psychological variables. She refers to her findings as:

A)gender similarities hypothesis
B)culture conflict approach
C)trait theory
D)near groups

Question 34

According to ___________________,female criminality is overlooked or forgiven by males in the criminal justice system.

A)gender-schema theory
B)chivalry hypothesis
C)psychodynamic theory
D)power-control theory

Question 35

Which of the following best describes Lombroso's view of female criminality?

A)Females committed less crime because of their higher intelligence and virtue.
B)Females committed less crime because of their higher status and education in society.
C)Females committed more crime because of their piety and maternal instincts.
D)In appearance,delinquent females appeared closer to men than to other women.

Question 36

There are some neurological differences between males and females;females are _____-brain oriented while males are _____-brain oriented.

A)left,right
B)right,left
C)left,center
D)front,rear

Question 37

To illustrate support for the chivalry hypothesis,its proponents point to data showing that even though women make up about 25 percent of arrests,they account for less than ______ percent of inmates.

A)7
B)10
C)14
D)17

Question 38

According to Bem's _____________________,our culture polarizes males and females by forcing them to obey mutually exclusive gender roles,or "scripts."

A)gender-schema theory
B)chivalry hypothesis
C)psychodynamic theory
D)power-control theory

Question 39

Female status offenders are treated more harshly than male status offenders.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true concerning gender socializing and aggression?

A)Males display relational aggression.
B)Men are more likely to feel distressed,experiencing sadness and anxiety.
C)Females display relational aggression.
D)Men are more likely to be the victims of physical and sexual abuse.

Question 41

According to the _______________ feminist view,male exploitation acts as a trigger for female delinquent behavior.

A)liberal
B)critical
C)multiracial
D)radical

Question 42

Girls who reach puberty at an earlier age were viewed as being at a higher risk for delinquency because:

A)they were teased by their classmates
B)they were socially isolated
C)their hormones were off balance
D)they had more contact with older boys

Question 43

Which of the following statements about female delinquency based on sexuality is false?

A)Girls who experience an early onset of physical maturity are most likely to engage in antisocial behavior.
B)Female delinquents were believed to be promiscuous and less sophisticated than male delinquents were.
C)Early theorists linked female delinquency to early puberty and precocious sexuality.
D)Linking female delinquency to sexuality was partly responsible for the view that female delinquency is symptomatic of maladjustment.

Question 44

According to the _______________ feminist view,female delinquency originates with the onset of male supremacy.

A)liberal
B)critical
C)multiracial
D)radical

Question 45

According to _____________________,females are less delinquent than males because their social roles provide fewer opportunities to commit crimes.

A)liberal feminists
B)radical feminists
C)psychodynamic theory
D)Marxist theory

Question 46

According to liberal feminists,increasing female offending patterns are caused by:

A)hormone levels
B)experiences of abuse
C)an environment in which the roles of girls and boys converge
D)exploitation of females by fathers and husbands

Question 47

According to some _____________ theorists,gender differences in the delinquency rate can be explained by inborn differences in aggression.

A)personality
B)psychodynamic
C)biosocial
D)socialization

Question 48

According to _________________,female delinquency is linked to the wish for luxury and excitement.

A)W.I.Thomas
B)Cyril Burt
C)Lombroso
D)Healy and Bronner

Question 49

According to contemporary psychological views of female delinquency,which statement is false?

A)Girls are more likely than boys to suffer mental health problems linked to life stressors and experiences of victimization.
B)Female delinquents score high on psychological tests measuring such traits as psychopathic deviation,schizophrenia,paranoia,and psychasthenia.
C)Male delinquents are significantly more likely than females to suffer from mood disorders.
D)Antisocial adolescent girls have dysfunctional and violent relationships.

Question 50

According to the _______________________,females first use their sexual charms to instigate crime and then beguile males in the criminal justice system to get preferential treatment.

A)gender-schema theory
B)chivalry hypothesis
C)psychodynamic theory
D)power-control theory

Question 51

__________,an influential feminist scholar,formulated a theoretical model to show how misguided concepts of masculinity flow from the inequities built into "patriarchal capitalism."

A)Cesare Lombroso
B)Meda Chesney-Lind
C)Jody Miller
D)James Messerschmidt

Question 52

In the 1950s,research efforts made three assumptions about gender differences in socialization.Which assumption is not related?

A)Girls do not form close same-sex friendships,but compete with their peers.
B)Female criminals are primarily sexual offenders.
C)Families exert a more powerful influence on girls than on boys.
D)Males choose their behavior and are motivated by greed,revenge,survival,and pleasure.

Question 53

Adler argued that female delinquency would be affected by:

A)male supremacy
B)the cognitive development of girls
C)particular female traits
D)the changing roles of women

Question 54

With regard to socialization,which of the following statements is false?

A)Males and females are similarly affected by child abuse and its link to delinquency.
B)There is a significant co-occurrence between physical teen dating violence with other forms of victimization.
C)For girls with at least one prior runaway offense,the risk of chronic offending is five times higher than those without a prior runaway.
D)Male juvenile homicide offenders reported higher rates of substance use than their female counterparts.

Question 55

Which of the following social thinkers is not closely associated with biological explanations of delinquency?

A)Cyril Burt
B)Cesare Lombroso
C)Augusta Bronner
D)Jody Miller

Question 56

In a 1928 work,The Unadjusted Girl,W.I.Thomas suggested that some girls who have not been socialized under middle-class family controls can become:

A)introverted psychopaths
B)isolated from their peers
C)overly concerned with male peers
D)impulsive thrill seekers

Question 57

Which of the following statements about female delinquency based on hormones is false?

A)Females who test higher for testosterone are more likely to engage in stereotypical male behaviors.
B)Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)is a direct and well-regarded cause of the relatively rare instances of female violence.
C)Some females who are overexposed to male hormones in utero may become "constitutionally masculinized."
D)Females who have low androgen levels are less aggressive than males.

Question 58

Research by Hawkins and colleagues looked at the resiliency of girls and found that among high-risk girls,four factors may protect against some forms of delinquent behavior. Which factor is false?

A)The presence of a caring adult
B)School success
C)Religiosity
D)Prestige

Question 59

In her study of gang girls in East Los Angeles,Moore found that close to _______ percent of the girls she interviewed were afraid of their fathers.

A)50
B)70
C)30
D)20

Question 60

Freud contends that females suffer from __________________,which produces an inferiority complex in girls,forcing them to compensate for their "defect."

A)math phobia
B)gender identity disorder
C)psychosis nirvana
D)penis envy

Question 61

According to research on the treatment of girls in the juvenile justice system,which of the following is false?

A)Females represented an increasing percentage of cases that were petitioned for formal processing and ultimately adjudicated.
B)Females were committed to a correctional facility at much older ages than those of males.
C)Females and males exhibit similar cumulative percentages for each sentence length.
D)Female delinquents were substantially more likely to have been detained for status offenses.

Question 62

The foremost expert on girls as "victims" of the juvenile justice system is:

A)Christine Sellers
B)Meda Chesney-Lind
C)Jody Miller
D)Keith Bell

Question 63

What is known about aggressive behaviors and girls?

A)Girls are more likely to hide aggressive behaviors from adults.
B)Girls are less likely to hide aggressive behaviors from adults.
C)Girls display aggressive behaviors similarly to boys.
D)None of the above.

Question 64

What is known about the juvenile justice system's treatment of girls?

A)Girls are not formally processed.
B)Girls are provided more services and support.
C)Girls receive more lenient sanctions.
D)Girls are more likely to be detained for status offenses.

Question 65

In _________________ families,fathers are the breadwinners and mothers stay at home or have menial jobs.

A)paternalistic
B)matriarchal
C)materialistic
D)egalitarian

Question 66

Given Lisa's history,what conclusion can one ascertain?

A)She may be a chronic runaway.
B)Her deviant career path is set.
C)She is not socialized.
D)She is a chronic and serious offender.

Question 67

Which is not a form of human trafficking?

A)Commercial sexual exploitation
B)Drug mules
C)Labor servitude
D)Gun running

Question 68

If caught engaging in some form of delinquent behavior,whose behavior will be less tolerated?

A)Jane's
B)Her younger brother
C)Her older brother
D)All siblings are treated similarly

Question 69

Which statement about sex trafficking is false?

A)Trafficking activities include recruiting,transporting,and transferring of persons through force,fraud,or coercion.
B)An estimated 45,000 to 50,000 individuals are trafficked into the United States annually.
C)Young girls and women are common targets of commercial sexual exploitation.
D)Enforcement of trafficking laws has been effective through collaboration of agencies and cooperation of countries.

Question 70

Cheryl's verbal proficiency demonstrates a ____________ difference between the sexes.

A)socialization
B)genetic
C)cognitive
D)personality

Question 71

According to the ____________________,women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to men.

Question 72

According to _____________________ theory,gender differences in delinquency rates are a function of class differences that influence family life.

A)power-control
B)gender-schema
C)liberal feminist
D)radical feminist

Question 73

According to the text,what is not a step the United States has taken to combat human trafficking?

A)It defined several new crimes,including human trafficking,sex trafficking,forced labor,and document servitude.
B)It outlawed psychological manipulation of victims.
C)It limited law enforcement's ability to arrest traffickers.
D)It expanded the Operation Innocence Lost program.

Question 74

What is one plausible explanation for Cheryl's sexual involvement with an older male?

A)To take advantage of him,to advance her prestige
B)To facilitate a criminal career
C)To have a scapegoat for any delinquent behavior she may engage in
D)To receive social support from him,which may magnify her problems

Question 75

According to power-control theory,given Jane's family structure,what might her delinquent behavior look like?

A)Minor in comparison to her brothers
B)Similar to that of her brothers
C)Worse than her brothers
D)Jane's presence will discourage delinquency by her brothers

Question 76

What is known about cognitive differences between males and females?

A)Girls learn to speak earlier and faster.
B)Males maintain superiority on mechanical tasks.
C)Females display more self-control than males.
D)All are cognitive differences.

Question 77

According to the text,which of the following statements about gender and the juvenile justice system is false?

A)Girls are far more likely than boys to be picked up by police for status offenses.
B)Once in the system,girls tend to receive fewer benefits and services than their male counterparts.
C)Police are more likely to arrest female adolescents for sexual activity.
D)Girls are less likely than boys to receive the harshest sanction available.

Question 78

Lisa's lack of formal charges is indicative of:

A)the chivalry hypothesis
B)gender policing
C)gender scheme
D)the masculinity hypothesis

Question 79

Which of the following families are most likely to produce daughters whose law-violating behaviors mirror those of their brothers?

A)Paternalistic families
B)Maternalistic families
C)Egalitarian families
D)Fundamentalist families

Question 80

Among males,early offending is highly correlated with later misbehavior;however,what is known about females' criminal career path?

A)It is moderated by male partners.
B)It is reliant on an early history of antisocial behavior.
C)It is influenced by current levels of social support.
D)It is related to her sexual prowess.