Deck 1: History, Theories, and Methods

Question 1

How do we define "child?"

A) A person undergoing development from infancy to puberty
B) A person undergoing development during the first three years of life
C) There is no agreement on how to define "child"
D) The period of development prior to the development of complex speech

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Charles Darwin is best known as

A) the creator of the theory known as behaviorism.
B) the founder of child development as an academic discipline.
C) the originator of the theory of evolution.
D) the developer of the research method known as the cross-sectional study.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Kylie first learned to lift her head,then sit up,crawl,stand,and walk.These changes in type and kind of motor development represent

A) qualitative changes.
B) quantitative changes.
C) both qualitative and quantitative changes.
D) neither qualitative nor quantitative changes.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Sydney is 3 years old.Her height and weight are determined by

A) genetics only.
B) external factors only,such as nutrition.
C) factors such as genetics and nutrition.
D) her level of cognitive and emotional development.

Question 5

The period of middle childhood is generally defined as the years from 6 to 12.In Western societies,the beginning of this period is usually marked by

A) a child's entry into preschool.
B) a child's entry into first grade.
C) the development of mixed-sex friendship groups.
D) a well-defined sense of self-concept.

Question 6

What changes regarding children did not occur until the 20ᵗʰ century?

A) Viewing children as miniature adults after the age of 7
B) Passing laws to protect children from strenuous labor and caretaker abuse
C) Convicting children of crimes,sending them to monasteries,and marrying them without their consent
D) Viewing children as the property of their parents

Question 7

Development is

A) quantitative change in the individual over time.
B) predictable and consistent for all people.
C) the orderly appearance,over time,of physical structures,psychological traits,and behaviors.
D) qualitative change in the individual over time.

Question 8

Why do we study child development?

A) To gain insight into the origins of sex differences
B) To help us understand developmental problems
C) To help us ensure optimal conditions of child development
D) All of the above

Question 9

Dr.Thomas wants to determine why some children are hyperactive,whereas others are not.Which of the following motives for studying child development does this best represent?

A) To gain insight into the origins of adult behavior
B) To gain insight into sex differences and gender roles and the effects of culture on development
C) To gain insight into the origins,prevention,and treatment of developmental problems
D) All of the above

Question 10

Which thinker suggested that children are innately good?

A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
B) John Locke
C) Alfred Binet
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 11

The term "infancy" is derived from Latin roots meaning

A) not walking.
B) not speaking.
C) not eating solid foods.
D) a child younger than age 3.

Question 12

How is the definition of "child" different from that of "infant?"

A) Infancy is defined as the first two years of life,whereas childhood lasts from birth until puberty
B) Infancy lasts until age 2,whereas childhood lasts until age 5
C) Infancy is defined by a lack of complex speech,whereas childhood is defined as the presence of complex speech
D) The definition of child and infant are the same

Question 13

Dillon is in the period known as "early" childhood.His membership in this group is determined by his

A) ability to communicate with others.
B) age.
C) level of social skill.
D) height and weight.

Question 14

The study of development includes an examination of

A) the process of conception.
B) the prenatal period.
C) the origin of sperm and ova.
D) All of the above

Question 15

In ancient times and in the Middle Ages,children were

A) nurtured until they were 7 years old.
B) perceived as innately good.
C) considered blank slates.
D) protected by laws from harsh treatment.

Question 16

Whereas early childhood includes the ages from 2 to 5 years,middle childhood can best be defined as the

A) blank slate period.
B) years from 6 to 12.
C) years from 6 to 9.
D) time of greatest gains in height and weight.

Question 17

Which thinker suggested that children are born a "tabula rasa?"

A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
B) John Locke
C) Alfred Binet
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 18

The terms "growth" and "development" are

A) synonymous.
B) opposites.
C) different; growth refers to changes in quality,whereas development refers to changes in quantity.
D) different; growth refers to changes in quantity whereas development refers to changes in quality.

Question 19

How have children been viewed historically?

A) As innately evil and in need of harsh discipline
B) As miniature adults after age 7,or the "age of reason"
C) As clean slates changed by experience
D) All of these

Question 20

According to your textbook,the study of issues such as the effects of daycare programs on children's social and intellectual development fall under which of the following motives for studying child development?

A) Gaining insight into human nature
B) Gaining insight into sex differences and gender roles
C) Gaining insight into the origins and prevention of developmental problems
D) Optimizing conditions of development

Question 21

Conner is 4 years old.He has developed a strong attachment to his mother and sees his father as a rival for her affections.According to Freud,which of the following stages is Connor in?

A) Phallic
B) Latency
C) Genital
D) Fixation

Question 22

Who is credited with founding child development as an academic discipline and used questionnaires to study the "contents of children's minds?"

A) John Watson
B) G.Stanley Hall
C) Jean Piaget
D) John Locke

Question 23

Anna is an eight-year-old girl.Her sexual impulses are suppressed,and she spends her time focused on her schoolwork and developing relationships with same-sex friends.Which of Freud's psychosexual stages is Anna in?

A) Phallic
B) Latency
C) Genital
D) Oral

Question 24

Developmentalists seek to

A) describe child development.
B) explain child development.
C) predict child development.
D) All of the above

Question 25

Who was the originator of psychoanalytic theory?

A) Horney
B) Jung
C) Freud
D) Darwin

Question 26

Freud believed that most of the human mind lay beneath consciousness,similar to a/n

A) volcano.
B) submarine.
C) reflection.
D) iceberg.

Question 27

The superego

A) represents the moral standards and values of parents.
B) is innate and transmitted to the child genetically.
C) develops to help the child find rational ways of satisfying urges.
D) None of these

Question 28

Useful theories have which of the following characteristics?

A) They allow us to make predictions
B) They have a wide range of applicability
C) They enable researchers to influence events
D) All of the above

Question 29

According to Freud,what causes a child to get "fixated" in a stage of development?

A) Insufficient gratification
B) Excessive gratification
C) Conflicts in gratification
D) All of the above

Question 30

According to Freud,which aspect of our personality is present at birth and is unconscious?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Superid

Question 31

Children enter the latency stage at 5 or 6 years of age and

A) usually never progress to further stages.
B) generally stay there until puberty.
C) then enter the phallic stage at adulthood.
D) stay there until the anal stage at age eight.

Question 32

Just four years after Watson proposed his view that children are blank slates,whose ideas,preferences,and skills are shaped by the environment,Gesell came forward with which perspective of child development?

A) Children are inherently evil
B) Children are inherently good
C) Biological maturation was the main principle of development
D) Environment was the main principle of development

Question 33

According to Freud,where in consciousness does the psychic structure called the id reside?

A) Preconscious
B) Conscious
C) Unconscious
D) It varies throughout life

Question 34

According to psychoanalytic perspectives,children and adults are caught in conflict.Early in development,this conflict takes place between the child and

A) the external world.
B) their internal forces.
C) his/her superego.
D) the fixations the child develops during the psychosexual stages of development.

Question 35

Which of the following persons would be labeled "anal-expulsive?"

A) Someone who is overly dependent
B) Someone who is very gullible or easily fooled
C) Someone who is orderly and neat
D) Someone who is careless and sloppy

Question 36

According to Freud,during the first year of life,children are in the ____ stage of development.

A) oral
B) fixated
C) anal
D) latency

Question 37

How is "theory" defined?

A) Testable predictions about an event
B) Related sets of statements about events
C) A feedback process that predicts development
D) A scientific method used to study child development

Question 38

Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A) Anal,latency,phallic,oral,genital
B) Oral,latency,anal,phallic,genital
C) Phallic,oral,anal,latency,genital
D) Oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital

Question 39

There is research evidence to support the idea that children who are weaned early or breast-fed too long develop oral fixations such as nail biting or smoking.

A) True
B) False
C) True for men,but not for women
D) False.Instead,the fixation leads to traits such as sloppiness and carelessness.

Question 40

According to Freud,the psychic structure called ego

A) provides rational ways of coping with frustration.
B) is driven by a quest for pleasure.
C) is our moral base that forces us to follow rules.
D) is biologically based and present at birth.

Question 41

Applying learning theory when trying to help children overcome behavioral disorders or to cope with adjustment problems is often referred to as

A) psychology of adjustment.
B) behavior modification.
C) classical conditioning.
D) sensitization learning.

Question 42

Erikson's psychosocial theory deviates from Freud's psychosexual theory in that Erikson

A) emphasized sexual and aggressive instincts.
B) emphasized social relationships and physical maturation.
C) extended Freud's five stages to 10 stages.
D) All of these

Question 43

According to Erikson,early experiences

A) have no impact on later development.
B) exert a continued influence on later development.
C) are determined by internal struggles and unconscious urges.
D) only predict future development once we reach 6 to 8 years of age.

Question 44

Freud's theory

A) has had little impact on modern thought and is not used today.
B) has influenced our ideas about when and how to toilet train children.
C) was praised for being based primarily on adult's recollections of their childhoods.
D) None of these

Question 45

What is the second stage of psychosocial development,according to Erikson?

A) Trust vs.mistrust
B) Autonomy vs.shame and doubt
C) Initiative vs.guilt
D) Industry vs.inferiority

Question 46

Zack has been wetting the bed.A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping.If the pad becomes wet,a circuit closes,causing a bell to ring.After several repetitions,Zack learns to wake up before wetting the pad.Over time,Zack stops wetting the bed altogether.This is an example of the application of what theory to the treatment of bed-wetting?

A) Psychodynamic theory
B) Psychosocial theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Learning theory

Question 47

Which stage in Erikson's theory involves the development of independence?

A) Trust vs.mistrust
B) Autonomy vs.shame and doubt
C) Initiative vs.guilt
D) Industry vs.inferiority

Question 48

What aspect(s)of Freud's theory has/have endured over time?

A) His suggestion that behavior is determined and not arbitrary
B) The idea that childhood experiences can have far-reaching effects
C) The idea that our cognitive processes can be distorted to defend us against feelings of anxiety or guilt
D) All of these

Question 49

According to Erikson,which stage of development occurs between the ages of 3 to 6?

A) Trust vs.mistrust
B) Autonomy vs.shame and doubt
C) Initiative vs.guilt
D) Industry vs.inferiority

Question 50

Elena is a 6-month-old infant.She is leaning to trust her caregivers and her environment.According to Erikson's theory,which stage of psychosocial development is Elena in?

A) Trust vs.mistrust
B) Autonomy vs.shame and doubt
C) Initiative vs.guilt
D) Industry vs.inferiority

Question 51

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched.Now before touching his neck,his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon,as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh.In this example,what is the unconditioned stimulus?

A) Laughing when his neck is touched
B) Saying "gotcha"
C) Laughing when he hears "gotcha"
D) Touching his neck

Question 52

Which of the following is considered an advantage of Erikson's theory?

A) It reinstated the importance of unconscious forces in human development.
B) He suggested that childhood experiences could easily be overcome as we develop in our lives.
C) He emphasized the importance of human consciousness and choice.
D) He reminded us that humans are selfish and need to be forced to adhere to social norms.

Question 53

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched.Now before touching his neck,his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon,as soon as she says "gotcha" Kareem starts to laugh.In this example,what is the conditioned response?

A) Laughing when his neck is touched
B) Saying "gotcha"
C) Laughing when he hears "gotcha"
D) Touching his neck

Question 54

Jeremy is 16 years old.He's in the process of figuring out not only his future career goals but also his political viewpoints and his perspectives on religion.According to Erikson,which is true about Jeremy?

A) He is in the initiative vs.guilt stage.
B) He has feelings of shame and doubt.
C) He is in the identity vs.role diffusion stage.
D) He is attempting to master his feelings of industry.

Question 55

Erikson labeled the stages of his theory based upon

A) chronological age.
B) psychosexual conflicts.
C) life crises.
D) unhealthy patterns of parenting.

Question 56

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched.Now before touching his neck,his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon,as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh.This is an example of

A) habituation learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) sensitization learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 57

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched.Now before touching his neck,his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon,as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh.In this example,what is the unconditioned response?

A) Laughing when his neck is touched
B) Saying "gotcha"
C) Laughing when he hears "gotcha"
D) Touching his neck

Question 58

Who suggested that we develop in a healthy fashion by confronting and resolving developmental life crises?

A) Karen Horney
B) Erik Erikson
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Alfred Adler

Question 59

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched.Now before touching his neck,his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon,as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh.In this example,what is the conditioned stimulus?

A) Laughing when his neck is touched
B) Saying "gotcha"
C) Laughing when he hears "gotcha"
D) Touching his neck

Question 60

According to Erikson,what is the primary task of the teenage years?

A) Sexual maturation
B) Gaining metacognitive abilities
C) Developing an identity
D) All of these

Question 61

What appears to be the most effective way for teachers to increase appropriate behaviors and decrease disruptive behaviors in their students?

A) Be very firm and harsh in response to disruption
B) Do not reinforce the positive but be sure to punish the negative
C) Reinforce appropriate behaviors and ignore misbehavior
D) None of these

Question 62

Chris's mother offers to give him a cookie,but only if he doesn't throw a temper tantrum in the grocery store.What concept of operant conditioning is at work here?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Extinction
D) Conditioned stimulus and conditioned response

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of "time out from positive reinforcement"?

A) Placing the child in a time out seat at the front of the classroom
B) Punishing the child by making him write sentences on the board
C) Refusing to put stars and fun stickers on improperly completed homework
D) Placing the child away from peers for a time with no reinforcement

Question 64

In the classic study by psychologist Harriet Rheingold,extinction of infant vocalizations occurred when the researcher

A) provided encouraging sounds,smiles,and touches.
B) passively observed each infant.
C) used punishment.
D) provided a negative reinforce.

Question 65

Nathan enjoys riding his bicycle outside.Each day that Nathan cleans up the toys in his room,he gets to ride his bike for an extra 15 minutes that day.The additional bike-riding time

A) is a negative reinforcer.
B) is a positive reinforcer.
C) is a punishment.
D) is an unconditioned response.

Question 66

Is it possible for skills a child has learned to remain "latent" or unused?

A) No,if they don't use it,they lose it.
B) Yes,they may only use it when it is needed.
C) No,learning is an active,not a passive process.
D) Yes,but only for motor skills such as jumping rope or playing basketball.

Question 67

Which person introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism?

A) Freud
B) Skinner
C) Watson
D) Piaget

Question 68

In his research,Piaget became fascinated by the wrong answers children gave to items on intelligence tests.These wrong answers reflected

A) inconsistent but logical mental processes.
B) consistent but logical processes.
C) inconsistent but illogical processes.
D) consistent but illogical processes.

Question 69

The concept of shaping suggests

A) we can teach complex behaviors by reinforcing small steps toward behavioral goals.
B) children will behave the way they behave regardless of parental intervention.
C) children learn through observation only.
D) children will engage in more disruptive behaviors if you ignore them.

Question 70

Brian wanted to learn how to play lacrosse.He chose to sign up for classes.The more he paid attention to his coaches,the better his skills became.People commented on how gifted a lacrosse player he was.As a result,he now thinks of himself as an excellent player.This example best illustrates

A) classical conditioning.
B) the conflict between the id and the superego.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) assimilation and accommodation.

Question 71

Timothy,who is 4 years old,is taking a soccer class.His parents are highly critical of his soccer skills and regularly scold him for not making more goals.Research suggests which of the following?

A) The scolding is a neutral stimulus
B) The scolding may result in Timothy's withdrawal from wanting to play soccer
C) The scolding helps Timothy understand how to improve his soccer skills
D) All of these

Question 72

Tamika is learning how to tie her shoes.Her father praises her for crossing the shoelaces.Then,he praises her again as she learns to form one end into a loop.Slowly,Tamika learns how to tie a bow with the laces.This reinforcing of small steps toward a desired behavior is called

A) negative reinforcement.
B) extinction.
C) conditioned response.
D) shaping.

Question 73

Which of the following represents observational learning?

A) Jonathan jumps when he hears loud thunder.
B) Antony isn't given any dessert because he didn't eat his green vegetables at dinner.
C) Gina watches her mother mow the grass and then she pushes her toy lawnmower around the lawn in a similar way.
D) Sara stops having temper tantrums in public when her father begins ignoring them.

Question 74

Albert Bandura would agree with which statement?

A) A child can learn how to use crayons by watching others use crayons.
B) The bell-and-pad method for bed-wetting is a social-cognitive approach.
C) Children react mechanically to stimuli.
D) People are driven by motives such as sex and aggression.

Question 75

With negative reinforcement,

A) you eliminate an unwanted behavior by administering something bad.
B) you decrease an unwanted behavior by withholding something desired.
C) you increase a desired behavior by taking away something unpleasant.
D) negative reinforcement is the same as punishment.

Question 76

Social cognitive theorists,such as Albert Bandura,suggest that

A) children do not learn by use of such principles as reinforcement and punishment.
B) children do not learn unless they are given hands-on practice with what is to be learned.
C) children learn much of what they learn through observation of others.
D) None of these

Question 77

According to Bandura,

A) children choose whether or not to show new behaviors they have learned.
B) children can only learn by doing.
C) children will not imitate the behavior of others unless they are rewarded for doing so.
D) children are passive recipients of knowledge.

Question 78

Piaget is known for developing

A) psychosexual stages.
B) psychosocial stages.
C) operant conditioning.
D) cognitive developmental theory.

Question 79

When her daughter misbehaves,Olivia has her daughter sit quietly by herself for a few minutes without being allowed to play with other children or toys.What else should Olivia do to ensure that the time out is effective in reducing her daughter's unwanted behavior?

A) She should warn her daughter that a time out would occur if misbehavior continues
B) She should also use punishment to make the time out more effective
C) She should not tell her daughter how long the time out will last
D) She should not remind her daughter why the time out is occurring

Question 80

When Tomas teases his younger brother,his parents make Tomas sit in a corner for long periods of time.From what you have learned from the textbook about punishment,what is the likely outcome?

A) It will increase the frequency of Tomas teasing his brother.
B) It will teach Tomas new ways to interact with his brother.
C) Tomas's parents should punish him by spanking,as it is proven to work best.
D) Tomas may learn to tease his brother only when his parents are not around.