Deck 11: Middle Childhood: Physical Development

Question 1

It is common for children ages 6 to 12 to have which of the following physical changes?

A) Becoming less stocky and more slender
B) A slowing of weight gain
C) A growth spurt prior to the adolescent growth spurt
D) Becoming more stocky and less slender

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Recent research (Currie,2009)found that the association between fast food restaurants,schools,and child obesity levels was related to

A) the type of fast food restaurant near the school.
B) the distance of the fast food restaurant to the school.
C) the number of hours the children attended school.
D) None of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Logan is 8 years old.By the time she is 9,she has gained three inches in height and four pounds in weight.This is

A) not normal for children her age.
B) normal,as there are more individual differences in height and weight during middle childhood than in earlier years.
C) typical for girls,but not for boys.
D) an indication that she will be obese as an adult.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What happens to the height of children in middle childhood?

A) There is virtually no growth during this period
B) Boys outgrow girls during this period
C) Girls and boys grow about two inches in height per year
D) Girls outgrow boys during this period

Question 5

The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)found that having a fast food restaurant within one-tenth of a mile from a school increased child obesity rates by

A) 2.5%.
B) 5.2%.
C) 52%.
D) The presence of a fast food restaurant close to school was unrelated to child obesity rates

Question 6

Most 3-year-olds are within eight to ten pounds of each other in terms of weight.By the age of 10,children's weights

A) are even more similar to each other.
B) vary by 15 pounds.
C) can vary by 30-35 pounds.
D) are approximately one-third of what their adult weight will be.

Question 7

Danielle is losing her primary teeth and her permanent teeth are growing in.Her permanent teeth look too large for her face.What is happening?

A) This is normal,and her teeth will grow even larger as she ages
B) Her teeth grow in at full size,after which her facial bones will "catch up"
C) Because of their size,the new teeth will cause a painful widening and lengthening of the facial bones
D) Because her teeth are so large,she will have to have braces at an early age

Question 8

Food offered to children in schools tends to be

A) reflective of the dietary recommendations made by the USDA's "My Plate."
B) primarily fish,poultry,and whole grains.
C) heavy on sugar,animal fats,and salt.
D) low in sodium.

Question 9

Shelby is 6 years old.During middle childhood,her physical growth will most likely

A) be steady until the adolescent growth spurt.
B) show dramatic spurts.
C) show rapid gains in height,but slow steady gains in weight.
D) show rapid gains in weight,but slow steady gains in height.

Question 10

The average 7- to 10-year-old requires _______ calories per day.

A) 1,300
B) 1,700
C) 2,000
D) 2,400

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Girls tend to be taller and heavier than boys until approximately age 9 or 10
B) Boys tend to be taller and heavier than girls until approximately age 9 or 10
C) Girls and boys are similar in heights and weights until they both begin the adolescent growth spurt at age 9 or 10
D) Boys and girls are similar in height and weight until both begin the adolescent growth spurt at age 13 or 14

Question 12

What is the average weight gain per year for children ages 6 to 12?

A) It varies based upon sex of child
B) Two to three pounds
C) Four to six pounds
D) Five to seven pounds

Question 13

Brain development in early childhood is characterized by a

A) dramatic spurt in myelination of axons.
B) gaining control over attentional processes.
C) doubling of the brain's volume.
D) maturation of fluid reasoning,complete by age 7.

Question 14

Niko is an average 7-year-old.He will need to eat ______ he did when he was 5 years old.

A) more than
B) less than
C) the same amount as
D) more fat than

Question 15

The "growing pains" that some children report in middle childhood

A) are experienced only by those children who will be very tall as adults.
B) are the result of a vitamin deficiency.
C) are the result of muscles adjusting to a growing skeleton.
D) are a myth.

Question 16

Middle-class African-American mothers encouraged the physical activity of their daughters and limited their consumption of snack foods and sugary carbonated beverages.Mothers who lived at the poverty line

A) encouraged their daughters to drink more water and limited their daughters' consumption of fatty foods.
B) were more likely to feed their daughters vegetarian diets.
C) were more likely to feed their daughters diets high in fats and fast foods.
D) encouraged more physical exercise than any other group.

Question 17

Gains in height and weight _______ during middle childhood.

A) slow down
B) show a dramatic growth spurt
C) are fairly steady
D) are rapid for girls,but slow and steady for boys

Question 18

Research in neuroscience indicates that in middle childhood,

A) there is dramatic development in the frontal part of the brain.
B) the brain undergoes its most dramatic growth during middle childhood.
C) the parietal lobe shows the most dramatic gains in development.
D) brain maturation varies dramatically from child to child.

Question 19

Over the past few decades,food portions have

A) become smaller,particularly for unhealthy foods.
B) become larger for all foods.
C) stayed the same size.
D) become larger,particularly at fast food restaurants.

Question 20

Two studies of African-American mothers and daughters (Miklos et al.,2004; Thompson et al.,2003)found a relationship between nutrition and

A) age of the daughter.
B) age of the mother.
C) obesity rates of the mothers.
D) social class.

Question 21

Is it true that heavy children outgrow their baby fat,especially once they enter the growth spurt of adolescence?

A) Yes,it is true,overweight children do not become overweight adults
B) No,it is not true
C) Yes,but it depends upon the sex of the child
D) Yes,but it depends upon the ethnicity of the child

Question 22

Children who are overweight are at increased risk for high blood pressure,atherosclerosis,and

A) abnormal breathing patterns during sleep.
B) type 2 diabetes.
C) fatty liver disease.
D) All of the above

Question 23

Beginning around age 11,males tend to develop more _______,whereas females develop more _______.

A) height; weight
B) fatty tissue; muscle
C) muscle; fatty tissue
D) Boys and girls develop equal amounts of fatty tissue and muscle beginning around age 11

Question 24

In adolescence,those who are overweight and those of average weight vary in their

A) levels of depression.
B) levels of anxiety.
C) body images.
D) All of these

Question 25

A study by Walline et al.,(2009)randomly assigned one group of children to wear contact lenses and another group to wear glasses to correct myopia.Did the results of the study indicate any differences between the two groups?

A) Yes,those wearing glasses had lower global self-worth scores
B) Yes,those wearing contacts had lower global self-worth scores
C) Yes,those wearing contacts rated their physical appearances,athletic competence,and social acceptance more highly
D) No,there were no differences found between the groups

Question 26

Obese children

A) are more often rejected by their peers and do more poorly in sports.
B) are likely to be popular with their peers and do well in sports.
C) tend to like their bodies as well as children of average weight.
D) None of the above

Question 27

In middle childhood,it is estimated that 25% of children in the United States are myopic or

A) farsighted.
B) nearsighted.
C) hearing impaired.
D) developmentally delayed.

Question 28

When do girls become taller than boys?

A) Never
B) Around age 6
C) Not until age 14 or 15
D) Around age 9 or 10

Question 29

The incidence of myopia,or nearsightedness,tends to _______ between childhood and young adulthood.

A) decrease slightly
B) increase
C) disappear,as myopia is only found in young children
D) remain constant

Question 30

Between the ages of 6 and 12,the Eustachian tube elongates and narrows.The result of this for children is that they

A) have greater attention spans.
B) experience improved fine motor skills.
C) have more problems with myopia.
D) have fewer ear infections.

Question 31

Overweight parents may contribute to obesity in their children

A) through the influence of genetics.
B) by modeling poor exercise habits.
C) by providing unhealthful foods at home.
D) All of the above

Question 32

The prevalence of childhood obesity has doubled in the past 20 years.However,this varies by

A) racial and ethnic background of child.
B) education level of parents.
C) accessibility of high quality healthcare.
D) sex of child,with obesity increasing for girls and decreasing for boys.

Question 33

Whereas 40% of normal weight boys become overweight adults,the percentage of normal weight girls who become overweight as adults is

A) higher.
B) lower.
C) the same.
D) unknown,as no research has been conducted in this area.

Question 34

Studies of Japanese,Swiss,and American children showed that

A) overweight children became overweight adults regardless of where they lived.
B) poor healthcare in the U.S.,but not in other countries,contributed to obesity.
C) children in the U.S.did not become obese adults,but those in other countries did.
D) becoming obese as an adult varied by culture.

Question 35

If,as Daniels (2006)says,we may have the first reversal in increasing longevity in modern life,what would happen?

A) Children would live longer but less healthy lives than their parents
B) Children would live shorter but healthier lives than their parents
C) Children would lead less healthy and shorter lives than their parents
D) Children would live longer than their parents,but would have less healthy children of their own when they become adults

Question 36

As overweight children approach adolescence,they become less popular because they

A) have fewer social skills.
B) do less well academically.
C) are less likely to be found sexually attractive.
D) become more aggressive with peers.

Question 37

Is it true that children who are obese can have high blood pressure and high cholesterol?

A) Yes
B) It is true they can have high blood pressure,but not high cholesterol
C) No,these health problems are only found in adults over age 35
D) There is too little research in this area to tell

Question 38

In terms of the relative proportion of muscle and fatty tissue,

A) it is about the same for girls and boys during middle childhood.
B) it remains very stable from early childhood through adolescence.
C) both increase dramatically for both sexes during adolescence.
D) muscle increases for boys and fatty tissue increases for girls during middle childhood.

Question 39

How many children in the United States are obese?

A) 4% of girls and 6% of boys
B) 10%
C) Between 16 and 25%
D) It is impossible to tell because we have no clear definition of what obesity is

Question 40

Morgan is an obese child.Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Morgan will outgrow his/her baby fat in early childhood
B) Morgan will likely become an obese adult
C) Morgan will become normal weight,but not until adolescence
D) Whether or not Morgan will become an obese adult depends upon whether Morgan is male or female

Question 41

Generally speaking,when are most children able to balance on a beam and pedal a bicycle?

A) About age 3 or 4
B) About age 6 or 7
C) It depends upon how much practice they get using these skills
D) There is too much variability between children to say for sure

Question 42

Efforts to help a child lose weight that include methods such as keeping a chart of weight loss,providing a good example as a parent,and using praise and rewards are based upon what theoretical model?

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Behavioral
C) Cognitive
D) Sociocultural

Question 43

Which is TRUE of fat cells?

A) Everyone is born with the same number of fat cells
B) Those who are overweight have larger fat cells than those who are average weight
C) The number of fat cells a person has decreases with age
D) Those who are overweight or have been overweight have more fat cells

Question 44

By age 7,most children are capable of which of the following gross motor skills?

A) Hopping
B) Jumping
C) Climbing
D) All of the above

Question 45

In order to help a child lose weight,which of the following is recommended?

A) Insist that the family eat meals together at set times of the day
B) Encourage snacking in front of the TV,as this leads to less overeating at regular meals
C) Enforce strict punishment for going off a diet
D) None of the above

Question 46

How does television viewing contribute to obesity?

A) Children who are heavy TV viewers are less physically active overall
B) It does not contribute to obesity,as obesity is genetically determined
C) It doesn't; watching TV actually curbs the appetite
D) It resets the hunger trigger located in the thalamus

Question 47

Which of the following does NOT appear to play a role in obesity?

A) Physiological factors
B) Psychological factors
C) Genetic factors
D) Temperament

Question 48

Aside from television viewing being a sedentary activity,how else does watching TV contribute to obesity?

A) Children tend to watch shows that encourage sedentary activities
B) By showing children commercials for unhealthy foods
C) Watching TV is associated with eating healthy snacks
D) Watching TV takes time away from being with peers

Question 49

Research that implicates stresses in children's lives,such as the birth of a sibling or parental divorce,as a cause of overeating supports the role of __________ in obesity.

A) environment
B) heredity
C) poor prenatal environment
D) inherited fat cells

Question 50

Lai et al.,(2009)found that childhood asthma was _______ in affluent nations and _______ in poorer nations.

A) less common; more common
B) more common; more serious
C) more serious; more common
D) less serious; more common

Question 51

Which of the following plays a role in obesity?

A) Genetics
B) Physiological factors
C) Environment
D) All of these

Question 52

What can be said regarding the food commercials children see on television?

A) Most promote healthy habits like eating fruits and vegetables
B) Food commercials are not allowed to be shown on children's television networks
C) The bulk of these commercials are for unhealthy foods and drinks
D) The content of this advertising does not matter,as children do not pay attention to commercials

Question 53

In middle childhood,children show great advances in motor skills.This is due to increased muscle strength and

A) increased myelination of the pathways between the cerebellum and the cortex.
B) maturation of the amygdala.
C) improvement in the functioning of the occipital lobe,which increases visual acuity.
D) parental pressure to perform well in sports.

Question 54

Which of the following is FALSE regarding childhood asthma?

A) Once a child "outgrows" asthma,it never returns
B) Parents are advised to remove as many sources of respiratory irritation from their homes as possible
C) Nasal corticosteroids block reaction to allergens and reduce airway constriction
D) Medicines to treat asthma include cromolyn sodium and nedocromil

Question 55

Overall,risk factors associated with childhood asthma include previous respiratory or allergy problems,a family history of asthma,and

A) lower SES.
B) daycare attendance.
C) breast-feeding.
D) mothers' prenatal use of over-the-counter drugs.

Question 56

Children with more fat cells

A) feel hungry sooner than children with fewer fat cells.
B) may have inherited the tendency to burn up extra calories,so they eat more.
C) eat more than they should,even when they feel full.
D) have less adipose tissue than children who are not obese.

Question 57

There is ______correlation between childhood obesity and amount of television watched.

A) no
B) a positive
C) a negative
D) a perfect +1.0

Question 58

Which of the following provides evidence for the role of environment in obesity?

A) Some children inherit a tendency to turn extra calories into fat
B) Identical twins have similar body weights regardless of whether they were reared together or apart
C) Watching TV affects children's weight
D) Obese children have higher levels of testosterone

Question 59

Cross-cultural studies of childhood asthma find that

A) the rates vary dramatically by country.
B) it is almost nonexistent in affluent nations.
C) the rates are remarkably similar across countries.
D) the problem tends to be less serious in poorer nations.

Question 60

There are at least three different ways in which TV is associated with greater body weights in children.Which of the following is NOT discussed in the textbook as one of these ways?

A) Children tend to consume snacks while watching TV
B) TV exposes children to advertisements for other sedentary activities,such as computer games
C) TV bombards children with advertisements for fattening and sugary foods
D) Fewer calories are burned while watching TV than when engaging in physical activity

Question 61

Jennifer is a 14-year-old tomboy.Given that tomboy behavior is less accepted in adolescence than in middle childhood,Jennifer

A) will become more interested in traditionally "boy" physical activities.
B) will have fewer sports to choose from than the boys.
C) may become less interested in the physical activities she engages in.
D) will be encouraged by others to continue her sports activities.

Question 62

The type of muscular control needed for gymnastics is called

A) fine motor skills.
B) systemic motor skills.
C) gross motor skills.
D) agility.

Question 63

What does it mean to say that reaction time improves?

A) The person is reacting faster
B) The reaction time is decreasing
C) The time between stimulus and response is getting shorter
D) All of these

Question 64

At tennis camp,Emma is capable of hitting tennis balls that come at her at high rates of speed.It takes Olivia longer to respond,and because of this,she sometimes misses the ball.The difference between Emma and Olivia is in their

A) reaction time.
B) sensorimotor intelligence.
C) gross motor activation time.
D) response rate.

Question 65

When considering motor skills in middle childhood,boys tend to show more________,whereas girls show more _________.

A) agility; strength
B) forearm strength; limb coordination
C) forearm strength; eye-hand coordination
D) Boys and girls have equal motor skills and abilities in middle childhood

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT true regarding sex of child and physical activity?

A) Boys are more likely than girls to receive encouragement and support for participation in sports
B) Parents emphasize physical activity of boys more so than girls in the preschool years
C) By middle childhood,girls are more involved in competitive games than boys
D) Boys tend to engage in more vigorous activity,on average,than girls

Question 67

Girls tend to be well-suited to activities such as gymnastics,dancing,and balancing,due to their

A) greater overall strength than boys of the same age.
B) greater forearm strength than boys of the same age.
C) greater limb coordination and flexibility.
D) All of the above

Question 68

Which of the following motor tasks appears to have a biological explanation?

A) Running
B) Throwing a ball
C) Playing kickball
D) Dancing

Question 69

According to research,which person would have the fastest reaction time to catching a baseball?

A) Johan,who is 5
B) Marie,who is 10
C) Ryka,who is 35
D) Age is not related to reaction time

Question 70

One reason for increased coordination and agility during the middle childhood years is

A) practice using physical skills.
B) increased myelination of motor pathways.
C) increased muscle strength.
D) All of these

Question 71

According to the textbook,which of the following would lead to the lowest level of fitness?

A) Playing baseball
B) Bicycling
C) Swimming laps
D) Running

Question 72

What factor explains the differences between boys and girls in motor performance?

A) Differences are due primarily to biological variables
B) Differences in boys and girls are heritable
C) Boys receive more encouragement and support for participating in sports
D) From birth,girls have less interest in sports than do boys

Question 73

Which of the following predicts child participation in sports?

A) The child's physical size
B) Whether the child lives in a rural or urban environment
C) The child's socioeconomic status
D) The child's self-perception of competence in sports

Question 74

In terms of fine motor skills,which of the following can most 6- and 7-year-olds do?

A) Hold a pencil as an adult would
B) Brush their teeth
C) Coordinate a knife and fork
D) All of the above

Question 75

When it comes to physical activities for children,schools and parents tend to focus on baseball and football,which

A) have a high incidence of physical injuries.
B) are less apt to promote fitness,as they are not continuous in activity.
C) promote aggression and competition.
D) provide high rates of continuous exercise for children.

Question 76

Children with high levels of physical activity are more likely to

A) have parents who exercise.
B) have school officials who exercise.
C) have parents who encourage family activeness.
D) All of these

Question 77

Why do a majority of children in the United States fail to meet the standards of the President's Council on Physical Fitness?

A) As TV watching increases,fitness declines
B) There is a lack of involvement in sports that provide continuous activity
C) Parents and school officials may not encourage or model good exercise habits
D) All of the above

Question 78

What can be done to promote regular exercise in children?

A) Promote sports that lead to high levels of fitness,such as jumping rope
B) Encourage participation in team sports
C) Push them into team sports,as it is good for children
D) None of these

Question 79

Physical activity _______ with age between middle childhood and adolescence for ________.

A) decreases; girls only
B) decreases; boys only
C) decreases; both sexes
D) increases; both sexes

Question 80

You have been asked by the President to create an exercise program for children that will be instituted in schools across the U.S.Of the following activities,which one would promote the highest level of physical health for children?

A) Baseball
B) Running
C) Bowling
D) Football