Deck 33: Reproduction and Development

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT usually associated with sexual reproduction?

A) germ line cells
B) gametes
C) genetic clones
D) zygotes

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The number of chromosomes in secondary spermatocytes is fewer than in primary spermatocytes because

A) sister chromatids are separated during meiosis II.
B) sister chromatids are separated during meiosis I.
C) homologous pairs are separated during meiosis II.
D) homologous pairs are separated during meiosis I.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The second meiotic division in a secondary oocyte is completed

A) just after its release from the ovary.
B) only after the polar body degenerates.
C) only if it is fertilized.
D) immediately after the primary oocyte divides.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Fertilization of an egg with more than one sperm

A) produces a zygote that cannot develop.
B) is evolutionarily advantageous because it increases genetic variability.
C) is frequently allowed to happen by the zona pellucida.
D) produces a zygote with too many mitochondria.

Question 5

Both oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A) produce four gametes from one germ line cell.
B) produce haploid gametes.
C) produce follicle cells.
D) occur continuously throughout the life of the individual.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT associated with asexual reproduction?

A) parthenogenesis
B) fission
C) fertilization
D) budding

Question 7

Why does the tip of a sperm contain enzymes?

A) The enzymes are used to prevent other sperm from entering the egg after the sperm and egg membranes have fused.
B) The enzymes are needed to digest a hole in the protective covering of the egg.
C) The enzymes are released to kill other sperm so that,by the time sperm reach the egg,only a hundred or so remain with which to compete.
D) The enzymes are gradually released into the sperm,where they break down sugars,releasing the energy needed to power sperm movement.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about sexual and asexual reproduction is true?

A) Sexual reproduction leads to offspring that are genetically identical to their parents,whereas asexual reproduction leads to offspring that differ from their parents.
B) Sexual reproduction leads to offspring that differ genetically from their parents,whereas asexual reproduction leads to offspring that are identical to their parents.
C) Sexual reproduction is always better for a species' survival than asexual reproduction.
D) Asexual reproduction is always better for a species' survival than sexual reproduction.

Question 9

A disadvantage of external fertilization is that the

A) gametes are not specifically targeted toward each other.
B) organisms must expend energy finding mates.
C) offspring produced are genetically identical to each other.
D) offspring produced are diploid organisms.

Question 10

Which one of the following methods of reproduction is NOT used by animals?

A) sexual reproduction involving sperm and eggs
B) asexual reproduction involving only one animal
C) asexual reproduction involving sperm and eggs
D) a piece of an animal breaks off and grows into a new individual

Question 11

In human females,primary oocytes do NOT develop into mature eggs

A) unless they are fertilized.
B) until they reach the uterus.
C) until the first trimester.
D) until puberty.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in animals is true?

A) Only one parent contributes genes to the offspring.
B) Both parents contribute genes to the offspring.
C) The offspring are identical to their parents.
D) Only one parent is needed to produce offspring.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about animal sperm and eggs is FALSE?

A) Sperm and eggs are produced in the gonads.
B) Sperm are produced throughout a man's life in the seminiferous tubules.
C) Sperm and eggs are produced through meiosis.
D) Sperm and eggs have the same amount of genetic material per cell as the cells in their parent organisms.

Question 14

In oogenesis,polar bodies produced from a primary oocyte ________ the secondary oocyte produced from that same primary oocyte.

A) are genetically different from
B) are genetically identical to
C) contain more cytoplasm than
D) can be fertilized like

Question 15

Sperm are packed with mitochondria because mitochondria produce the

A) sugars that keep the sperm alive during its journey through the female reproductive tract.
B) enzymes used to break through the zona pellucida before fertilization.
C) ATP used by the sperm on its long journey to the egg.
D) proteins that make up the sperm's flagellum.

Question 16

In general,why does a female animal tend to choose her mate more carefully than does a male?

A) Males tend to live longer than females.
B) Males do not produce as much sperm as females do eggs.
C) A female has more resources tied up in an egg than a male does in sperm.
D) Females use more of their resources in mate-attracting displays.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of asexual reproduction?

A) fusion of two haploid fungal nuclei to form a zygote
B) budding of a new yeast cell on a parent cell
C) external fertilization of sockeye salmon
D) combination of plant gametes to produce a seed

Question 18

If gametes were produced by mitosis instead of meiosis in diploid organisms,zygotes would have ________ set(s)of chromosomes.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 19

Study the diagram below.Which of the following sentences is true?

A) Sperm cells are genetically identical.
B) Division of cytoplasm in oogenesis is unequal.
C) Oogenesis results in the generation of two egg cells per germ line cell.
D) Sperm cells are created in only one round of meiosis.

Question 20

Scar tissue produced by the sexually transmitted diseases gonorrhea and chlamydia can prevent the fertilized egg from traveling to the uterus.This scar tissue would be present in the

A) vagina.
B) oviduct.
C) penis.
D) ovary.

Question 21

In humans,germ line cells originate in the

A) umbilical cord.
B) placenta.
C) gametes.
D) yolk sac.

Question 22

Human females probably evolved the ability to live beyond their reproductive years because

A) women once preferred to mate with men known to come from families with long life spans.
B) the hormones produced by the female reproductive system slow the aging process.
C) the contribution of grandmothers to child rearing increases the survival rate of children.
D) in early human cultures,women who produced children later in life were more likely to survive to raise their children.

Question 23

Which of the following would NOT be exchanged between a mother and her fetus through the umbilical cord?

A) enzymes
B) carbon dioxide
C) nutrients
D) oxygen

Question 24

Humans complete their development in a protected environment inside their mothers' bodies,in the

A) cervix.
B) oviduct.
C) vagina.
D) uterus.

Question 25

The Pill does NOT prevent

A) pregnancy.
B) ovulation.
C) implantation.
D) transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.

Question 26

The human embryo develops in a fluid-filled sac called the

A) uterus.
B) endometrium.
C) yolk sac.
D) amnion.

Question 27

The graph below shows the rate of cell division in a developing frog embryo.

Why does the rate of growth decrease dramatically after the point indicated by the arrow?

A) At this point,development switches from rapid cell growth to cell differentiation and migration.
B) The arrow indicates when the embryo begins to run out of its internal food source and must find another source to continue developing.
C) This is when fertilization occurs.Before this point,the single-celled egg was growing quickly as it stored food.After this point,growth slows for the more deliberate process of development.
D) At the time indicated by the arrow,the trophoblast separates from the inner cell mass and the two tissues begin to divide at different and slower rates.

Question 28

Why does an embryo undergo the process of gastrulation?

A) Gastrulation separates the cells of the inner cell mass and the trophoblast so that the trophoblast is free to develop into the placenta.
B) During gastrulation,the cells of the embryo move around to create the four extraembryonic membranes that protect the fetus.
C) The rapid cell division that occurs during gastrulation allows the embryo to increase quickly in cell number without using much energy for cell growth.
D) Cells in the blastocyst differentiate to form embryonic tissues but are not originally located in the right place.Gastrulation moves these cells to the proper position in the embryo.

Question 29

Disruptions to the development of a zygote can occur at any time during pregnancy.Among the time periods mentioned below the most vulnerable period of development for a zygote/fetus/embryo would be the ________ week.

A) first
B) twentieth
C) thirtieth
D) fortieth

Question 30

By the end of a normal first trimester,the zygote has

A) only the mesoderm tissue layer.
B) recognizable human features.
C) reached its birth length.
D) no organ systems.

Question 31

During development,the process by which unspecialized cells acquire specific identities is called

A) gametogenesis.
B) differentiation.
C) fertilization.
D) gastrulation.

Question 32

Which of the following structures are commonly manipulated for sterilization?

A) structure A
B) structure B
C) structure C
D) structure D

Question 33

In the last few weeks of pregnancy,the level of estrogen in a woman's blood rises.This causes

A) the fetus to develop more rapidly.
B) the amount of prostaglandin secreted by the placenta to decrease.
C) the muscles of the uterus to become more sensitive to the hormone oxytocin.
D) even more estrogen to be released from the pituitary.

Question 34

In mammals,the blastocyst consists of the trophoblast and the

A) placenta.
B) inner cell mass.
C) zygote.
D) embryo.

Question 35

A woman with high blood pressure and a history of breast cancer asks her doctor to recommend a birth control method.Based on the woman's medical history,the doctor is LEAST likely to recommend

A) condoms.
B) oral contraceptives.
C) sterilization.
D) a birth control sponge.

Question 36

In humans,the exchanges of materials between the embryo and its mother occur through the

A) umbilical cord.
B) amnion.
C) yolk sac.
D) endometrium.

Question 37

In mammals,the trophoblast layer in a blastocyst will become part of the

A) uterus.
B) primary oocyte.
C) oviduct.
D) placenta.

Question 38

Examine this close-up of the placenta (on the left of the figure below).

Why do the chorionic villi have the shape of a tree?

A) The branches of the chorionic villi create a large amount of surface area for the exchange of nutrients and gases between maternal and fetal blood.
B) The branches of the chorionic villi allow blood to flow back and forth more rapidly between the capillaries of the mother and her fetus.
C) The branches of the chorionic villi create more locations where fetal capillaries can fuse directly with maternal capillaries.
D) The branches of the chorionic villi create more surface area for the production of the amniotic fluid.

Question 39

During the rapid cell division that occurs after fertilization,cells increase rapidly in number,but the embryo stays the same size.The cells of this very early embryo must

A) undergo gastrulation before rapid cell division begins.
B) undergo rapid meiosis.
C) have a very short interphase.
D) contain a large yolk sac.

Question 40

The quality of human eggs declines as people age.One possible reason for this is

A) accelerated apoptosis of the eggs.
B) declining levels of morphogens.
C) accumulated harmful mutations in eggs.
D) increased transcription of hemoglobin.

Question 41

The ovaries produce ________ gametes than the testes.

Question 42

The stage in mammalian development when the embryo exists as a hollow,fluid-filled ball is referred to as the ________.

Question 43

Human chorionic gonadotropic produced by the trophoblast signals the ovaries to produce progesterone,which maintains the pregnancy and prevents ovulation.This effect of progesterone is used artificially in

A) fertility treatments.
B) birth control pills.
C) nausea medications.
D) hyperemesis gravidarum.

Question 44

Oogenesis produces one egg from a germ line cell.Spermatogenesis results in the production of ________ sperm from a germ line cell.

Question 45

In humans,development from zygote to completion is ________ weeks.

Question 46

An aquatic animal that relies on currents to bring gametes together is likely to produce ________ gametes than a land animal that deposits its sperm directly within the reproductive tract of a female.

Question 47

During fetal development humans develop a small tail that disappears before birth due to

A) oxytocin.
B) environmental influences.
C) homeotic genes.
D) apoptosis.

Question 48

Haploid gametes are produced by ________.

Question 49

The evidence that hyperemesis gravidarum,severe morning sickness,is genetic,is that

A) it is a trait that gives the mother an adaptive advantage.
B) sons inherit the phenotype from their mothers.
C) genetically related women suffer from it.
D) sufferers are unlikely to have a family member who also suffers from it.

Question 50

Which of the following does NOT affect development in animals?

A) morphogens
B) hemoglobin
C) genes
D) hormones

Question 51

The three layers of cells in a human embryo are ectoderm,endoderm,and ________.

Question 52

Diploid eggs can develop into embryos without fertilization in a process called ________.

Question 53

In fruit flies,morphogens

A) are composed of nucleic acids.
B) switch genes on and off.
C) are receptor proteins.
D) exist only in the eggs.

Question 54

The graph below shows the normal concentration of morphogens A and B throughout a Drosophila embryo.

If morphogen B is injected into the head end of an embryo,the embryo is likely to develop

A) normally.
B) a second tail at the head end.
C) a second head at the tail end.
D) two heads at the head end.

Question 55

Different versions of the protein hemoglobin are found in a baby's blood cells at different stages of development.Changes in the hemoglobin type present are most likely the result of

A) what genes are transcribed.
B) environmental influences.
C) apoptosis.
D) gastrulation.

Question 56

Once all the organ systems are developed in a human,about 9 weeks after fertilization,the developing child is considered a(n)________.

Question 57

Land-dwelling animals typically reproduce by ________ fertilization.

Question 58

Chemicals that disrupt normal gene expression during development are

A) teratogens.
B) morphogens.
C) homeotic.
D) chorionic.

Question 59

In oogenesis,the final steps of meiosis do NOT occur until ________ takes place.

Question 60

When a human embryo is approximately 7 days old,it embeds in the ________ of its mother's uterus,where it is nourished by the surrounding blood supply until the placenta is functional.

Question 61

Animal sperm cells tend to be larger than animal egg cells.

Question 62

In chicken embryos,the activation of a single gene causes the cells between the toes to die in a process called ________.

Question 63

Germ line cells are haploid.

Question 64

Master genes that control a suite of developmental genes are known as ________ genes.

Question 65

During labor more and more oxytocin is produced due to ________ feedback.

Question 66

The nucleus of the sperm must fuse with the nucleus of the egg for fertilization to occur.

Question 67

In the last few weeks of pregnancy,oxytocin causes the muscles of the uterus to become sensitive to estrogen.

Question 68

The mitochondria in your cells are a mix of the mitochondria found in your father's sperm and your mother's egg cell because the contents of the sperm cytoplasm are dumped into the egg cell during fertilization.

Question 69

Males produce significantly larger numbers of gametes than females because their goal in reproduction is to ensure that they successfully fertilize at least one egg.

Question 70

Two methods for preventing pregnancy are abstinence and ________.

Question 71

Land animals are more likely to undergo fertilization outside their bodies because gametes require dry environments in order to fuse and develop.

Question 72

The cells of the morula are totipotent,meaning they can differentiate into any cell type.

Question 73

Women stop ovulating when they undergo ________.

Question 74

The four sperm produced by spermatogenesis are genetically identical to the primary spermatocyte.

Question 75

Some organisms can produce offspring genetically identical to themselves,without a mate.

Question 76

The majority of sexually active Americans have NOT contracted a sexually transmitted disease.

Question 77

The moment of conception is when the embryo implants into the endometrium.

Question 78

Morning sickness is caused by the hormone ________.

Question 79

In chicken embryos,when wing ectoderm is placed next to foot mesoderm,the ectoderm develops into ________.

Question 80

All layers of skin are derived from the mesoderm.