Deck 29: The Immune System

Question 1

Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of properly stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are

A)cytotoxic T cells.
B)helper T cells.
C)plasma cells.
D)macrophages.
E)All answers are correct.

Answer 1

C
Explanation: Antibodies are both found attached to some immune system cells and floating free in the plasma.Please see section 29.3 for more information.

Question 2

White blood cells are produced

A)by mitotic division of other white blood cells.
B)from platelets.
C)from chondrocytes.
D)from bone marrow stem cells.
E)from plasma proteins.

Answer 2

D
Explanation: Bone marrow occurs in the central part of the long bones of the limbs.Please see section 29.1 for more information.

Question 3

You would know that a viral infection is ongoing in a body if you detect high levels of

A)histamine.
B)interleukin.
C)complement protein.
D)interferon.
E)epinephrinE.

Answer 3

D
Explanation: The body uses interferon as a signal to alert cells to an ongoing viral infection.Please see section 29.2 for more information.

Question 4

The substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membranes is

A)histamine.
B)interleukin.
C)plasma.
D)complement protein.
E)epinephrinE.

Question 5

A preparation that "teaches" the immune system to recognize a disease-causing agent without actually causing disease is termed a(n)

A)antibiotic.
B)virus.
C)antiviral.
D)vaccination.
E)injection.

Question 6

A molecule that stimulates an immune-system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n)

A)antibody.
B)antigen.
C)substrate.
D)phagocyte.
E)complement protein.

Question 7

B cells or T cells are

A)basophils.
B)invaders.
C)lymphocytes.
D)allergies.
E)vaccines.

Question 8

What is not part of the innate defense response?

A)cilia that sweep bacteria out of the respiratory tract
B)the process of inflammation
C)antibody production
D)fever production
E)the complement-protein system

Question 9

A primary "antigen presenting cell," a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell,is a

A)B cell.
B)T cell.
C)macrophage.
D)plasma cell.
E)chondrocytE.

Question 10

Which is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism?

A)Fever inactivates (kills)some viruses.
B)Fever speeds up the rate of phagocytosis.
C)Fever reduces the iron level in the blood,thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria.
D)Fever kills some bacteria.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 11

If,for a study,you wanted to cause blood vessel dilation and swelling to mimic effects of innate immunity,you would want to inject

A)interleukin.
B)complement protein.
C)interferon.
D)epinephrine.
E)histaminE.

Question 12

Which is an example of humoral immunity?

A)a cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell
B)a self-attack from an autoimmune disease
C)antibodies produced that create an immunodeficiency
D)antibodies produced that clone a pathogen
E)antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen

Question 13

A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)

A)interferon.
B)antibody.
C)complement protein.
D)phagocyte.
E)B cell.

Question 14

A phagocyte is a

A)cell that engulfs other cells and debris.
B)cell that primarily is used to produce antibodies.
C)cell that produces white blood cells.
D)cell that produces platelets.
E)cell that transports oxygen to tissues.

Question 15

The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are

A)basophils.
B)helper T cells.
C)mast cells.
D)cytotoxic T cells.
E)B cells.

Question 16

Which is not a major part of the immune system?

A)thymus
B)bone marrow
C)spleen
D)pancreas
E)lymph node

Question 17

Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include

A)the acidity of the stomach.
B)tear fluid from the eye.
C)an un-punctured skin.
D)mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 18

The innate chemical defense substance that activates T cells and B cells is

A)histamine.
B)complement protein.
C)interleukin.
D)All answers are correct.
E)epinephrinE.

Question 19

Which is an example of passive immunity?

A)antibodies produced from a vaccine,or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
B)a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta,or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
C)only a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta
D)only a person receiving an injection of antibodies
E)only antibodies produced from a vaccine

Question 20

A cell that does not circulate in blood,but instead settles in tissues near the skin and in the digestive tract,producing and releasing histamine when tissue is damaged,is a

A)basophil.
B)mast cell.
C)virus.
D)macrophage.
E)T cell.

Question 21

A disease-causing agent that does not usually infect and cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system is termed a(n)

A)pathogen.
B)subtle pathogen.
C)secondary pathogen.
D)opportunistic pathogen.
E)unlikely pathogen.

Question 22

An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitive immune system is termed a(n)

A)autoimmune disease.
B)primary immune response.
C)secondary immune response.
D)allergy.
E)innate defense stimulator.

Question 23

Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant.What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow?

A)They would be paralyzed.
B)They could not filter their blood and would require dialysis.
C)They would be immunocompromised.
D)They could not produce bile.
E)Their bones would degeneratE.

Question 24

In a process called ______,an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from properly stimulated B cells.

A)conjugation
B)meiotic regeneration
C)recombination
D)clonal selection
E)artificial selection

Question 25

Immunological memory results from the production of

A)both B and T memory cells.
B)both mast and B memory cells.
C)mast memory cells only.
D)B memory cells only.
E)T memory cells only.

Question 26

Which of the following vaccines would expose a person to an antigen for the longest time,and thus be the least likely to require repeated booster vaccinations?

A)an inactivated pathogen
B)inactivated toxins
C)subunits of pathogens
D)a live weakened pathogen
E)individual proteins from pathogens

Question 27

Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation.Why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen?

A)increased number of white blood cells only
B)increased migration of white blood cells to site of infection only
C)both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection
D)increased accessibility of the pathogen to the blood only
E)both increased accessibility of the pathogen to the blood and number of white blood cells

Question 28

A major challenge is finding an acceptable bone marrow donor with the matching complex of Major Histocompatibility (MHC)proteins a person needs.Why is it important that the MHC proteins match between the donor and recipient?

A)If they don't match,the donor's immune system will see the recipient's bone marrow as foreign.
B)MHC proteins make antibodies that could attack the recipient's immune system.
C)MHC proteins serve as inhibitors of the immune system.
D)If they don't match,the recipient's immune system will see the donor's bone marrow as foreign.
E)MHC proteins are used by cytotoxic T cells to kill bacteria,and if they don't match they won't work properly.

Question 29

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus.Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year?

A)because our bodies develop resistance to the vaccine and it becomes less effective
B)because the virus develops resistance to the vaccine
C)because the virus cannot mutate into new strains
D)because people change their habits each year and become susceptible to different strains of the virus
E)because the common influenza virus can come from many species of animals,including cats and dogs

Question 30

The primary function of a vaccine is to

A)introduce antibodies into a person.
B)create immunological memory without causing disease.
C)introduce synthetic drugs into a person.
D)give a person a mild disease.
E)stimulate the production of blood platelets.

Question 31

If you transfuse type AB blood into a patient with type A blood,the patient will raise antibodies against the B antigen on the donor's blood,but will not raise antibodies against the A antigen.Why not?

A)B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion.
B)Antibodies that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by the spleen.
C)Antibodies that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by the bone marrow.
D)Macrophages will not present the A antigen to T cells.
E)Recombination of the gene for antibodies cannot produce self-reactive clones.

Question 32

If you were trying to block an antibody that was causing an autoimmune disease in a patient,you would want to find a way to cover and inactivate the

A)hinge region.
B)variable region.
C)constant region.
D)base of the antibody molecule.
E)heavy chain only.

Question 33

Which is an example of active immunity?

A)a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta,or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
B)antibodies produced from a vaccine,or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
C)antibodies produced from a vaccine,antibodies produced when the flu strikes
D)a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta,antibodies produced when the flu strikes
E)a person receiving an injection of antibodies,antibodies produced when the flu strikes

Question 34

HIV-positive people track the progress of their disease with blood tests that measure the number of

A)blood platelets.
B)B cells.
C)helper T cells.
D)cytotoxic T cells.
E)plasma cells.

Question 35

Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?

A)T cells reproduce in lymph nodes after being exposed to pathogens.
B)B cells reproduce in lymph nodes after being exposed to pathogens.
C)Macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens.
D)Cytotoxic T cells attack pathogens in the lymph nodes,triggering inflammation.
E)Vasodilation increases blood flow in the lymph nodes.

Question 36

Antibodies are made against a very small portion of an antigen called an epitope.An epitope is often just five to six amino acids from a protein on an antigen.Which explains how antibodies could be produced against just a small part of an antigen?

A)T helper cells secrete enzymes that digest the pathogen.
B)B cells produce antibodies that bind directly to a single epitope on the antigen.
C)Cytotoxic T cells poke holes in the antigen.
D)Complement protein pokes holes in the antigen.
E)Macrophages engulf and digest the pathogen.

Question 37

If a tumor metastasizes,this means that it has moved to another part of the body.Doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis.Why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes?

A)because the tumor started in the lymph node
B)because the lymphatic system collects fluids and cells from tissues
C)because white blood cells are formed in lymph nodes in response to the tumor
D)because the tumor is recognized as a foreign antigen and is being attacked
E)because the tumor cells may have moved from the blood into the lymph with the plasma

Question 38

Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction to what by a pregnant woman?

A)a self antigen on red blood cells
B)a foreign antibody on red blood cells
C)a foreign antigen on red blood cells
D)a self antibody on red blood cells
E)No answer is correct.

Question 39

Many parasites are too large to be engulfed by phagocytosis.Which would be effective in killing parasites?

A)complement protein
B)T helper cells
C)B cells
D)macrophages
E)basophils

Question 40

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus.How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus?

A)Each B cell can make antibodies against all antigens.
B)The vaccine contains the antibodies against the strains of flu virus so your body does not need to make them.
C)Viruses are destroyed by the passive immune system.
D)Clonal deletion of B and T cells that recognize the virus occurs.
E)Recombination of the gene used to make antibodies occurs.

Question 41

Why is there potential for a woman's body to recognize her fetus as foreign?

A)The fetus and mother are not genetically identical.
B)The mother may have an autoimmune disease and recognize self antigens as foreign.
C)The mother's immune system may be suppressed.
D)The fetus is separated from the mother's blood and immune system.
E)By the time the mother produces antibodies,the baby has been born.

Question 42

Which of the following occurred during the coevolution of humans and pathogens that cause disease?

A)The pathogens produce substances that suppress our immune system.
B)Our immune system can destroy the pathogens before they cause disease.
C)Pathogens have become less infectious.
D)Our immune system no longer sees the pathogen as foreign.
E)Pathogens have developed their own immune system to counteract ours.

Question 43

When a baby receives antibodies in breast milk,this is an example of passive immunity.

Question 44

The type of T cell that is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies is the plasma cell.

Question 45

In an autoimmune disease,the immune system attacks the body's self antigens.

Question 46

Although the lymphatic system has many similarities to the circulatory system,what can the lymphatic system accomplish that the circulatory system cannot?

A)generate white blood cells
B)collect bacteria,viruses,cancer cells,and other large particles from body tissues
C)generate red blood cells
D)destroy bacteria,viruses,cancer cells,and other large particles from body tissues
E)generate new body tissues during recovery

Question 47

Adaptive immune defenses provide a rapid,broad defense against any infectious agent to which an organism has had a chance to react,while innate immunity is more broadly directed in its action.

Question 48

If a human fetus is ___________ and the pregnant woman is ______________,an incompatibility that destroys the red blood cells of the fetus may occur.

A)Rh-negative;Rh-positive
B)Type "AB";Type "O"
C)Type "O";Type "AB"
D)Rh-positive;Rh-negative
E)Rh-positive;Type "AB"

Question 49

In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene," what is the hygiene hypothesis?

A)People who have more infections will have an overactive immune system.
B)People who have better hygiene and are cleaner will have more infections.
C)People who have better hygiene and are cleaner will have a weaker immune system.
D)People who have fewer infections will have an overactive immune system.
E)People who have better hygiene and are cleaner will have fewer infections.

Question 50

A patient can have antibodies against many strains of HIV.Which is the main reason that an effective vaccine has not been produced for the HIV virus that causes AIDS?

A)The virus reproduces very rapidly.
B)It takes two to three months to raise antibodies against the virus.
C)The virus is transmitted sexually.
D)The virus mutates rapidly,changing its outer coat.
E)The virus is not technically alivE.

Question 51

A person who has been bitten by a poisonous snake needs help via passive immunity.

Question 52

The type of cell that is primarily responsible for initiating and coordinating the adaptive immune response is the B cell.

Question 53

Since fever is not always present,it is an example of adaptive immunity.

Question 54

A very rapid response to a pathogen,involving antibodies,will be a secondary immune reaction will take place.

Question 55

The primary immune response produces memory cells that stimulate a faster immune response on a subsequent exposure to the same foreign antigen.

Question 56

If you were using a molecular tool to label the stem cells that produce white blood cells,most of the labeling would be in the thymus.

Question 57

The second time that an immune system sees an antigen,a secondary immune reaction will take place.

Question 58

Which would a person in a less-developed country be less likely to have than a person in a more-developed country,according to the hygiene hypothesis?

A)bacterial infection
B)parasites
C)asthma
D)viral infection
E)fungal infection

Question 59

In many autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis,antibody complexes form in the blood.Kidney failure is a common consequence of these diseases for which reason?

A)Antibodies attack the kidney.
B)The antibody complexes become trapped in the lymph.
C)The antibody complexes become trapped in the kidney.
D)The kidney is a part of the lymphatic system and becomes full of lymphocytes.
E)The kidney is part of the immune system and becomes full of leukocytes.

Question 60

When explaining a patient's near death from anaphylactic shock,you would tell the patient that this was a secondary immune response.

Question 61

Which is correct about primary and secondary immune responses?

A)The primary immune response occurs first.
B)The primary immune response is smaller.
C)Both respond to foreign antigens.
D)Both are responses of adaptive immunity.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 62

If you see cytotoxic T cells,you know that a humeral response is underway.

Question 63

The role of B cells in adaptive immunity is ______,versus the role of T cells in adaptive immunity is ______.

A)to recognize any antigen;to recognize a specific antigen
B)to recognize a specific antigen;to recognize any antigen
C)to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity;to attack bad cells in cell-mediated immunity
D)to attack bad cells in cell-mediated immunity;to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity;
E)to create antigens;to destroy antibodies

Question 64

If you observe an immune reaction involving a cytotoxic T cell,it is a

A)primary response.
B)secondary response.
C)cell-mediated response.
D)humeral response.
E)No answer is correct.

Question 65

Which description is correctly matched with its term?

A)Innate defenses : able to defend against any pathogen
B)Adaptive immunity : able to defend against any pathogen
C)Innate defenses : unable to fight cancerous cells
D)Adaptive immunity : unable to fight cancerous cells
E)All answers are correct.

Question 66

Which correctly describes B cells and T cells?

A)B cells and T cells are lymphocytes.
B)B cells and T cells attack cancerous cells in the body.
C)B cells and T cells attack foreign particles in the body.
D)B cells and T cells are not innate defenses.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 67

If you see B cells,you know that a humeral response is underway.

Question 68

What would occur if the lymphatic system was absent?

A)Cancer would not spread as quickly because cancerous cells would not be transported by the lymphatic system,nor stored in lymph nodes.
B)Bacteria located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blood.
C)Viruses located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blood.
D)Cancer cells located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blooD.
E)All answers are correct.