Deck 47: The Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

In a stimulated muscle fiber,the calcium ions released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to the protein ________.

A)troponin
B)tropomyosin
C)actin
D)myosin

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In arthropods,locomotion is accomplished by muscles that work against

A)each other.
B)the exoskeleton.
C)a hydrostatic skeleton.
D)mineralized bones.
E)the pseudocoel.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Utilizing more motor units for stronger muscle contractions is called

A)fast-twitching.
B)fatigue.
C)aerobic capacity.
D)recruitment.
E)insertion.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The structure causing the muscle depolarization to travel deep into the muscle fiber is the _______.

A)T tubule
B)sarcoplasmic reticulum
C)motor unit
D)sarcomere

Question 5

The use-dependent decrease in the ability of a muscle to generate force is called ______.

A)tetanus
B)aerobic fitness
C)fatigue
D)endurance

Question 6

Which of the following regarding the Haversian System is false?

A)It keeps osteocytes alive.
B)Haversian canals may contain nerve fibers.
C)Haversian canals run parallel to the length of long bone.
D)It contains the marrow cavity.

Question 7

Which of the following regarding bone growth is false?

A)Cartilage of growth plates actively grow in lengthwise direction.
B)Increase in bone thickness results from the adding of bone layers on top of the periosteum.
C)Some cartilage remains after it is replaced by bone.
D)Cartilage calcification encroaches on the cartilaginous growth plate.

Question 8

Which of the following is the smallest unit in terms of size?

A)fascicle
B)myofibril
C)fiber
D)nuclei
E)myofilaments

Question 9

The repeating units of myofibrils are made from contractile subunits called sarcomeres.Which of these is not part of the sarcomere's structure?

A)A band
B)Z line
C)I band
D)H band
E)C line

Question 10

Which of the following is required to detach myosin from actin?

A)calcium
B)ATP
C)phosphate
D)troponin
E)tropomyosin

Question 11

Insects such as mosquitoes and beetles can beat their wings at tremendous speeds.This can be accomplished because

A)their wing muscle contractions causes another set of muscles to stretch which in turn produces another contraction without waiting for the arrival of a nerve impulse.
B)their wing muscle contractions cause another set of muscles to relax which in turn produces another wing movement.
C)their wing muscle contractions are stimulated by the continuous nerve signal impulses which produce a continuous contraction of their wing muscles.
D)their wing muscle contractions are capable of producing more ATP which allows these insects to have much faster and sustained wing movements.
E)their wing muscle contractions produce nerve impulses which lead to more contraction of the wing muscles which in turn permits faster motion of the wings.

Question 12

According to the figure,which one represents the muscle in an optimal condition for contraction?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 13

The mammalian jaw is an example of what kind of moveable joint?

A)hinge joint
B)combination joint
C)gliding joint
D)ball-and-socket joint

Question 14

You witness a demonstration of a martial arts master breaking a large concrete block with his hand.Besides mastering technique,what is another benefit of the repetitive practice of breaking concrete.

A)Repetitive stress on the long bones will solidify cartilage.
B)The haversian canal system will supply more blood and strengthen the bone.
C)The repetitive stress on the long bones will be remodeled and strengthened.
D)The marrow cavity will solidify and strengthen the bone.

Question 15

The neurotransmitter released from the nerve terminus at the neuromuscular junction is ___________.

A)troponin
B)Ca²⁺
C)tropomyosin
D)acetylcholine

Question 16

_________ is a sustained muscle contraction.

A)Tetanus
B)A fast-twitch
C)Tension
D)A slow-twitch

Question 17

Which of the developmental schemes for bone is not possible?

A)undifferentiated Mesenchymal cells,osteocyte,osteoblast
B)undifferentiated Mesenchymal cells,fibroblast,collagen
C)undifferentiated Mesenchymal cells,chondroblast,chondrocyte
D)osteoblasts,osteocyte,osteoclast
E)undifferentiated Mesenchymal cells,osteoblast,osteocyte

Question 18

Which of the following animals have bone that contains no osteocytes?

A)dog
B)human
C)fish
D)frog
E)lizard

Question 19

The interaction between __________ can be described as the forming of cross-bridges.

A)actin and myosin
B)troponin and tropomyosin
C)Ca²⁺ and troponin
D)myosin and tropomyosin

Question 20

Which of these is not part of the axial skeleton?

A)skull
B)backbone
C)rib cage
D)pelvis

Question 21

Select the incorrect statement about muscle fibers.

A)A quick contraction and relaxation of an isolated skeletal muscle is called tetanus.
B)Slow-twitch muscle fibers,for example the soleus muscle of the leg,require about 100 milliseconds to reach maximum tension.
C)Slow-twitch muscle fibers have high concentrations of myoglobin.
D)Fast-twitch fibers,for example the muscles of the human eye,reach maximum tensions in 7.3 milliseconds.
E)Fast-twitch fibers have fewer capillaries and mitochondria than slow-twitch fibers.

Question 22

Which of the following panels best represents the power stroke?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 23

The movement of actin and myosin fibers is described by all of the following except

A)the resulting myosin head attaches to the actin filament.
B)myosin rolls up from one end,forming a ball.
C)the myosin filament advances relative to the actin filament.
D)the globular myosin head detaches from the actin filament.
E)the myosin head returns to its original conformation.

Question 24

All of the following statements about exoskeletons are correct except

A)exoskeletons are made of chitin.
B)muscles are attached to the exoskeleton.
C)exoskeletons do not limit growth because they are flexible.
D)exoskeletons are shed by many arthropods in a process called molting.
E)chitin is a polysaccharidE.

Question 25

Which of these muscles has the greatest proportion of slow-twitch fibers?

A)the gastrocnemius
B)the soleus
C)the lateral rectus
D)chicken breast muscle

Question 26

The muscles that move the eye have a high proportion of fast-twitch fibers and reach maximum tension very fast.These fibers belong to the class of __________ fibers.

A)type I
B)type II
C)type III
D)type IV
E)type V

Question 27

Impulses conducted along the transverse tubules of the muscle fiber stimulate the release of

A)ATP.
B)the binding of actin and myosin.
C)tropomyosin and troponin binding.
D)calcium ions.
E)acetylcholinE.

Question 28

Myofibril contractile subunits,the sarcomeres,are bounded on each end by a disc of protein called the

A)H line.
B)I line.
C)I zone.
D)Z line.
E)Z framE.

Question 29

Earthworms use their hydrostatic skeletons to move through the soil.As earthworms move through the soil they

A)contract their circular muscles,which press their longitudinal muscles,which in turn stretch to elongate the segments of their bodies.
B)contract their longitudinal muscles,which press their circular muscles,which in turn stretch to elongate the segments of their bodies.
C)contract their circular muscles,which stretch their longitudinal muscles,which in turn stretch to enlarge the segments of their bodies.
D)contract their circular muscles,which press their clitellum and attached setae into the burrow;with the setae as anchors,the earthworms are able to pull their bodies through the soil.
E)contract their longitudinal muscles,which compress their circular muscles,which in turn reduce each segment's circumference allowing forward movement.

Question 30

Which of the following joint types is not correctly matched with its example?

A)ball-and-socket joint-femur and pelvis
B)gliding joint-vertebral column
C)immovable joint-skull sutures
D)hinge joint-finger joint
E)combination joint-knee joint

Question 31

What is the association between tropomyosin and troponin molecules in resting striated muscle fibers?

A)Tropomyosin holds the troponin in place on the myosin.
B)Troponin holds the tropomyosin in place on the myosin.
C)Tropomyosin holds the troponin in place on the actin.
D)Troponin holds the tropomyosin in place on the actin.
E)There is no known association.

Question 32

Trout and eels have to move efficiently through their watery environment.The difference between how a trout and an eel move through water is

A)the eel pushes against the water with the posterior portion of its body while the trout uses its entire body for pushing against the water.
B)the trout pushes against the water with the posterior portion of its body while the eel uses its entire body for pushing against the water.
C)the eel uses only its dorsal fin while the trout uses it pelvic and dorsal fin for pushing through the water.
D)the eel alternates from anterior pushing to posterior pushing with its body while the trout uses only its posterior body.
E)the eel is able to move more efficiently because of its thick slime coating which the trout does not havE.

Question 33

Select the incorrect statement related to muscles and muscle fibers.

A)Muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils.
B)Myofibrils are components of segments known as Z lines.
C)Stacks of thick myofibrils produce dark bands,called the A band.
D)I bands are composed of thin myofilaments.
E)Sacromeres are the smallest subunits of muscle contraction.

Question 34

The muscle fiber contracts by a sequence of events initiated by the acetylcholine.Which of the following is the correct sequence?
I-The calcium-troponin complex pulls away tropomyosin from the myosin binding sites of actin.
II-The freed-sites of actin now can bind to myosin to form cross bridges.
III-Calcium ion binds to the troponin.

A)I,III,and II
B)III,II,and I
C)II,III,and I
D)I,II,and III
E)III,I,and II

Question 35

Sustained contraction is called

A)twitching.
B)summation.
C)tetanus.
D)recruitment.
E)isometric binding.

Question 36

The use-dependent decrease in the ability of a muscle to generate force is called

A)oxygen debt.
B)fatigue.
C)tetanus.
D)hypertrophy.

Question 37

The chemical released by somatic motor neurons is

A)noradrenaline.
B)adrenaline.
C)acetylcholine.
D)sarcocholine.
E)sarcoadrenalinE.

Question 38

During a contraction in the smooth muscle,the calcium ions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to the protein called

A)troponin.
B)tropomyosin.
C)myosin.
D)calmodulin.
E)actinomyosin.

Question 39

Which of the following statements relating to skeletal muscle and their functions is not correct?

A)Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by ligaments.
B)The origin of a skeletal muscle remains relatively stationary.
C)The end of the muscle called the insertion is attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts.
D)Muscles that cause the same action at a joint are referred to as synergists.
E)Muscles that produce opposing actions are called antagonists.

Question 40

By weight training,skeletal muscles grow in size.Cells do not increase in number because they do not divide,but increase in size by a process called

A)hypertrophy.
B)tetanus.
C)oxygen debt.
D)summation.
E)isometry.

Question 41

The myofibrils consist of both thin filaments made of actin proteins,and thick filaments composed of

A)myosin proteins.
B)contractile protein subunits.
C)Z line proteins.
D)sarcoplasmic proteins.
E)isometric proteins.

Question 42

A cross bridge is the binding of which two proteins?

A)actin and myosin
B)actin and troponin
C)myosin and troponin
D)collagen and troponin
E)myosin and collagen

Question 43

You are investigating the scene of a hit and run where somebody's pet dog was killed.It is a very hot day so the dog's body temperature is unlikely to yield any important information regarding the time of death.The dog's limbs are movable and there is no significant smell of rotting flesh.What is the best guess of the time of death?

A)within the last 10 minutes
B)within the last 2 hours
C)3-4 hours ago
D)24 hours ago

Question 44

Production of lactic acid by muscles contributes to a lack of muscle force called

A)muscle tension.
B)muscle fatigue.
C)muscle breakdown.
D)muscle cramps.
E)muscle failurE.

Question 45

Which of the following proteins is not associated with muscle contraction?

A)tropomyosin
B)fibrinogen
C)actin
D)myosin
E)troponin

Question 46

How would you compare the onset of rigor mortis with a frog versus a rat?

A)A rat would enter rigor mortis significantly faster than a frog upon death.
B)A frog would enter rigor mortis significantly faster than a rat upon death.
C)The frog and rat would enter rigor mortis at the same time regardless of the external environment as long as the time of death was the same.
D)The frog would enter rigor mortis at the same time as the rat if they died at the same time and the frog was at 37 ^$\circ$ C.

Question 47

Sarin gas is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.What is the likely description of how a person would die if inhaling this poisonous gas?

A)convulsion
B)paralysis of skeletal muscles
C)suffocation via tetanus of the respiratory muscles
D)suffocation via paralysis of the respiratory muscles

Question 48

Which of the following is required near actin and myosin in order to initiate muscle contraction?

A)ATP
B)calcium
C)phosphate
D)calcium and ATP
E)calcium and phosphate

Question 49

The myosin heads form a cross bridge with the neighboring actin filaments.The energy for the cross-bridge cycle and muscle contraction is provided by

A)pyruvate.
B)lactic acid.
C)ATP.
D)NADH.
E)glucosE.

Question 50

Impulses conducted along the muscle fiber's transverse tubules stimulate the release of calcium ions into the cytoplasm

A)from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B)from the actin and myosin subunits.
C)from the Z line.
D)from the stimulated muscle fibers.
E)from the troponin.

Question 51

Which of the following is not true about vertebrate bone?

A)consist of cells and an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibers
B)contain hydroxyapatite crystals
C)contain sarcomere units
D)contain blood vessels
E)capable of growth and remodeling

Question 52

Succinylcholine chloride,a depolarizing acetylcholine agonist,was lethally injected into the circulatory system of a bear.What effect would this have?

A)The bear would collapse and convulse to death.
B)The skeletal muscles would contract,then become paralyzed.
C)The skeletal muscles would become paralyzed.
D)The bear would have a heart attack.

Question 53

In bone,crystals of calcium phosphate impregnate the extracellular matrix containing fibers of

A)actin.
B)cellulose.
C)collagen.
D)myosin.
E)troponin.

Question 54

Human skeleton is a typical vertebrate

A)endoskeleton.
B)exoskeleton.
C)hydraulic skeleton.
D)axial skeleton only.
E)appendicular skeleton only.