Deck 4: Cell Structure

Question 1

Who first described cells?

A)Darwin
B)Golgi
C)Linnaeus
D)Hooke
E)Leeuwenhoek

Answer 1

D

Question 2

___________ is the generally accepted evolutionary process which created the organelles,chloroplasts,and mitochondria.

A)Endosymbiosis
B)Evolution
C)Symbiosis
D)Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Animal cells excrete glycoproteins outside of the plasma membrane to produce a(n)________________ which is directly linked to the cytoskeleton.

A)crust
B)extracellular matrix
C)plasma membrane
D)cell wall

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Plasma ________ encloses the cell and separates its contents from the surroundings.

A)membrane
B)vesicle
C)voltage
D)cell

Question 5

A distinctive feature of eukaryotes is the organization of their chromosomal DNA which is tightly packaged with proteins into a membrane-bound structure called a _______.

A)nucleolus
B)cell
C)nucleus
D)plasma membrane

Question 6

The genetic material of which kind of cells is included in a single,circular molecule of DNA devoid of any histone proteins?

A)bacteria
B)protozoa
C)insects
D)flowering plants
E)yeasts

Question 7

The delivery system of eukaryotic cells called the ______ can collect,package,modify,and transport molecules.

A)mitochondria
B)plasma membrane
C)vesicle
D)Golgi apparatus

Question 8

The interior of eukaryotic cells contain numerous membrane-bound structures called ___________.

A)nuclei
B)organelles
C)plasma membranes
D)vesicles

Question 9

The cell theory states that all of the ________ on earth are individual cells or aggregates of cells.

A)organisms
B)organs
C)cells
D)plants

Question 10

Membrane-bound organelles that contain powerful enzymes found in cells are known as

A)lysosomes.
B)plastids.
C)vacuoles.
D)liposomes.
E)ribosomes.

Question 11

Microfilaments such as actin,microtubules,and the intermediate filaments form the cell-supporting structure called the ______________.

A)cytoplasm
B)plasma membrane
C)cytoskeleton
D)nucleus

Question 12

The proteins of the plasma membrane are in large part responsible for the cell's ability to interact with its environment.They act as or are involved in all of the following except

A)channel.
B)recognition.
C)reception.
D)transport.
E)packaging DNA.

Question 13

Schlieden and Schwann stated the "cell theory," which in its modern form includes all of the following postulates except

A)all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
B)all cells need oxygen.
C)cells are the smallest living things.
D)cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
E)cells vary in size and shapE.

Question 14

The chromosomal hereditary material is packaged in this organelle in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells.This organelle is

A)mitochondriA.
B)chloroplasts.
C)plasma membrane.
D)nucleus.
E)centrioles.

Question 15

The _________ is not only responsible for the cell's shape and movement,but it also provides a scaffolding at certain locations of the cytoplasm for some enzymes and macromolecules.

A)plasma membrane
B)cytoskeleton
C)nucleus
D)muscle

Question 16

A semi-fluid matrix called the _________ occupies the area between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.

A)plasma membrane
B)cytoplasm
C)cell
D)organelle

Question 17

Even though they were similarly created by endosymbiosis,___________ are important in respiration,while chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis.

A)mitochondria
B)vesicles
C)nuclei
D)lungs

Question 18

Many eukaryotic cells possess flagella or cilia,which have the characteristic ______ arrangement of microtubules.

A)6 + 2
B)2 + 10
C)10 + 3
D)9 + 2

Question 19

All _____ contain a plasma membrane.

A)animal cells
B)plants cells
C)nuclei
D)cells

Question 20

Small cells function more effectively,because as cells become larger their surface area to volume ratio

A)increases.
B)decreases.
C)stays the same.
D)is squareD.
E)is cubed.

Question 21

Peroxisomes in animal cells,and glyoxosomes in plant cells are examples of

A)chromosomes.
B)lysosomes.
C)microbodies.
D)nucleosomes.
E)ribosomes.

Question 22

Photosynthetic bacterial membranes are located in the

A)nuclei.
B)chloroplasts.
C)cell wall.
D)plasma membrane.
E)plasmids.

Question 23

The eukaryotic organelle that is directly involved in the transport of proteins synthesized on the surface of the rough ER is called

A)mitochondriA.
B)vacuole.
C)cytoskeleton.
D)Golgi complex.
E)nucleus.

Question 24

Ribosomes are

A)only DNA molecules.
B)only RNA molecules.
C)single,naked,and circular chromosomes.
D)only protein molecules.
E)large molecular aggregates of protein and RNA.

Question 25

In eukaryotes,mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved in

A)energy release/capture.
B)phospholipid assembly.
C)export of enzymes.
D)lipid synthesis.
E)protein synthesis.

Question 26

Nucleolus of the nucleus is the site of

A)protein synthesis.
B)ribosome assembly.
C)chromosome replication.
D)lipid synthesis.
E)uncoiling and unraveling of chromosomes.

Question 27

Plant cells often have a large membrane-bound sac that is used for storing water and other substances.This organelle is called a

A)nucleus.
B)chloroplast.
C)Golgi body.
D)centriole.
E)central vacuolE.

Question 28

Nuclear pores apparently permit the passage of only

A)chromosomes outward.
B)glucose molecules outward.
C)assembled DNA molecules outward.
D)proteins inward and outward,but RNA only outwarD.
E)sodium ions inward,potassium ions outward.

Question 29

Flattened sacks of membranes apparently involved in the packaging and export of molecules synthesized in the cell are known as

A)Golgi bodies.
B)microbodies.
C)pinocytic vesicles.
D)vacuoles.
E)chromosomes.

Question 30

All of the following about flagella of bacteria are true except

A)they are used in locomotion.
B)they are used in feeding.
C)they have similar function as mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
D)there may be more than one per cell.
E)they are attached in between the cell wall and the membranE.

Question 31

Lysosomes are vesicles bounded by membranes that contain oxidative enzymes.Their functions include all of the following except they

A)catalyze the rapid breakdown of macromolecules.
B)break down old organelles.
C)eliminate substances taken into the cell by phagocytosis.
D)digest phagocytized pathogens.
E)allow bacteria to pass through unaffected.

Question 32

Which of the following is not bounded by membranes?

A)endoplasmic reticulum
B)microbody
C)Golgi body
D)nucleoid
E)nucleus

Question 33

Chromosomes can be condensed into compact structures,visible with the light microscope,but usually only

A)after the cell is dead.
B)during cell division.
C)while the DNA is being copied into RNA.
D)while the proteins are being assembleD.
E)while the nuclear pores are open.

Question 34

The peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall contains a carbohydrate matrix linked together by short chains of

A)amino acids.
B)fatty acids.
C)nucleotides.
D)water molecules.
E)steroids.

Question 35

Which of the following is not present in all eukaryotic cells?

A)endoplasmic reticulum
B)ribosome
C)plasma membrane
D)cell wall
E)Golgi bodies

Question 36

Some ribosomes are embedded into

A)chromosomes.
B)smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
C)rough endoplasmic reticulum.
D)histones.
E)vacuoles.

Question 37

Prokaryotic cell movement is attributed to the

A)capsule.
B)ribosomes.
C)pili.
D)nucleoid area.
E)flagella.

Question 38

The cytoplasmic space in eukaryotic cells is occupied by many diverse membrane-bound structures with specific cellular functions.These are called

A)flagellA.
B)organelles.
C)cilia.
D)chromosomes.
E)receptors.

Question 39

Which structure is the repository of the genetic information that directs all of the activities of the cell?

A)ER
B)mitochondria
C)nucleus
D)chloroplasts
E)centriole

Question 40

Some of the functions of the eukaryotic organelles are performed in bacteria by the

A)plasma membrane.
B)nucleoid area.
C)cell wall.
D)capsule.
E)flagella/cilia.

Question 41

Which of the following animals has the largest surface area to volume ratio AND is matched correctly with its metabolic rate?

A)mouse,high metabolic rate
B)mouse,low metabolic rate
C)elephant,high metabolic rate
D)elephant,low metabolic rate

Question 42

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain

A)DNA.
B)pores.
C)channels.
D)plasma membranes.
E)pigments.

Question 43

Which of the following is not visible by use of a light microscope?

A)paramecium
B)bacterium
C)large virus
D)red blood cell
E)eukaryotic nucleus

Question 44

Bacteria are generally

A)1 to 2 centimeters thick.
B)1 to 2 millimeters thick.
C)1 to 2 micrometers thick.
D)1 to 2 nanometers thick.
E)1 to 2 meters thick.

Question 45

A cytologist is examining a tissue under an electron microscope.He notices in particular that the endoplasmic reticulum of each cell is extremely rough in appearance and of course knows that the rough appearance is because of the ribosomes embedded there.He is curious about why there are so many ribosomes.You can help.Your response would be,

A)"This tissue exports lipids and is very involved with mRNA production,which of course is used in protein synthesis."
B)"This tissue exports proteins to other areas of the body."
C)"This tissue has obviously been exposed to the new protein diet supplements that are so popular these days and has been recruited to make more protein."
D)"This tissue exports various nucleic acids,hence the large number of ribosomes present on the endoplasmic reticulum in each of those cells."

Question 46

Cell crawling is essential for all of the following except

A)cancer spreading.
B)inflammation.
C)wound healing.
D)clotting of blooD.
E)cytoskeleton reorganization.

Question 47

A team of researchers is writing a grant for a microscope to use in their research on the external structures on the dorsal surface of a spider mite.The specific region on the mite's back seems to be the habitat of an even smaller mite.These mites are extremely tiny and only one microscope with very high magnification can be purchased.Based on the information given,which type of microscope would you suggest?

A)transmission electron microscope
B)scanning electron microscope
C)binocular compound light microscope
D)monocular compound light microscope
E)dissecting microscope

Question 48

The functions of the cytoskeleton include all of the following except

A)providing the cell shape.
B)providing scaffolding for the enzymes in certain areas of the cell.
C)organizing the cell's activities.
D)providing movement of molecules in the cell.
E)ribosome assembly.

Question 49

Gram staining is a common method of distinguishing bacteria.It takes advantage of the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall.What type of bacteria appear red after staining with a secondary dye?

A)Gram negative
B)Gram positive
C)Gram neutral
D)Gram prokaryotic

Question 50

Centrioles are organelles which have all of the following except

A)a barrel shape.
B)paired structures.
C)they are composed of nine triplets of microtubules.
D)microtubule assembly function.
E)a lipid bilayer.

Question 51

A cell biologist treats a cell so that oxygen cannot diffuse across the membrane.Which organelle will be directly affected?

A)mitochondria
B)lysosome
C)nucleus
D)ribosome
E)Golgi apparatus

Question 52

Your research project involves characterizing the expression pattern of a nuclear pore protein.After using immunohistochemistry to fluorescently label the protein,you decide that you would like to capture the data as a 3-D image.Which microscope should you use?

A)phase-contrast microscope
B)fluorescence microscope
C)confocal microscope
D)scanning electron microscope

Question 53

A cell biologist has developed a new drug that will block the cis face of the Golgi apparatus.If eventually approved by the FDA,she wants to use this new drug to aid cancer patients.What specifically will this drug prevent from happening inside a cancer cell?

A)the synthesis of proteins or lipids on the endoplasmic reticulum
B)the movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus
C)the blockage of proteins and lipids on the endoplasmic reticulum
D)the prevention of ATP synthesis by blocking pyruvate formation on the trans face of the Golgi apparatus

Question 54

The endosymbiotic theory is supported by the finding of non-nuclear DNA in which of the following organelles?

A)mitochondria and lysosomes
B)mitochondria and Golgi apparatus
C)mitochondria and chloroplasts
D)chloroplasts and Golgi apparatus
E)chloroplasts and lysosomes

Question 55

The electron microscope can magnify an object typically

A)ten times bigger.
B)one hundred times bigger.
C)one thousand times bigger.
D)tens of thousand times bigger.
E)hundreds of thousand times bigger.

Question 56

All of the following are considered to be part of the endomembrane system except

A)mitochondriA.
B)Golgi apparatus.
C)rough endoplasmic reticulum.
D)plasma membrane.
E)transport vesicles.

Question 57

One of the relationships that exists between ribosomes and lysosomes is that

A)ribosomes produce enzymes that could be stored in lysosomes.
B)ribosomes produce lipids that could be stored in lysosomes.
C)lysosomes are located near ribosomes on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum.
D)lysosomes are produced by ribosomes and therefore contain proteins that were synthesized at the ribosomes.

Question 58

Plants,fungi,and bacteria share which one of the following characteristics?

A)cell walls
B)nuclear membranes
C)nuclei
D)lysosomes
E)vesicles

Question 59

The organelle involved in the oxygen-requiring process by which the energy in macromolecules is stored in ATP is the

A)nucleus.
B)lysosome.
C)ER.
D)mitochondria.
E)chloroplasts.

Question 60

The distinctive feature of chloroplasts is that they contain a green pigment called

A)Gram stain.
B)chlorophyll.
C)hemoglobin.
D)chromatin.
E)keratin.

Question 61

If you were working inside of a cell and you needed to move a vesicle along microtubules toward the center of the cell,which molecular motor(s)would you choose to help you?

A)kinesin
B)dynein
C)both kinesin and dynein
D)Molecular motors are not required for movement along microtubules.

Question 62

Which of the following associations is unlike the others?

A)histone-nucleosome
B)crista-mitochondria
C)grana-chloroplast
D)lysosome-peroxisome

Question 63

If you were to use antibodies that were chemically bonded to a stain in order to visualize the expression pattern of a protein in a fixed tissue,which of the following experimental techniques and equipment would be applicable?

A)immunohistochemistry,bright-field microscopy
B)fluorohistochemistry,fluorescence microscopy
C)antibody interference assay,bright-field microscopy
D)immunohistochemistry,fluorescence microscopy

Question 64

You have identified an enzyme that appears to be involved in the addition of palmityl group (a fatty acid)to certain proteins.Knowing that palmitoylated proteins are usually targeted to the plasma membrane,in which organelles might this enzyme be expressed?

A)Golgi apparatus and ER
B)Golgi apparatus and nucleus
C)ER and ribosomes
D)ER and nucleus

Question 65

Given what is known about the minimal essential functions of cellular life,if you could create an artificial cell,which of the following structures must you include?

A)cell wall
B)ribosome
C)mitochondria
D)nucleus

Question 66

A mutation in an integrin protein would likely affect all of the following except

A)communication between the ECM and cytoskeleton.
B)cell-cell adhesion.
C)fibronectin binding.
D)communication between the nucleus and cytoskeleton.

Question 67

Alcohol consumption adversely affects the synthesis of molecules involved in the protein degradation,which can eventually lead to liver damage.Given this information,which organelle in liver cells is most directly affected?

A)nucleus
B)Golgi apparatus
C)rough ER
D)lysosome

Question 68

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome is a very rare disease that is caused by several different mutations in the lamin A gene.If you were to culture cells from patients who have Progeria,what effect might you expect to see over time?

A)a decrease in phagocytosis
B)a decrease in membrane fluidity
C)the nucleus would become misshapen
D)the cells would burst

Question 69

During which cellular process do all three forms of RNA associate?

A)ribosome assembly
B)chromatin formation
C)formation of the nucleolus
D)protein synthesis

Question 70

Sulfolobus are archaea that are commonly found in geothermal environments,with an optimum growth temperature of about 80 ^$\circ$ C.Which of the following features allows archaea to thrive at such temperatures?

A)Archaea use the heat from their environment to produce ATP.
B)Archaea are highly adaptable to changing environmental temperatures.
C)Archaeal membranes contain special lipids.
D)Archaea have two cell walls which helps prevent heat absorption.

Question 71

If you were a protein destined to reach the plasma membrane and you were making your way through the Golgi when suddenly Golgi trafficking was blocked at the trans face,what would happen to you?

A)You would continue on to the cell surface.
B)You would be stuck in the Golgi.
C)You would return to the ER via the cis face of the Golgi.
D)You would exit the Golgi,but instead be targeted to the cytoplasm.

Question 72

All plants contain chloroplasts with both chlorophyll a and b.By comparison,almost all prokaryotic organisms only contain chlorophyll a.One exception is Prochloron,which contains both chlorophyll a and b.According to the endosymbiotic theory,how did photosynthetic plants arise and how did the discovery of Prochloron in the 1970's lend support to this theory?

A)Photosynthetic plants arose from a prokaryote that engulfed another free-living photosynthetic prokaryote that eventually developed into a chloroplast.Given that all plants contain chlorophyll b,it must have been present in the common ancestor of plants.Prior to the discovery of Prochloron,no bacteria were known to contain chlorophyll b.However,the identification of Prochloron,which contains both chlorophyll a and b,suggests that it is the direct descendent of the common ancestor to all plant chloroplasts,and therefore provides conclusive evidence in support of endosymbiosis.
B)Photosynthetic plants arose from a prokaryote that engulfed another free-living photosynthetic prokaryote that eventually developed into a chloroplast.Given that all plants contain chlorophyll a,it must have been present in the common ancestor of plants.Prior to the discovery of Prochloron,no bacteria were known to contain chlorophyll a.However,the identification of Prochloron,which contains both chlorophyll a and b,suggests that it is the direct descendent of the common ancestor to all plant chloroplasts,and therefore provides conclusive evidence in support of endosymbiosis.
C)Photosynthetic plants arose from a prokaryote that engulfed another free-living photosynthetic prokaryote that eventually developed into a chloroplast.Given that all plants contain chlorophyll b,it must have been present in the common ancestor of plants.Prior to the discovery of Prochloron,no bacteria were known to contain chlorophyll b.However,the identification of Prochloron,which contains chlorophyll a,suggests that it is the direct descendent of the common ancestor to all plant chloroplasts,and therefore provides conclusive evidence in support of endosymbiosis.