Deck 16: Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood

Question 1

A recent meta-analysis of 128 studies found that through reminiscence therapy, clients attained a:

A) lower sense of intimacy.
B) lower sense of generativity.
C) higher sense of despair.
D) higher sense of integrity.

Answer 1

higher sense of integrity.

Question 2

All of the following are part of the life review process EXCEPT:

A) looking back at one's life experiences.
B) evaluating life experiences.
C) projecting future life experiences.
D) interpreting life experiences.

Answer 2

projecting future life experiences.

Question 3

Which of the following is prominent in Erikson's final stage of integrity versus despair?

A) Life review
B) Identity resolution
C) Integrity formation
D) Struggle for independence

Answer 3

Life review

Question 4

Which of the following theories explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals and family?

A) Activity theory
B) Socioemotional selectivity theory
C) Social discontinuity theory
D) Disengagement theory

Question 5

According to Erikson, the _____ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.

A) integrity vs. despair
B) autonomy vs. shame
C) industry vs. inferiority
D) generativity vs. stagnation

Question 6

As a minister, being conscientious about the welfare of her parishioners, Reverend Douglas creates many roles in her church for retired church members. Reverend Douglas appears to be applying:

A) disengagement theory.
B) socioemotional selectivity theory.
C) evangelical theory.
D) activity theory.

Question 7

Voletta believes that older adults become more selective about their social networks as they age. She is a proponent of:

A) socioemotional selectivity theory.
B) selective optimization with compensation theory.
C) activity theory.
D) social discontinuity theory.

Question 8

Robert Butler states that life review is set in motion by:

A) retrospective glances on life's worth.
B) looking forward to death.
C) handing over the legacy to the next generation.
D) conflicting views of wisdom against integrity.

Question 9

One study revealed that an important factor among older adults who showed a higher level of emotion regulation and successful aging was:

A) increased preoccupation with regrets.
B) reduced responsiveness to regrets.
C) moderate productivity.
D) engaging in prolonged periods of sedentary lifestyle.

Question 10

When working with older clients, some clinicians use _____ therapy. Vanda is in one such therapy program and her clinician has her discussing past activities and experiences with other individuals in her group.

A) Gestalt
B) reminiscence
C) schema
D) drama

Question 11

Vashti believes that the more energetic and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives. Thus she believes in:

A) activity theory.
B) Erikson's theory of integrity versus despair.
C) socioemotional selectivity theory.
D) selective optimization with compensation theory.

Question 12

Stacy is a director of a senior center. Every week she leads a group where the elders discuss past activities and experiences. The members of the group are encouraged to share anecdotes, old pictures, and other family memorabilia that remind them of significant events in their past. Stacy's group is a form of:

A) cognitive behavioral therapy.
B) past life regression therapy.
C) reminiscence therapy.
D) rational emotive therapy.

Question 13

Joaquin believes that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with individuals peripheral to their lives while maintaining or increasing contact with close friends and family members with whom they have had enjoyable relationships. He is a proponent of _____.

A) activity
B) selective optimization with compensation
C) socioemotional selectivity
D) social discontinuity

Question 14

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, selective narrowing of social interaction as individuals get older:

A) minimizes health-related complications.
B) minimizes emotional risks.
C) maximizes social isolation.
D) maximizes financial freedom.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about life review is NOT true?

A) Life reviews avoid reflecting on regrets.
B) Life reviews can include sociocultural dimensions.
C) Life reviews lead to revision or expanded understanding of experiences.
D) Life reviews include interpersonal relationship dimensions.

Question 16

Why, according to the socioemotional selectivity theory, do older adults deliberately increase the time spent with close friends and family members?

A) They crave financial security
B) They want to maximize emotional risks
C) They cannot communicate effectively with new individuals
D) They place a high value on emotional satisfaction

Question 17

According to Erik Erikson, what is the last stage of development in life?

A) Death versus dying
B) Integrity versus despair
C) Immortality versus death
D) Independence versus dependence

Question 18

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages of development do individuals experience in late adulthood?

A) Generativity vs. stagnation
B) Autonomy vs. shame
C) Industry vs. inferiority
D) Integrity vs. despair

Question 19

Erikson believed that elderly adults use their impending death as a motivation to look back and evaluate their life. This form of retrospection is what many theorists call:

A) life review.
B) identity resolution.
C) integrity formation.
D) retrospective spirit.

Question 20

Which of the following is Erikson's eighth stage of development?

A) Generativity vs. stagnation
B) Integrity vs. despair
C) Industry vs. inferiority
D) Autonomy vs. shame

Question 21

Which of the two personality traits in the Big Five factors of personality are associated with mortality (an earlier death)?

A) Low conscientiousness and high neuroticism
B) Low religiosity and high materialism
C) Low agreeableness and high neuroticism
D) Low extroversion and low openness

Question 22

The _____ theory focuses on the types of goals that individuals are motivated to achieve as they approach the end of life.

A) selective optimization with compensation
B) activity
C) socioemotional selectivity
D) disengagement

Question 23

Which of the following theories challenges the notion that older adults are in despair because of social isolation?

A) Socioemotional selectivity theory
B) Activity theory
C) Disengagement theory
D) Social breakdown theory

Question 24

According to new studies, which of the Big Five factors of personality was linked to older adults' medication non-adherence across a six-year time frame?

A) Low level of openness to experience
B) Moderate level of conscientiousness
C) High level of agreeableness
D) High level of neuroticism

Question 25

Life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful aging is related to three main factors:

A) assortment, enhancement, and remuneration.
B) reorganization, compensation, and optimization.
C) selection, optimization, and compensation.
D) remuneration, selection, and enhancement.

Question 26

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, individuals are motivated by two types of goals-emotional and:

A) spiritual.
B) practical.
C) relational.
D) knowledge-related.

Question 27

Prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults, is known as _____.

A) ageism
B) adultism
C) racism
D) adultcentrism

Question 28

Recent studies have led researchers to conclude that the emotional life of older adults is more _____ than once thought.

A) negative
B) positive
C) depressed
D) flat

Question 29

A longitudinal study of more than 1,200 individuals across seven decades revealed that a higher score on the Big Five personality factor of _____ predicted a lower risk of earlier death from childhood through late adulthood.

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) neuroticism
D) extraversion

Question 30

Now that Benita is in late adulthood, the socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that she will:

A) become more socially withdrawn as she prepares for death.
B) continue to actively make new friends.
C) spend most of her time with familiar friends.
D) emotionally invest in peripheral relationships.

Question 31

Studies on the Big Five factors of personality found that transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in the aspects of impulse control, reliability, and conventionality. To which Big Five personality factor do these aspects belong?

A) Openness to experience
B) Neuroticism
C) Agreeableness
D) Conscientiousness

Question 32

In which of the following scenarios is the need for compensation for older adults the most obvious?

A) Reminiscing on life's regrets
B) Watching soaps on TV
C) Being bedridden due to illness
D) Narrating bedtime stories to grandchildren

Question 33

Older adults not being hired for new jobs, being eased out of old ones because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded, and being eased out because they are not considered cost effective are examples of:

A) eldercare.
B) ageism.
C) generational inequity.
D) age incongruity.

Question 34

_____ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

A) Activity
B) Selective optimization with compensation
C) Socioemotional selectivity
D) Psychoanalytical

Question 35

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the emotion trajectory is high during:

A) early adulthood.
B) adolescence.
C) middle childhood.
D) infancy and early childhood.

Question 36

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals declines during:

A) middle and late adulthood.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early childhood.
D) infancy.

Question 37

The model of selective optimization with compensation proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors. Which of these factors is based on the concept that, in old age, there is a reduced capacity and loss of functioning that mandate a reduction of performance in most domains of life?

A) Selection
B) Optimization
C) Compensation
D) Remuneration

Question 38

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peak in:

A) middle and late adulthood.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early childhood.
D) infancy.

Question 39

According to Baltes, which of the following factors suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies?

A) Selection
B) Compensation
C) Optimization
D) Reorganization

Question 40

According to Baltes, _____ becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential.

A) selection
B) organization
C) optimization
D) compensation

Question 41

In 2008, almost _____as many U.S. women 65 years and older lived in poverty as did their male counterparts.

A) half
B) four times
C) thrice
D) twice

Question 42

The healthcare needs of older adults are reflected in _____, the program that provides health-care insurance to adults over 65 under the Social Security system.

A) Medicaid
B) eldercare
C) Medicare
D) Family Care

Question 43

Adult daughters are _____ times more likely than are adult sons to give parents assistance with daily living activities.

A) three
B) five
C) two
D) four

Question 44

In 2010, _____ percent of U.S. adults over 65 years of age were married.

A) 80
B) 75
C) 57
D) 20

Question 45

Approximately _____ of the total health bill of the United States is for the care of adults 65 and over, who comprise only 12 percent of the population.

A) one-fifth
B) one-fourth
C) half
D) one-third

Question 46

The stress of caring for a spouse who has a chronic disease can:

A) promote life satisfaction.
B) increase marital satisfaction.
C) lead to divorce.
D) place demands on intimacy.

Question 47

In 2008, _____ percent of older adults in the United States still were living in poverty

A) 9.7
B) 2.5
C) 22
D) 44

Question 48

Considering the fact that many of the health problems of older adults are chronic rather than acute, which of the following is a concern regarding the medical system?

A) Medicare does not have special provisions for chronic illnesses.
B) Costs of prescription drugs are still not subsidized for the elderly.
C) The medical system is still based on a "cure" rather than a "care" model.
D) Home-visits are not emphasized over hospital stays.

Question 49

In 2010, _____ percent of older adults were cohabiting.

A) 4
B) 1
C) 3
D) 10

Question 50

According to studies conducted, the majority of older adults evaluate their marriages as:

A) happy or very happy.
B) unsatisfactory.
C) unhappy or very unhappy.
D) peaceful.

Question 51

Which of the following is the most frequent form of ageism?

A) Assumptions about frailty of older adults
B) Assumptions about ailments caused by age
C) Disrespect for older adults
D) Older adults being edged out of their family life

Question 52

The majority of divorced older adults are women due to:

A) their tendency to initiate divorce procedures.
B) their greater longevity.
C) their tendency to remarry quickly.
D) men's tendency to delay remarriage.

Question 53

Which of the following is true of the usage of Internet among older adults?

A) Older adults visit fewer Web sites than their younger counterparts.
B) Older adults spend less money on the Internet than their younger counterparts.
C) Increasing numbers of older adults use e-mail to communicate with relatives.
D) Older adults are especially interested in going online for social networking.

Question 54

Researchers have found that poverty in late adulthood is linked to:

A) an increase in longevity.
B) an increase in physical and mental health problems in older adults.
C) greater sexual activity.
D) an increase in marital and life satisfaction.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about cohabiting older adults is true?

A) Cohabiting older adults were more likely to receive partner care than married older adults, as per latest research.
B) Research indicates that middle-aged and older adult cohabiting men and women reported higher levels of depression than their married counterparts.
C) Cohabiting older adults were more likely to have plans to marry their partner than cohabiting young adults.
D) Older adults cohabit solely for love.

Question 56

_____ refers to the physical and emotional caretaking for older members of the family, whether by giving day-to-day physical assistance or by overseeing such care.

A) Medicare
B) Emergency care
C) Hospice care
D) Eldercare

Question 57

Aging expert Laura Carstensen concluded that people:

A) become socially inept as they grow older.
B) tend to prefer loneliness as they grow older.
C) choose to have a lot more friends as they grow older.
D) choose close friends over new friends as they grow older.

Question 58

Gina is doing what she can to help her older aunt take care of herself and stay in her own home. Gina often takes meals to her aunt and helps her clean, go shopping, and make visits to the doctor. Gina is providing _____ for her aunt.

A) home care service
B) emergency care
C) eldercare
D) hospice care

Question 59

_____ illness is long-term, often lifelong, and requires long-term, if not life-term, management.

A) Acute
B) Chronic
C) Terminal
D) Debilitating

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT true of Internet penetration and usage amongst older adults?

A) Older adults are less likely to have a computer in their home.
B) Older adults are less likely to use the Internet than younger adults.
C) Older adults are the fastest-growing segment of Internet users.
D) Older adults log lesser time on the Internet than younger adults.

Question 61

Which of the following factors is MOST likely to predict high status for older adults in a culture?

A) Age-related role changes involve reduced responsibility.
B) Older persons control key family/community resources.
C) Nuclear families are the most common family arrangement in a culture.
D) Older adults retire early and authority shifts to younger adults.

Question 62

It is observed that respect for older adults is greater in _____ cultures than in _____ cultures.

A) socialistic; capitalistic
B) spiritualistic; competitive
C) collectivistic; individualistic
D) religious; materialistic

Question 63

A theory of aging suggests that older adults become more selective about their social networks, because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction in their relationships.

Question 64

According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, this is the name of the eighth and final stage of development.

Question 65

What is the "triple jeopardy" faced by African American and Latino women when it comes to income and financial levels of support in the elder years?

A) Ageism, sexism, and racism
B) Medicare, Medicaid, and welfare
C) Unemployment, poverty, and insufficient Medicare
D) Inadequate housing, job displacement, and lack of medical care

Question 66

A 12-year longitudinal study revealed that older adults who had persistently low or declining feelings of usefulness to others had:

A) steadily improving life satisfaction.
B) an increased risk of fatal injuries.
C) an increased risk of earlier death.
D) an increased risk of divorce.

Question 67

A low level of social integration is linked with:

A) an improved sense of well-being among older adults.
B) a more peaceful life for older adults.
C) poorer health and earlier death in older adults.
D) a more active lifestyle.

Question 68

The process of looking back at one's life experiences, evaluating them, interpreting them, and often reinterpreting them.

Question 69

According to research, which of the following age groups is most likely to volunteer more than 100 hours annually?

A) Emerging adults
B) Older adults
C) Adolescents
D) Middle-aged adults

Question 70

Therapy that involves discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group.

Question 71

According to a recent study, maximization of which psychological resource was linked to a higher quality of life in the future?

A) Preconventional reasoning
B) Preoperational thought
C) Self-efficacy
D) Pessimism

Question 72

A recent analysis concluded that rates of volunteering do not decline significantly until the _____.

A) mid-seventies
B) mid-sixties
C) mid-nineties
D) mid-twenties

Question 73

Identify the possible double jeopardy for elderly ethnic minority individuals.

A) Sexism and chauvinism
B) Nepotism and egotism
C) Adultism and adultcentrism
D) Ageism and racism

Question 74

Alice, Jane, Lois, and Sandra have been friends since grade school. Over the years, they have given each other support and shared in each other's joys and sadness times. This is an example of which model of social relations?

A) The longitudinal model
B) The cohort model
C) The convoy model
D) The network model

Question 75

Which of the following is especially important to successful aging?

A) Being active
B) Retiring early
C) Avoiding physical activity
D) Avoiding challenging cognitive activities

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT a factor that predicts high status for the elderly in a culture?

A) Whether older people control key community resources
B) Whether the extended family is a common family arrangement
C) Whether older people are permitted to engage in useful functions
D) Whether older people have had a large number of children

Question 77

Which of the following statements about social support for older adults is NOT true?

A) Social support for older adults may vary across cultures.
B) Friends play a vital role in social support.
C) Married people need less formal social support than single people.
D) Social support has not been shown to affect depression in older adults.

Question 78

For older adults, social support is linked to a(n):

A) increased probability of becoming institutionalized.
B) higher socioeconomic status.
C) increase in mortality rates.
D) reduction in symptoms of disease.

Question 79

Which of the following could be the probable reason why older adults tend to report being less lonely than younger adults?

A) Younger adults tend to perceive time differently, influencing their definition of loneliness.
B) Most of the older adults are in community homes, thus reducing loneliness.
C) Most of the older adults tend to reemploy themselves, thus reducing loneliness.
D) Older adults have more selective social networks and a greater acceptance of solitude.

Question 80

A recent study revealed that social isolation in late adulthood was associated with:

A) a more active lifestyle.
B) health-risk behaviors.
C) a lower incidence of smoking.
D) fewer negative emotional experiences.