Deck 10: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Eriksonian researcher James Marcia reasons that Erikson's theory of identity development contains _____ of identity, or ways of resolving the identity crisis.

A) five stages
B) four statuses
C) five statuses
D) six stages

Answer 1

four statuses

Question 2

Harold supports the Republican party. This is a part of his _____ identity.

A) religious
B) cultural
C) political
D) vocational

Answer 2

political

Question 3

Which of the following is the term Erik Erikson uses to describe the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy?

A) Psychosocial moratorium
B) Sociological amnesty
C) Societal moratorium
D) Behavioral reprieve

Answer 3

Psychosocial moratorium

Question 4

Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls _____.

A) identity diffusion
B) unresolved identity
C) identity confusion
D) identity moratorium

Question 5

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following developmental stages is experienced by an individual during adolescence?

A) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) Intimacy versus isolation
C) Initiative versus guilt
D) Identity versus identity confusion

Question 6

According to Erik Erikson, during the _____ stage, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) identity versus identity confusion
C) initiative versus guilt
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 7

What is Erikson's term that describes a period in which society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities?

A) Sociological amnesty
B) Societal moratorium
C) Psychosocial moratorium
D) Behavioral reprieve

Question 8

_____ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives.

A) Commitment
B) Calling
C) Conscientiousness
D) Crisis

Question 9

Whether a person is single, married, divorced is part of his or her _____ identity.

A) cultural
B) physical
C) relationship
D) intellectual

Question 10

Holly is a quiet and introverted person. She feels stressed whenever she has to interact with a lot of people. Which of the following best describes this aspect of Holly's identity?

A) Interests
B) Personality
C) Physical identity
D) Relationship identity

Question 11

Identity development:

A) is a single, neat process.
B) gets done in bits and pieces.
C) happens cataclysmically.
D) involves making decisions once and for all.

Question 12

According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status?

A) The choices and alternatives they have access to
B) Their socioeconomic and academic profile
C) The existence or extent of their crisis or commitment
D) The existence or extent of parental and social support

Question 13

Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?

A) Identity versus identity confusion
B) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) Initiative versus guilt
D) Intimacy versus isolation

Question 14

_____ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity.

A) Commitment
B) Collaboration
C) Calling
D) Conscientiousness

Question 15

Lee thinks that he is overweight. This characterizes his _____ identity.

A) cultural
B) physical
C) relationship
D) intellectual

Question 16

An individual's body image encompasses his/her _____.

A) sexual identity
B) personality
C) relationship identity
D) physical identity

Question 17

Layla loves music and plays the violin whenever she has the time. Which of the following parts of her identity does this describe?

A) Sexual identity
B) Physical identity
C) Personality
D) Interests

Question 18

Which of the following is the term that most researchers use to describe crisis?

A) Foreclosure
B) Exploration
C) Moratorium
D) Commitment

Question 19

Which of the following statements about identity development is true?

A) Synthesizing the identity components is a single, neat process in normal individuals.
B) Decisions about identity may take time, but once they are made, they are set for life.
C) Identity development occurs in a single, one-step process.
D) Identity encompasses an individual's personality characteristics.

Question 20

Richard considers himself to be gay. This orientation is part of Richard's _____ identity.

A) relationship
B) intellectual
C) sexual
D) ethnic

Question 21

Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) achievement
D) diffusion

Question 22

Which of the following statements about the timing of identity development is true?

A) In the last few years of college, the number of individuals categorized as identity diffused increases.
B) College upperclassmen are more likely to be identity achieved than college freshmen or high school students.
C) By the time adolescents reach college, they would have committed to their religious and political identities.
D) A higher percentage of high school students are identity achieved when compared to college upperclassmen.

Question 23

Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and he will most likely do what they advise. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as:

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 24

Which of the following is the identity status where a crisis is present but commitment is absent?

A) Identity diffusion
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity achievement

Question 25

Ethnic _____ is the enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

A) gloss
B) awareness
C) identity
D) pride

Question 26

A recent meta-analysis of 124 studies by Jane Kroger and her colleagues found that a large portion of individuals were _____ by the time they reached their twenties.

A) not identity diffused
B) not identity achieved
C) identity confused
D) identity achieved

Question 27

Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 28

The status of identity _____ occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.

A) achievement
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 29

Viva was torn in her decision to major in music or take up an undergraduate program in engineering. She finally chose the latter, with a minor in music. Identify Viva's status of identity.

A) Identity diffusion
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity achievement

Question 30

Which of the following is an identity status where crisis and commitment are both present?

A) Identity achievement
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity diffusion

Question 31

Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a _____ identity.

A) bicultural
B) bilingual
C) mixed-cultural
D) monocultural

Question 32

Irena, age 16, is a first-generation immigrant whose parents came to the United States from Ukraine when she was just a baby. Irena enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do, but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language. Irena seems to have formed a _____ identity.

A) bilingual
B) bicultural
C) mixed-cultural
D) culturally confused

Question 33

A recent meta-analysis of 124 studies by Jane Kroger and her colleagues revealed that during adolescence and emerging adulthood, identity _____ status rose steadily to age 19 and then declined.

A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 34

Which of the following is the identity status where crisis and commitment are both absent?

A) Identity diffusion
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity achievement

Question 35

Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.

A) Identity crisis
B) Identity diffusion
C) Identity foreclosure
D) Identity achievement

Question 36

A recent meta-analysis of 124 studies by Jane Kroger and her colleagues revealed that identity _____ rose across late adolescence and emerging adulthood.

A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) achievement
D) diffusion

Question 37

A consensus is developing that the key changes in identity are more likely to take place at _____.

A) 18 to 25 years of age
B) 15 to 17 years of age
C) 12 to 15 years of age
D) 9 to 12 years of age

Question 38

Individuals whose identity status can be described as identity _____ are undecided about occupational and ideological choices, and they are also likely to show little interest in such matters.

A) moratorium
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 39

Which of the following is the identity status where a crisis is absent but a commitment is present?

A) Identity achievement
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity diffusion

Question 40

Identity _____ is James Marcia's term for the status of adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis, and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined.

A) confusion
B) stagnation
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 41

_____, the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships, proposed that friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs in adolescence.

A) Erik Erikson
B) Harry Stack Sullivan
C) Jean Piaget
D) James Marcia

Question 42

If adolescents fail to develop close friendships, they:

A) experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.
B) develop healthier self-esteem as adults than their peers.
C) engage in less delinquent behavior.
D) become more social as they grow older.

Question 43

According to the old model of parent-adolescent relationships:

A) parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
B) in most families parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
C) parents serve as important support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world.
D) the everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal.

Question 44

Which of the following is a benefit of everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships?

A) It teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect.
B) It helps adolescents become more autonomous.
C) It helps adolescents accept parental control over their lives.
D) It teaches parents how to exert more control over the lives of adolescents.

Question 45

_____ are small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 or 6 individuals.

A) Cliques
B) Crowds
C) Teams
D) Squads

Question 46

At which grade level does conformity to peers peak?

A) Sixth and seventh grades
B) Eighth and ninth grades
C) Tenth and eleventh grades
D) Twelfth grade

Question 47

Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because:

A) few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility.
B) while parents want autonomy, adolescents want a connection.
C) parents want their adolescents to push the boundaries, while adolescents want to maintain the status quo.
D) parents want to relinquish all of their control over their adolescent.

Question 48

Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades and coming home in time for dinner with her family on weeknights. Thus, Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would:

A) voluntarily disclose less about her activities to her parents.
B) be concerned about parental disapproval and thus more likely to lie to her parents.
C) be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities.
D) be likely to experience problems in adolescent adjustment.

Question 49

The old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that:

A) the everyday negotiations and minor disputes can serve the positive developmental function of helping the adolescent make the transition from childhood dependency to adult independence.
B) in most families parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
C) parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world.
D) as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

Question 50

Joseph Allen and his colleagues found that adolescents who were securely attached to their parents at 14 years of age were more likely at 21 years of age to report:

A) feeling uncomfortable in other intimate relationships.
B) continuing financial dependence on their parents.
C) relationship competence and fewer problematic behaviors.
D) a conflicted relationship with their parents.

Question 51

Which of the following statements does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?

A) Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.
B) Parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C) The everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships have a detrimental effect on adolescent development.
D) As adolescents mature, they move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

Question 52

Reggie, 16, gets into a lot of arguments with his parents. Going by what is generally observed about parent-adolescent conflict, it is likely that most of the arguments center around:

A) whether Reggie uses drugs.
B) Reggie's delinquent behavior.
C) Reggie's alcoholism.
D) everyday events of family life.

Question 53

Sullivan argued that the need for _____ intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends.

A) respect
B) compatibility
C) intimacy
D) similarity

Question 54

The new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasizes that:

A) parents should take an authoritarian approach to controlling the lives of adolescents.
B) parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C) in most families parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
D) even minor parent-adolescent conflicts are not normal and should be avoided as far as possible.

Question 55

Manfred is worried about his 16-year-old son hanging around much older people in the neighborhood. Research suggests that Manfred:

A) should not be concerned, since having older friends has been linked to positive school achievement.
B) should encourage the behavior since his older friends will help him make a successful transition to adulthood.
C) has reason to worry, since his son is more likely to engage in deviant behaviors.
D) should not worry, because his son will soon tire of his older friends and turn to friends his own age.

Question 56

Conflict with parents often escalates during:

A) early adolescence.
B) middle adolescence.
C) late adolescence.
D) the college years.

Question 57

As opposed to the trend in young children, teenagers typically prefer to have:

A) a large group of friends, some of whom are especially intimate.
B) several friends, but only one "best" friend.
C) friends that are all of the same sex.
D) a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.

Question 58

Priscilla is in the 8th grade. Her group of friends has recently started shoplifting at departmental stores. According to research into peer relations, what is Priscilla most likely to do in this scenario?

A) Priscilla will use her moral reasoning to determine if the behavior should be copied or not.
B) Priscilla will reject the behavior of her peers.
C) Priscilla will join her friends in the antisocial behavior.
D) Priscilla will report the behavior to her friends' parents.

Question 59

Which of the following has been found to be associated with prolonged, intense parent-adolescent conflict?

A) Movement out of the home
B) High level of academic excellence
C) High intelligence quotient
D) Regular attendance of religious services

Question 60

Which of the following statements about autonomy-granting in adolescence is true?

A) Boys are given more independence than girls.
B) Girls and boys are given equal autonomy during adolescence.
C) Girls are given more independence than boys.
D) Girls and boys are hardly given any autonomy during adolescence.

Question 61

A study of tenth-graders revealed that:

A) the number of romantic experiences reported had no link with levels of social acceptance experienced by adolescents.
B) having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency.
C) co-rumination and romantic involvement predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms.
D) having no experience of romantic relationships is a consistent predictor of depression and deviant behavior.

Question 62

The initial stage of development of romantic relationships in adolescence is characterized by entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about _____ years of age.

A) 8 to 9
B) 11 to 13
C) 14 to 16
D) 17 to 19

Question 63

In sum, adolescents' lives are characterized by a combination of:

A) drug and alcohol use.
B) rebellion and delinquency.
C) storm and stress.
D) change and tradition.

Question 64

At approximately the age of _____ years, two types of romantic involvement occur: casual dating and dating in groups.

A) 8 to 9
B) 11 to 13
C) 14 to 16
D) 17 to 19

Question 65

Which of the following statements regarding adolescent health is true?

A) More adolescents around the world are dying from acute infections than before.
B) Many adolescent health-compromising behaviors, especially illicit drug use and unprotected sex, are decreasing in frequency.
C) The rate of HIV infection in sub-Saharan countries has decreased marginally in recent years.
D) Fewer adolescents around the world die now from malnutrition.

Question 66

At _____ years of age, romantic relations are characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships.

A) 12 to 15
B) 11 to 13
C) 14 to 16
D) 17 to 19

Question 67

Sita is girl who lives in India; Suki is a girl who lives in Japan. They both have two older brothers. According to research, who is most likely to have better access to education?

A) Sita
B) Suki
C) They both have a poor chance at receiving an education
D) They both have an equally good chance at receiving an education

Question 68

_____ are larger than cliques and less personal.

A) Bands
B) Crowds
C) Teams
D) Squads

Question 69

Several adolescents may form a _____ because they have spent time with each other, share mutual interests, and enjoy each other's company.

A) band
B) clique
C) crowd
D) squad

Question 70

Which of the following involves excessive discussion of problems with friends?

A) Co-rumination
B) Postconventional reasoning
C) Formal operational thought
D) Private speech

Question 71

In which of the following age groups is dating in groups a common occurrence, reflecting the importance of peers in their lives?

A) 12 to 15
B) 11 to 13
C) 14 to 16
D) 17 to 19

Question 72

Lana and has five close friends. They study, shop, and go to parties together. Lana's group can be described as a _____.

A) team
B) crowd
C) clique
D) squad

Question 73

What is the difference between cliques and crowds?

A) Cliques are more personal than crowds.
B) Cliques contain more members than crowds.
C) The formation of crowds is based on friendship while cliques are based on reputation.
D) The members of crowds spend a lot of time together while the members of cliques do not.

Question 74

Early bloomers include:

A) 15 to 20 percent of 14- to 16-year-olds who say that they currently are in a romantic relationship.
B) 10 percent of 17- to 19-year-olds who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships.
C) 15 to 20 percent of 11- to 13-year-olds who say that they currently are in a romantic relationship.
D) 15 percent of 17- to 19-year-olds who report that they have not engaged in any romantic relationships that lasted more than four months.

Question 75

Research shows that co-rumination and romantic involvement predicted an increase in:

A) substance abuse.
B) delinquent behavior.
C) depressive symptoms.
D) academic achievement.

Question 76

Which of the following is the last stage of development of romantic relationships in adolescence?

A) Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
B) Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations
C) Dating in groups, reflecting embeddedness in the peer context
D) Exploring romantic relationships

Question 77

Late bloomers comprise approximately 10 percent of _____ who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships.

A) 14- to 16-year-olds
B) 17- to 19-year-olds
C) 12- to 13-year-olds
D) 15- to 16-year-olds

Question 78

Which of the following statements about the trend in cross-cultural gender differences in sexual expression is true?

A) Gender differences in sexual expression are minor, especially in Latin America and Southeast Asia.
B) Gender differences in sexual expression and educational opportunities appear to be narrowing over time.
C) In India, there are far more restrictions on the sexual activities of men than of women.
D) In Arab countries, both adolescent males and females encounter the same amount of restriction on the sexual activities.

Question 79

"Jocks" who are good at sports or "druggies" who take drugs are examples of _____.

A) cliques
B) teams
C) crowds
D) squads

Question 80

Which of the following statements about the characteristics of a clique is NOT true?

A) They can form because adolescents engage in similar activities.
B) The average number of people in a clique is 8 to 10.
C) Clique members are usually of the same sex.
D) Clique members are usually about the same age.