Deck 7: Moral Development, Values, and Religion

Question 1

The highest level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is

A)conventional reasoning.
B)utilitarian reasoning.
C)postconventional reasoning.
D)universal reasoning.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The Defining Issues Test (DIT)was designed by

A)James Rest.
B)Robert Sternberg.
C)Carol Gilligan.
D)Joel Olsteen.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Lance's parents encourage family discussions about value-laden issues such as the death penalty,abortion,and amnesty for illegal immigrants.As a result,Lance is likely to think at

A)more advanced levels of moral reasoning than other people his age.
B)the same level as his parents.
C)Stages 5 or 6 of Kohlberg's stages.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Gilligan found that girls,ages 6-18,consistently interpreted moral dilemmas in terms of

A)human relationships.
B)fairness and gender equity.
C)social norms.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 5

Which of the following factors has been found to influence movement through Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A)cognitive conflict
B)modeling
C)peer relationships
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 6

Moral development includes moral

A)thought.
B)feelings.
C)behavior.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 7

Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level consists of two stages.One is called mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity.The other is called

A)universal ethical principles.
B)heteronomous morality.
C)social systems morality.
D)social contract morality.

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development and culture is TRUE?

A)Stages 5 and 6 have been found in all cultures.
B)Kohlberg's scoring system is appropriate for all cultures.
C)Moral reasoning is more culture-specific than Kohlberg envisioned.
D)People around the world shift from Stage 3 to Stage 4 at approximately the same time.

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development is NOT true?

A)Most adolescents reason at Stage 3.
B)Stage 5 never characterizes more than 10 percent of the individuals.
C)Stage 6 has recently been removed from the Kohlberg moral judgment scoring manual.
D)Most people in their mid-thirties reason at Stage 3.

Question 10

What differences exist between Kohlberg's and Gilligan's theories of moral development?

A)Gilligan postulated an ethic of justice;Kohlberg postulated an ethic of care.
B)Kohlberg postulated an ethic of justice;Gilligan postulated an ethic of care.
C)Gilligan postulated an ethic of equity;Kohlberg postulated an ethic of care.
D)Gilligan postulated an ethic of individualism;Kohlberg postulated an ethic of collectivism.

Question 11

The two stages of Kohlberg's preconventional reasoning level are individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange,and

A)punishment and obedience orientation.
B)social systems morality.
C)social contract morality.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 12

The key concept in understanding Kohlberg's theory of moral development is

A)externalization.
B)internalization.
C)individualism.
D)collectivism.

Question 13

Carol Gilligan's theory is based on a(n)______ perspective toward morality.

A)equity
B)justice
C)care
D)individualistic

Question 14

In recent years,there has been an increased emphasis on the role of ______ in moral development.

A)values clarification programs
B)parenting
C)teachers
D)peers

Question 15

The theorist who developed a major stage theory of moral development is

A)Lawrence Kohlberg.
B)John Money.
C)Timothy Malone.
D)Susan Cloninger.

Question 16

Lucia argues that community members need to obey laws in order for the community to work effectively.According to Kohlberg,Lucia is in which stage of moral development?

A)social systems morality
B)social contract morality
C)mutual interpersonal expectations morality
D)universal ethical principles

Question 17

Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in moral development between males and females is TRUE?

A)Males generate more interpersonal conflict than females.
B)There is no evidence to support Gilligan's claim that Kohlberg downplayed female moral thinking.
C)Young adolescent girls use more justice-based reasoning about dating dilemmas than do boys.
D)Females rated prosocial dilemmas as less significant than did males.

Question 18

Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have included all of the following,EXCEPT that Kohlberg

A)placed too much emphasis on moral thought.
B)may not have done high-quality research.
C)may have underestimated the care perspective.
D)placed too much emphasis on moral behavior.

Question 19

The Defining Issues Test (DIT)expands on Kohlberg's series of moral dilemmas by adding

A)a list of definitions of the major issues involved.
B)rating scales for each issue involved.
C)lists for the four most important issues involved in a moral dilemma.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 20

Chip obeys adults because they tell him to obey them.According to Kohlberg,Chip is in which stage of moral development?

A)mutual interpersonal perspective
B)punishment and obedience orientation
C)conventional reasoning
D)conformity orientation

Question 21

Contemporary moral development theorists emphasize that

A)both positive feelings and negative feelings contribute to moral development in adolescence.
B)both positive and negative emotions provide the foundation for the acquisition of moral values.
C)moral emotions are not enough to build adolescents' moral awareness.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following is part of James Rest's view of moral character?

A)having the strength of your convictions
B)persisting
C)overcoming obstacles
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT one of Erikson's three stages of moral development?

A)specific moral learning in childhood
B)ideological concerns in adolescence
C)ethical consolidation in adulthood
D)identity development in emerging adulthood

Question 24

Which theory of moral development emphasizes a distinction between adolescent moral competence and moral performance?

A)self-efficacy theory
B)social cognitive theory
C)social competence theory
D)None of these choices are correct

Question 25

Denise helps organize a five-mile walk to raise money for a good cause,the Brain Injury Association.Denise's work is an act of

A)altruism.
B)egocentrism.
C)proactive behavior.
D)empathy.

Question 26

According to Freud,children develop the superego by

A)identifying with their opposite-sex parent.
B)identifying with their same-sex parent.
C)projecting their basic hostility onto their siblings.
D)internalizing their own anxiety.

Question 27

Recent research has found that having a weak moral identity is related all but which of the following?

A)moral self-reflection
B)depression and anxiety
C)sexual risk taking
D)drug use

Question 28

Which of the following has been used to explain how adolescents learn moral behavior and why behaviour differs from one person to another?

A)reinforcement
B)punishment
C)modeling
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 29

Recently there has been an interest in the fourth dimension of moral development,which is

A)moral personality.
B)moral emotions.
C)moral values.
D)moral beliefs.

Question 30

Alberto has taken a test that gives him a series of moral dilemmas to evaluate.He is asked to rate the importance of each issue involved and to develop a list of the four most important issues involved in each dilemma.Alberto has taken the

A)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
B)Defining Issues Test (DIT).
C)16 PF Test.
D)Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT one of the three aspects of the moral personality?

A)moral identity
B)moral character
C)moral integrity
D)moral exemplar

Question 32

Which of the following statements regarding moral behavior is NOT true?

A)Moral behavior is situation-dependent.
B)Adolescents are more likely to cheat when their friends pressure them to do so.
C)Adolescents are likely to display consistent moral behavior in diverse social settings.
D)Adolescents are more likely to cheat when the chance of being caught is slim.

Question 33

Alex,age 12,always helps his elderly grandmother by carrying her plate to the table and making sure that she always has her cane ready before she gets up.Alex says he feels sad that his Nana is getting weaker and not able to do as much for herself.Alex is showing

A)sympathy.
B)empathy.
C)pity.
D)neurotic anxiety.

Question 34

Which one of the following is more likely show empathy?

A)a 15-year-old boy
B)a 7-year-old boy
C)a 15-year-old girl
D)All are equally likely to show empathy.

Question 35

According to Freud,when the moral standards of the _____ are violated,the individual feels _____.

A)id;anger
B)ego;shame
C)conscience;guilt
D)ego ideal;doubt

Question 36

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the psychoanalytic account of moral development?

A)Inwardly directed hostility is experienced as depression.
B)Children are openly hostile to their parents until age 4 or 5.
C)Adolescents avoid committing transgressions for fear of punishment.
D)Children and adolescents conform to societal standards to avoid guilt.

Question 37

Which of the following statements regarding prosocial behavior is NOT true?

A)Adolescents engage in more prosocial behavior than do children.
B)Adolescent females regard themselves as more prosocial than adolescent males.
C)The biggest gender difference in prosocial behavior is in kindness and considerate behavior.
D)Prosocial behavior occurs more in childhood than in adolescence.

Question 38

Marcy believes that self-regulation,rather than abstract reasoning,is the key to positive moral development.Which of the following theorists shared Marcy's view?

A)George Kelly
B)Abraham Maslow
C)B.F.Skinner
D)Albert Bandura

Question 39

Riley's parents praise her frequently for volunteering at Community Table,an organization that provides dinners for the poor and the homeless.Riley is likely to

A)continue to volunteer at the Community Table.
B)stop volunteering at the Community Table,but volunteer at another service-based organization.
C)continue to volunteer at the Community Table and expand her volunteer activities to other places.
D)cut back on the hours that she volunteers at the Community Table.

Question 40

Gretchen's moral notions and commitments are central to her life.A developmentalist would say that Gretchen has developed a:

A)moral character.
B)moral identity.
C)moral integrity.
D)moral exemplar.

Question 41

Jodie is trying to decide how she feels about cheating and those who cheat.This internal struggle is consistent with which theory of moral development?

A)social domain theory
B)social cognitive theory.
C)Kohlberg's stages of moral development
D)Freud's psychoanalytic theory

Question 42

Moral character presupposes that the person has

A)set moral goals and is committed to act in accord with these goals.
B)formally learned the morals of society.
C)had moral guides or mentors.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 43

Researchers consider the core of all three types of moral exemplars to include the traits of honesty and

A)agreeableness.
B)conscientiousness.
C)emotional stability.
D)dependability.

Question 44

Currently 40 out of 50 states provide mandates to schools requiring them to provide some sort of

A)values-clarification.
B)service learning.
C)character education.
D)cognitive moral education.

Question 45

A relatively new approach to character education that helps students to develop moral concepts emphasizes

A)a care perspective.
B)an equity perspective.
C)a justice perspective.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 46

What is the primary way in which parents influence the moral development of teens?

A)Providing opportunities for their children to question their own moral beliefs.
B)Providing explanations of their own moral beliefs.
C)Imposing rules and regulations without explanations.
D)Interaction with teens in situations in which moral reasoning is required.

Question 47

Sandy and Will are the parents of two sons,William,age 15,and Thomas,age 14.The boys have to call one of their parents as soon as they get home from school,and they are not allowed to do anything but homework or reading until their parents get home.They are only allowed to socialize with teens whose parents are friends of Sandy and Will.They can attend school dances only when Sandy or Will chaperone.Sandy and Will are using which type of parenting strategy?

A)cocooning
B)pre-arming
C)pampering
D)protecting

Question 48

People who have lived exemplary lives are known as:

A)moral exemplars.
B)moral characters.
C)moral elitists.
D)moral dignitaries.

Question 49

Research has found that moral children have parents who do all EXCEPT

A)foster an external sense of morality.
B)involve children in family decision-making.
C)model moral behaviors.
D)use inductive discipline.

Question 50

Which of the following statements regarding the effects of parental discipline on an adolescent is NOT true?

A)Any discipline produces arousal on the part of the adolescent.
B)Power assertion evokes a high level of anxiety.
C)Love withdrawal evokes considerable anxiety.
D)Both B and C

Question 51

Chelsea's father takes away her cell phone and her iPod whenever she does something that he views as "disrespectful." Chelsea's father is using which of the following discipline techniques?

A)authoritative
B)power assertion
C)love withdrawal
D)induction

Question 52

The discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explanation of the consequences for others of the adolescent's actions is known as

A)deduction.
B)rationality.
C)induction.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 53

Margaret's parents refuse to talk to her if she displeases them in any way.They tell her younger brother that Margaret is a big disappointment to them if she gets any grade below aB.Margaret's parents are using which of the following discipline techniques?

A)power assertion
B)induction
C)deduction
D)love withdrawal

Question 54

Justin's school has rules about behaviors,and teachers clearly transmit the attitude that students should be respectful and considerate of others.According to John Dewey,the rules and moral atmosphere of Justin's school make up its

A)values curriculum.
B)belief system.
C)overt curriculum.
D)hidden curriculum.

Question 55

Isabel learns in school that some behaviors,such as lying and cheating,are wrong and do harm to others.Isabel's school has adopted which approach to teaching basic moral literacy?

A)values clarification
B)character education
C)cognitive moral education
D)explicit moral code

Question 56

Which of the following statements regarding the use of the induction technique of discipline is TRUE?

A)Induction works better with older children and adolescents than with preschool children.
B)Induction focuses on the adolescent's shortcomings.
C)Induction works just as well as love withdrawal for adolescents.
D)Induction works better on children from low SES families than with children from middle SES families.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of moral exemplars?

A)brave
B)just
C)caring
D)honest

Question 58

Freud believed in encouraging moral development in children by instilling

A)confidence.
B)fear of losing parental love.
C)collaboration.
D)control.

Question 59

Parents who attempt to gain control over their adolescent or his or her resources are using a discipline technique known as

A)authoritative.
B)induction.
C)power assertion.
D)love withdrawal.

Question 60

Katie's parents know that their daughter will inevitably be confronted by peers who want to offer her alcohol or drugs.They spend time talking with her about how to resist these harmful situations,and they even role-play with her to increase her skills.Katie's parents are engaging in which type of parenting strategy?

A)cocooning
B)pre-arming
C)pampering
D)protecting

Question 61

The Child Development Project is an example of

A)a moral exemplar program.
B)a values-clarification program.
C)a service-learning program.
D)an integrated approach to moral education.

Question 62

Professor Dawson clearly spells out,both verbally and on his syllabus,what constitutes cheating in his class.His colleague,Professor Curtis,assumes that students know what behaviors are cheating and doesn't mention her policies.According to research,what is likely to happen in these two professors' classes?

A)Students in Professor Curtis' class will be less likely to cheat than students in Professor Dawson's class.
B)Students in Professor Dawson's class will be less likely to cheat than students in Professor Curtis' class.
C)Students in both classes will cheat approximately 50 percent of the time.
D)Whether or not students cheat depends on the subject material.

Question 63

A program in which adults coach students in ethical decision making,and students have a caring experience in the classroom and community is called the

A)Child-Centered Learning Project.
B)Child Development Project.
C)Innocence Project.
D)No Child Left Behind Initiative.

Question 64

Jordan says that he wants to make as much money as he can after college so that he can retire at age 45.He plans to "save every dime" that is not needed for his basic living expenses.David says that he wants to earn a decent salary but that he is more interested in using some of his earnings to travel and meet interesting people.Jordan and David have different

A)ideas about how to spend their time.
B)goals for their lives.
C)values about money.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 65

Kendra's class on moral education consists of small-group discussions on a number of moral issues.Kendra's school has adopted a _____ approach to moral education.

A)values clarification
B)cognitive moral education
C)moral character
D)moral literacy

Question 66

Recent research on the benefits for volunteers and those who receive volunteer services suggest that

A)recipients benefit when adolescents are mandated to participate in service learning;adolescents are negatively affected.
B)required service learning results in hostility and is not good for either the volunteer or the recipient.
C)more adolescents should be required to participate in service learning programs.
D)service learning programs should be introduced in middle school.

Question 67

In a cognitive moral education program,teachers act as

A)directors.
B)instructors.
C)coaches.
D)facilitators.

Question 68

Our beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be are our

A)values.
B)ethics.
C)morals.
D)stereotypes.

Question 69

According to the proponents of integrative ethical education,moral experts possess all of the following skills EXCEPT

A)ethical mandates.
B)ethical sensitivity.
C)ethical judgment.
D)ethical actions.

Question 70

Which of the following statements about the values of today's college students is NOT true?

A)Today's college students are less interested than earlier students in personal well-being.
B)Today's college students are less interested than earlier students in the well-being of others.
C)College students today are strongly motivated to be well-off financially.
D)Today's college students are less motivated than earlier students to develop a meaningful philosophy of life.

Question 71

Maria participates in a moral education program where students are encouraged to define their own values and understand the values of others.This program is using which approach to moral development?

A)cognitive moral education
B)service learning
C)values sharing
D)values clarification

Question 72

Which of the following statements regarding service learning is NOT true?

A)Boys participate more in service learning than girls.
B)Service learning takes learning out into the community.
C)Service learning is often more effective when the students have a choice of activities.
D)Service learning benefits adolescents in a number of different ways.

Question 73

Ms.Sacco's U.S.history students perceive her to be incompetent.They also think that she is unfair and that she does not care about her students.According to recent research,Ms.Sacco's students are likely to

A)hate U.S.history.
B)complain to the principal about her class.
C)cheat in her class.
D)be rude and disrespectful to her.

Question 74

Mr.Hale has his tenth-grade honors English class tutor younger children in reading and writing.Mr.Hale's students are engaged in

A)volunteerism.
B)co-operative learning.
C)service learning.
D)moral induction.

Question 75

The goal of the integrative ethical education program is to

A)help students to define and clarify their moral values.
B)have students practice their ethical skills in the community.
C)turn moral novices into moral exemplars.
D)have students identify clear moral and immoral behaviors.

Question 76

Mr.Gates,who teaches World Geography,frequently gives out a test and then leaves the room to pick up his mail in the office or to get coffee.What does research predict Mr.Gates' students are likely to do while he is out of the room?

A)cheat on his tests
B)not cheat on his tests,because he clearly trusts them
C)have increased anxiety about his tests because he is not in the room
D)report his behavior to their parents

Question 77

Which of the following students would be considered a cheater?

A)Brooke,who falsifies her lab reports
B)Bobbi,who adds six unearned hours to her monthly record of service learning
C)Ariel,who buys a research paper from a friend
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 78

An integrative approach to moral education encompasses the _____ and ______.

A)reflective moral thinking of Kohlberg;values clarification approach
B)cognitive moral education approach;service learning
C)reflective moral thinking of Kohlberg;character education
D)care perspective of Gilligan;values clarification

Question 79

Recent research has shown that more college freshmen today than in 1990 are interested in

A)immigration.
B)the homeless.
C)the working poor.
D)volunteer or community-service programs.

Question 80

Austin volunteers to help senior citizens learn basic computer skills.If Austin is like many students who participate in service learning,Austin will

A)have high grades in school.
B)have excellent computer skills.
C)have elderly grandparents who inspire him to give back to the community.
D)probably not volunteer when he gets older.