Deck 20: Population and Urbanization

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of demographic transition theory?

A)preindustrial
B)early industrial
C)middle industrial
D)mature industrial
E)postindustrial

Answer 1

C

Question 2

War,pestilence,and famine were called ____ checks by Thomas Malthus.

A)preventive measures
B)vices
C)positive checks
D)fertility control
E)negative checks

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to Malthus,while food supplies increase ____,population size grows ____.

A)arithmetically; geometrically
B)geometrically; arithmetically
C)inversely; proportionately
D)quickly; slowly
E)proportionately; inversely

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Malthus,which of the following are forces hold population growth in check?

A)preventive measures
B)"advices"
C)positive checks
D)all of these choices
E)preventive measures and positive checks

Question 5

Malthus was opposed to the use of abortion,infanticide,and prostitution to shape the population.He called them:

A)social checks
B)vices
C)positive checks
D)preventive measures
E)all of these choices

Question 6

Which of the following are major trends of social change?

A)population growth
B)urbanization
C)economic inequality
D)all of these choices
E)none of above

Question 7

According to ____,the main factors underlying population dynamics are industrialization and the growth of modern cultural values.

A)Malthus
B)Marx
C)demographic transition theory
D)modernization theory
E)dependency theory

Question 8

According to Malthus,population growth is limited by abortion,infanticide,and prostitution.He called these:

A)positive checks
B)cultural measures
C)preventive measures
D)population implosions
E)fertility control

Question 9

Sociologists who study population trends and patterns are called:

A)urban sociologists
B)demographers
C)urban statisticians
D)demographic transition theorists
E)urban geographers

Question 10

According to sociologists,population growth is a process governed less by natural laws than by:

A)the natural world
B)social forces
C)evolution
D)genetics
E)biology (e.g.,fertility)

Question 11

Malthus's theory is based upon which of the following assumptions?

A)people must eat
B)people are driven to procreate
C)people are driven to live in groups
D)people must eat and are driven to live in groups
E)people must eat and are driven to procreate

Question 12

Which of the following factors have sociologists focused on as the two major social determinants of population growth?

A)industrialization and socialization
B)social inequality and industrialization
C)capitalism and Christianity
D)socialism and industrialization
E)Christianity and social inequality

Question 13

According to Brym and Lie,the view that cities are typically alienating and anomic (or normless)is:

A)an oversimplification
B)accurate,but not for North America
C)ambiguous
D)accurate
E)accurate,but only for North America

Question 14

Many analysts project that the world population will pass the ____ mark around 2100.

A)7 billion
B)8 billion
C)9 billion
D)10 billion
E)11 billion

Question 15

Which of the following are criticisms of Malthus's predictions?

A)technological advances have allowed rapid growth in food production
B)the upper limit of population growth is unclear
C)population growth does not always produce misery
D)assistance to the poor does not always result in the poor having more children
E)all of these choices

Question 16

____ plays a major role in causing the movement of people from countryside to city.

A)industrialization
B)sociology
C)social equality
D)social organization
E)Christianity

Question 17

One of the facts that casts doubt on Malthus's predictions regarding population growth is that technological advances have:

A)decreased food production
B)allowed rapid increases in food production
C)established a limit to population growth
D)produced misery through changes in food and industrial production
E)produced more misery by enabling the poor to have more children

Question 18

Ten thousand years before the birth of Christ there were only about ____ people in the world.

A)6 million
B)26 million
C)46 million
D)66 million
E)86 million

Question 19

According to Malthus,what would enable the poor to buy more food and have more children,thus making them even poorer?

A)the population control system
B)the criminal justice system
C)the Malthusian trap
D)welfare
E)demographic transition

Question 20

According to Malthus,which system would enable the poor to buy more food and have more children,thus making them even poorer?

A)the population control system
B)the criminal justice system
C)the Malthusian trap
D)the demographic transition
E)none of these choices

Question 21

In India,the state of Kerala had a total fertility rate of 1.8 in 1991,which was half of India's national rate.How did Kerala achieve this remarkable feat?

A)by means of a yearlong public relations campaign on overpopulation
B)by devoting most of the state budget to contraception
C)by becoming a highly industrialized region
D)by increase the education of women and their participation in the paid labor force
E)by following the coercive,Chinese model of population control

Question 22

While some parts of Marx's analysis of overpopulation are incorrect,a core idea in Marx's views on the overpopulation problem is correct.Which of the following is that core idea?

A)the social organization of capitalism is a cause of overpopulation
B)social inequality is a cause of overpopulation
C)the domination of workers by employers is a cause of overpopulation
D)positive checks on population growth do work
E)preventive checks on population growth do work

Question 23

According to Marx,overpopulation is the result of:

A)exploitation of the workers by their employers
B)exploitation of women by men
C)poverty
D)a and c
E)the unchecked growth of the middle class

Question 24

The annual number of live births per 1,000 women in a population is known as:

A)the crude death rate
B)the crude birth rate
C)the total fertility rate
D)the replacement level
E)the refined death rate

Question 25

According to demographic transition theory,in which stage of growth does a large proportion of the population die every year due to inadequate nutrition,poor hygiene,and uncontrollable disease?

A)preindustrial
B)transitional
C)early industrial
D)explosive
E)postindustrial

Question 26

The number of children each women must have on average for population size to remain stable is called:

A)the refined birth rate
B)the crude birth rate
C)total fertility rate
D)the replacement level
E)the adjusted birth rate

Question 27

In India,the state of Kerala had a total fertility rate of 1.8 in 1991,which was half of India's national rate.How did Kerala achieve this remarkable feat?

A)by means of a yearlong public relations campaign on overpopulation
B)by devoting most of the state budget to contraception
C)by becoming a highly industrialized region
D)good luck
E)none of these choices

Question 28

During which stage of the demographic transition do people typically think it makes sense to have fewer children so as to reduce the economic burden on the family?

A)preindustrial
B)transitional
C)mature industrial
D)early industrial
E)postmodern

Question 29

By lowering the level of ____,the government of Kerala solved its overpopulation problem.

A)class inequality
B)gender inequality
C)civic inequality
D)normal inequality
E)none of these choices

Question 30

In which stage of European population growth did the crude death rate drop and life expectancy increase because economic growth led to improved nutrition and hygiene even as the crude birth rate remained high?

A)preindustrial
B)transitional or early industrial
C)mature industrial
D)postindustrial
E)none of these choices

Question 31

Not taking emigration and immigration into account,the number of children each woman must have on average for population size of a country to remain stable is:

A)1.1
B)2.1
C)3.1
D)4.1
E)5.1

Question 32

According to Marx,the only way to solve the problem of overpopulation is to first solve which social problem?

A)poverty
B)poor education regarding birth control
C)inadequate medical care
D)inadequate childcare
E)all of these choices

Question 33

According to demographic transition theory,in which stage of population development do most people want to have as many children as possible?

A)transitional
B)preindustrial
C)mature industrial period
D)early industrial
E)postindustrial

Question 34

The annual number of live births per 1,000 people in a population is called:

A)the crude death rate
B)the crude birth rate
C)the refined birth rate
D)the total birth rate
E)the birth rate

Question 35

When people move out of a country it is called:

A)immigration
B)in-migration
C)emigration
D)out-migration
E)emigration and out-migration

Question 36

Who argued that the problem of overpopulation is specific to capitalism?

A)Thomas Malthus
B)Emile Durkheim
C)Max Weber
D)Karl Marx
E)Robert Ehrlich

Question 37

At which stage of the demographic transition do the number of deaths per year begin to exceed the number of births?

A)preindustrial
B)transitional
C)mature industrial
D)postindustrial
E)early industrial

Question 38

Which of the following strategies did the government in the state of Kerala,India,NOT use to lower the total fertility rate?

A)the government helped create a realistic alternative to a life of continuous childbirths
B)the government initiated forced sterilization programs
C)the government increased women's participation in the paid labor force
D)the government made family planning widely available
E)the government organized successful campaigns and programs to educate women

Question 39

When people move into a country it is called:

A)immigration
B)in-migration
C)emigration
D)out-migration
E)immigration and in-migration

Question 40

The annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population is:

A)the crude death rate
B)the crude birth rate
C)the refined death rate
D)the total death rate
E)the death rate

Question 41

In North America,the urban population is expected to increase from ____ to ____ between 1996 and 2030?

A)46% to 54%
B)56% to 64%
C)66% to 74%
D)76% to 84%
E)86% to 94%

Question 42

In a city,members of different ethnic and racial groups and socioeconomic classes may vie with one another for dominance in particular areas.Businesses may also try to push residents out of certain areas to establish commercial zones.When this happens,human ecologists say that people are engaged in:

A)human ecology
B)differentiation
C)competition
D)differential organization
E)ecological succession

Question 43

Most of the fastest growing cities in the world today are in what kind of countries?

A)industrialized countries
B)semi-industrialized countries
C)peripheral countries
D)postindustrial countries
E)postmodern countries

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT one of the three social processes that animate the growth of cities according to the theory of human ecology?

A)stratification
B)differentiation
C)competition
D)ecological succession

Question 45

The process by which urban populations and their activities become more complex and heterogeneous over time is called:

A)human ecology
B)differentiation
C)concentric zone theory
D)differential organization
E)zoning

Question 46

Recent demographic research drives home the point that population growth and its negative consequences:

A)are created by natural disasters
B)do not just stem from natural causes
C)have been created by more egalitarian gender roles
D)are simply responses to industrialization and modernization
E)are the fault of human evolution

Question 47

Urban sociologists have studied patterns of migration in and around cities.One recurrent pattern involves members of the middle-class moving to the suburbs,with working-class and poor immigrants moving into the inner city.This pattern is a type of:

A)ecological differentiation
B)differentiation
C)competition
D)differential organization
E)ecological succession

Question 48

Some scholars have suggested diverting scarce resources from education,health,and industrialization into various forms of birth control,including,if necessary forced sterilization.These observers regard the presumed alternatives - poverty,famine,war,ethnic violence,and the growth of huge filthy cities - as too horrible to contemplate.However,these observers fail to see:

A)how measures that lower social inequality helps to control overpopulation
B)how measures that raise social inequality are tied to limited economic development
C)how natural disasters lead to overpopulation and its consequences
D)the relevance of the theories of Malthus to the present
E)the irrelevance of demographic transition theory to the current population crisis

Question 49

The theory that highlights the links between the physical and social dimensions of cities and identifies the dynamics and patterns of urban growth is called:

A)zoned theory
B)human ecology
C)differentiation their
D)the theory of differential organization
E)socio-physics

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the declines in South Korea's total fertility rate?

A)land reform
B)agrarian expansion
C)urbanization
D)higher education attainment
E)industrialization

Question 51

The theory of human ecology refers to a struggle by different groups to inhabit the most rewarding and optimal locations in a city as ____.

A)human ecology
B)differentiation
C)competition
D)differential organization
E)ecological succession

Question 52

According to the research of Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen,famine is not caused by underproduction or overproduction of food but by:

A)hoarding
B)lack of food
C)poor quality of food
D)poor sanitation
E)inequality of access to food

Question 53

In 1960,South Korea had a total fertility rate of 6.0.Yet by 1989,South Korea's total fertility rate had dropped to a mere 1.6.What first prompted this dramatic decrease in the total fertility rate?

A)industrialization
B)land reform
C)political reforms
D)unemployment
E)the forced sterilization program

Question 54

Sociologists who distinguished themselves by their vividly detailed descriptions and analyses of urban life,backed up by careful in-depth interviews,surveys,and maps showing the distribution of various features of the social landscape were known as:

A)the neomodernists
B)the postmodernists
C)the Chicago School
D)the New School
E)the Bauhaus

Question 55

How do preindustrial and industrial cities differ?

A)preindustrial cities were typically smaller
B)preindustrial cities were less densely populated
C)preindustrial cities were built within protective walls
D)preindustrial cities were less socially complex
E)all of these choices

Question 56

The great cities of the world grew up along with the modern factory,which drew hundreds of millions of people out of the countryside and transformed them into urban,industrial workers.Therefore,sociologists say that:

A)urbanization results from industrialization to a degree
B)industrialization was created by urbanization
C)urbanization causes industrialization
D)urbanization and industrialization are coincidental developments
E)none of these choices

Question 57

Which of the following are NOT some of the ways that preindustrial and industrial cities differ?

A)preindustrial cities suffered higher levels of crime
B)preindustrial cities were less densely populated
C)preindustrial cities were built within protective walls
D)industrial cities were remarkably complex
E)preindustrial cities were typically smaller

Question 58

The view that cities grow in ever-expanding concentric circles is associated with which theory?

A)internal colonialism
B)differentiation
C)concentric zone theory
D)urban renewal
E)zoned theory

Question 59

In the mid-1980s,tens of thousands of people died in Western Sudan even though three million sacks of grain to prevent famine were given to the country.The people died because:

A)Western aid workers failed to listen to the Sudanese people about their basic medical and sanitary needs
B)people lacked clean water
C)people lacked decent sanitation
D)the Sudanese people did not receive vaccinations against various diseases
E)all of these choices

Question 60

What term refers to the process that takes place when a distinct group of people moves from one area to another and another group moves into the old area to replace the first group?

A)ecological differentiation
B)differentiation
C)competition
D)differential organization
E)ecological succession

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT one of the critiques of the Chicago school?

A)social networks in large cities may create community and close personal relationships
B)small communities may be stressful and isolating
C)the concentric zone model does not apply to modern cities
D)urban growth is a natural,ecological process

Question 62

In the concentric zone model,Zone 2 was:

A)the central business district
B)zone of working class homes
C)residential zone
D)commuter zone
E)zone of transition

Question 63

Sociologists call the proliferation of lifestyles and subcultures in the postmodern city:

A)privatization
B)fragmentation
C)globalization
D)communalization
E)tintinnabulation

Question 64

Which is a contention about Malthus's theory?

A)People must eat.
B)People are driven by a strong sexual urge.
C)While food supply increases slowly and arithmetically,size grows quickly and geometrically.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Question 65

In the concentric zone model,Zone 1 was:

A)the central business district
B)zone of working class homes
C)residential zone
D)commuter zone
E)zone of transition

Question 66

John Logan and Harvey Molotch portray cities as machines that are fueled by investors,politicians,businesses,property owners,real estate developers,urban planners,the mass media,and others.They say that these groups compose a(n):

A)gentrification coalition
B)urban ruling class
C)city elite
D)growth coalition
E)coalition of social architects

Question 67

According to Louis Wirth,____ life involves frequent face-to-face interaction among a few people who tend to share common values,tradition,and a collective identity:

A)urban
B)rural
C)suburban
D)exurban
E)city

Question 68

Which group of sociologists see urban space not just as an arena for the unfolding of social processes like competition and differentiation,but also as a set of commodified social relations.

A)the Chicago School
B)the new urban sociology
C)cultural geographers
D)urban reconstructionists
E)consumerists

Question 69

Which stage of demographic transition theory involved a high crude death rate and a high crude birth rate?

A)preindustrial stage
B)early industrial stage
C)mature industrial stage
D)postindustrial stage
E)All of the above.

Question 70

The ____ city is a "vehicle for capital accumulation" according to John Hannigan.

A)suburban
B)corporate
C)exurban
D)commercial
E)postmodern

Question 71

In the concentric zone model,Zone 3 was:

A)the central business district
B)zone of working class homes
C)residential zone
D)commuter zone
E)zone of transition

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT one of the features of the postmodern city?

A)it is more privatized than the corporate city
B)it is more fragmented that the corporate city
C)it is more globalized than the corporate city
D)it is more suburbanized than the corporate city

Question 73

A new way of life developed when millions of single-family detached homes were built for the corporate middle class outside the political boundaries of cities.This new way of life was called:

A)coalitionism
B)corporatism
C)urbanism
D)suburbanism
E)exurbanism

Question 74

The members of The Chicago School defined the city of Chicago as more than just a collection of socially segregated buildings,places,and people.It also involved a way of life that was reflected in attitudes,traditions,and sentiments that they called:

A)urban culture
B)the urban beat
C)the urban core
D)urbanism
E)the urban syndrome

Question 75

If urban space can be bought and sold for profit it has become:

A)politically useful
B)developed
C)commodified
D)gentrified
E)none of these choices

Question 76

Which is NOT a stage of European population development according to demographic transition theory?

A)preindustrial stage
B)early industrial stage
C)mature industrial stage
D)postindustrial stage
E)All of the above are stages according to demographic transition theory.

Question 77

According to Louis Wirth,____ life involves the absence of community and close personal relationships and extensive exposure to many different people

A)urban
B)rural
C)suburban
D)exurban
E)sub rural

Question 78

"Immigration" is synonymous with ____,and "emigration" is synonymous with ____.

A)out-migration; in-migration
B)in-migration; lateral migration
C)out-migration; vertical migration
D)lateral migration; vertical migration
E)in-migration; out-migration

Question 79

The Malthusian trap refers to:

A)a cycle of population growth followed by an outbreak of war,pestilence,or famine that keeps population growth in check.
B)the annual number of deaths due to poor nutrition,hygiene,and uncontrollable disease.
C)the process by which urban populations and their activities become more complex and heterogeneous over time.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Question 80

What urban area was organized mainly around the needs of children?

A)the city core
B)the suburbs
C)the exurbs
D)fringe cities
E)gated communities