Deck 2: The Evolution of Management

Question 1

The use of scientific management practices led workers to hide the true potential efficiency of the work setting to protect their own well-being.

Answer 1

True
Explanation: The management of work settings frequently became a game between workers and managers: Managers tried to initiate work practices to increase performance, and workers tried to hide the true potential efficiency of the work setting to protect their own well-being.

Question 2

Fayol believed that authority should be concentrated at the top of the chain of command of an organization.

Answer 2

False
Explanation: Fayol believed that authority should be decentralized and not be concentrated at the top of the chain of command of the organization.

Question 3

When managers rely too much on rules to solve problems, their behavior becomes inflexible.

Answer 3

True
Explanation: When managers rely too much on rules to solve problems and not enough on their own skills and judgment, their behavior becomes inflexible.

Question 4

Anna has formal authority to make many of the organization's business decisions because her father owns the company.This is consistent with Weber's principles of bureaucracy.

Question 5

Midwest Woodworking is a small business run by skilled workers who produce customized and hand-manufactured furniture._____ production is an example of the products they create.

A)Mass
B)Flow
C)Crafts
D)Series
E)Mechanized

Question 6

When authority is centralized, organizations empower middle managers and create self-managed teams that monitor and control their own activities.

Question 7

According to Taylor, the production process becomes more efficient with

A)an increase in the effort that each worker puts in to produce a unit of output.
B)an increase in the amount of time required to produce a unit of output.
C)an increase in division of labor through specialization.
D)the use of informal rule-of thumb knowledge.
E)the use of intuitive knowledge.

Question 8

In a mechanistic structure, emphasis is on strict discipline and order.

Question 9

Jared wants to speed up the production process, so he has been monitoring the actions required to complete the tasks in the assembly line.This is an example of a time-and-motion study.

Question 10

According to the Hawthorne effect, each manager's personal behavior or leadership approach has no effect on performance.

Question 11

_____ is the process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over time.

A)Job specialization
B)Division of labor
C)Unity of direction
D)Job rotation
E)Centralization

Question 12

According to Fayol's principles of management, workers should be given more job duties to perform but encouraged to assume less responsibility for their work outcomes.

Question 13

Recently Max was assigned to supervise the workers on a production line.Max treated the workers with respect, and within a short period of time, the workers' performance improved.This is an example of the Hawthorne effect.

Question 14

Management science theory focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principles of scientific management?

A)Stick to the current method of performing tasks and focus only on increasing the speed.
B)New methods of performing tasks ought to be communicated verbally rather than in writing.
C)Allow workers to establish their own rules and SOPs.
D)Establish a standard pay system that is independent of performance.
E)Increase job specialization in order to make the production process more efficient.

Question 16

Typically, a mechanistic structure rests on Theory X assumptions because in a mechanistic structure, tasks and roles are clearly specified and subordinates are closely supervised.

Question 17

Jim is frustrated with the production performance of his team, so he has decided to increase the level of job specialization.This change will reduce efficiency, but it will lead to better organizational performance.

Question 18

Fayol recommended the use of organizational charts to show the position and duties of each employee in the organization.

Question 19

A drawback of management information systems is that they provide information only about an organization's internal environment, and not the external environment.

Question 20

Job specialization refers the process by which

A)each position's formal authority in an organizational hierarchy is established.
B)division of labor occurs as different workers gain expertise in tasks.
C)subordinates receive orders and report to only one superior.
D)members of different departments work together in cross-departmental teams to accomplish projects.
E)employees explore new ways to improve how tasks are performed.

Question 21

_____ refers to the chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization

A)Line of authority
B)Division of labor
C)Unity of direction
D)Unity of command
E)Centralization

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of a rule?

A)a general mandatory guideline asking all employees to leave their work machines in good order
B)a statement issued by the company specifying the sales projection for the next fiscal year
C)an informal code of conduct recommending that employees help each other if time permits
D)a recommendation by the HR department that employees wear formal clothes during the week
E)a suggestion by the technical department to save all work-related files on D drive

Question 23

_______ is the power to hold workers accountable for their actions and to make decisions about the use of organizational resources.

A)Initiative
B)Synergy
C)Authority
D)Esprit de corps
E)Entropy

Question 24

Which of the following is true of scientific management?

A)It resulted in jobs that were usually nonrepetitive.
B)It brought all workers more gain than hardship.
C)It revealed the maximum efficiency of work systems.
D)It resulted in job dissatisfaction for many workers.
E)It resulted in increased trust between managers and workers.

Question 25

In a bureaucracy, a manager's formal authority derives from

A)his or her social standing and personal contacts.
B)informal rule-of-thumb knowledge.
C)intuitive knowledge.
D)codifying the new methods of performing tasks into written rules.
E)the position he or she holds in the organization.

Question 26

_____ refers to a system of task and authority relationships that controls how employees use resources to achieve a company's goals.

A)Bureaucracy
B)Closed system
C)Open system
D)Organizational structure
E)Organic structure

Question 27

Administrative management is the study of how

A)managers control the organization's relationship with its external environment.
B)an organizational structure is to be created such that it leads to high efficiency and effectiveness.
C)the feelings, thoughts, and behavior of work-group members and managers affect worker performance.
D)characteristics of the work setting-specifically the level of lighting-affect worker performance.
E)managers should personally behave to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels.

Question 28

Ally works on a production line.Her manager has moved several of her coworkers around to achieve the right worker-task specialization and to link people and tasks by the speed of the production line.If successful, the manager will

A)lower costs.
B)increase workplace monotony.
C)increase job satisfaction.
D)decrease organizational output.
E)decrease mechanization of the work process.

Question 29

_____ gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to accomplish organizational goals.

A)Entropy
B)Synergy
C)Esprit de corps
D)Authority
E)Equity

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of a company's standard operating procedure?

A)a general recommendation that all employees leave their work machines in good order
B)a compulsory practice of employees cleaning their work areas at the end of each day
C)an informal code of conduct prescribing that employees help each other if time permits
D)a suggestion by the technical department to save all work-related files on D drive
E)a recommendation by the HR department that employees wear formal clothes during the week

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of a norm rather than a rule?

A)a general mandatory guideline asking all employees to leave their work machines in good order
B)a specific mandatory guideline asking employees to oil machine parts labeled A and B; and replace C and D
C)an informal code of conduct recommending that employees help each other if time permits
D)a recommendation by the HR department that employees wear formal clothes during the week
E)a suggestion by the technical department that all work-related files are saved in a common location

Question 32

In the context of management, rules refer to

A)a reporting relationship in which an employee receives orders from only one superior.
B)the ability of an individual to act on his own accord without direction from a superior.
C)formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances.
D)the performance gains that result when individuals and departments coordinate their actions.
E)the methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit.

Question 33

Josh works for an advertising company.There are several middle managers, but Josh only receives orders from and reports to one manager.Which of the following principles of management by Henri Fayol fits Josh's relationship with his manager?

A)line of authority
B)unity of command
C)centralization
D)unity of direction
E)equity

Question 34

When the tasks and authority associated with various positions in the organization are clearly specified, it creates a scenario where

A)employees are not sure of what is expected either of them or of each other.
B)employees are held strictly accountable for their actions.
C)managers face difficulty in tracking the assigned tasks.
D)confused employees create havoc within the formal hierarchy of authority.
E)order and discipline are undermined.

Question 35

Henry Fayol believed that in order to increase the efficiency of the management process, it is essential that

A)authority should be concentrated at the top of the chain of command.
B)managers should discourage creativity in employees so that they stay focused on their jobs.
C)there should be a greater number of levels in a managerial hierarchy.
D)managers should not have the right to give orders to employees; they should only give polite instructions.
E)all organizational members are entitled to be treated with justice and respect.

Question 36

_____ refers to a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.

A)Esprit de corps
B)Bureaucracy
C)Open system
D)Synergy
E)Entropy

Question 37

Tyler is an engineer at an assembly plant for an auto company.Tyler receives orders from and reports to both his department manager and his project manager.This violates Fayol's principle of

A)centralization.
B)unity of command.
C)unity of direction.
D)division of authority and responsibility.
E)line of authority.

Question 38

Which of the following is true of rules?

A)They are mandatory instructions.
B)They are unwritten expectations of behavior.
C)They are informal codes of conduct.
D)They focus more on creating goals rather than achieving them.
E)They are suggestions about best practices.

Question 39

Which of the following is true of norms?

A)They are mandatory instructions that must be followed by all employees of a company.
B)They are written instructions about desired behavior in the workplace.
C)They are informal codes of conduct among employees in a particular company.
D)They give detailed instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task.
E)They specify actions to be taken under different circumstances to achieve specific company goals.

Question 40

Which of the following is true of dual command?

A)It causes confusion among subordinates.
B)It strengthens order and discipline.
C)It makes assessing a manager's authority easy.
D)It was advocated by Henry Fayol.
E)It exists when a subordinate receives orders from only one supervisor.

Question 41

Helen doesn't always agree with her manager's decisions, but she always follows her manager's orders.This obedience to a manager's authority is most consistent with Fayol's principle of

A)order.
B)discipline.
C)esprit de corps.
D)equity.
E)remuneration of personnel.

Question 42

The idea that employees who stay with the organization for many years develop skills on the job which can help the organization to become more efficient is consistent with Fayol's principle of

A)unity of command.
B)unity of direction.
C)order.
D)discipline.
E)stability of tenure.

Question 43

Fayol recommended the use of _____ to show the position and duties of each employee and to indicate which positions an employee might move to or be promoted to in the future.

A)an organizational chart
B)initiative analysis
C)unity of direction
D)the critical path method (CPM)
E)an extensive career plan

Question 44

Which of the following practices was advocated by Mary Parker Follett?

A)Workers should not be allowed to participate in the work development process.
B)Authority should go with hierarchical positions rather than knowledge.
C)Managers should behave as monitors and supervisors.
D)Workers should be allowed to exercise initiative in their everyday work lives.
E)Members of each department should stick to their own department; cross-functioning should be discouraged.

Question 45

According to Henri Fayol, equity refers to

A)the concentration of authority at the top of the managerial hierarchy.
B)shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group.
C)the justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled.
D)the methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit and to provide employees with career opportunities.
E)development of skills for long-term employees.

Question 46

Which of the following is true of centralization in an organization?

A)Authority is concentrated at the top of the managerial hierarchy.
B)Subordinates play an important role in decision-making within the company.
C)It prevents the organization from pursuing its strategy.
D)It makes middle and first-line managers more flexible and adaptable.
E)It allows people who are closest to problems to respond to them in a timely manner.

Question 47

The human relations movement advocates that

A)managers use punishments as a tool to elicit cooperation from employees.
B)the level of work-group performance be controlled by workers.
C)employees be monitored outside the workplace.
D)supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage subordinates.
E)supervisors make all the important decisions concerning the company.

Question 48

Fayol's principle of initiative suggests that

A)managers must act fairly and equitably.
B)managers should encourage employees to act on their own without direction from a supervisor.
C)managers should ensure that the tasks and roles of each employee require innovation and creativity.
D)organizations provide employees with career opportunities that satisfy their needs.
E)managers should use rewards to motivate the behavior of employees.

Question 49

_____ is the study of the factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations.

A)Hawthorne studies
B)Organizational behavior
C)Management science
D)Scientific management
E)Administrative management

Question 50

The line of authority in an organization is

A)the concentration of authority at the top of the managerial hierarchy.
B)the singleness of purpose that makes possible the creation of one plan of action.
C)the chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization.
D)the shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, and devotion to a common cause.
E)a reporting relationship in which an employee receives orders from only one superior.

Question 51

_____ refers to the concentration of authority at the top of the organizational chart instead of being distributed throughout the managerial hierarchy.

A)Unity of direction
B)Synergy
C)Centralization
D)Unity of command
E)Entropy

Question 52

Chris has a job as a sales representative for a pharmaceutical company.The company offers both quarterly and annual bonuses based on performance.The company also has a profit-sharing plan for its employees.This organization follows Fayol's principle of

A)equity.
B)subordination of individual interests to the common interest.
C)initiative.
D)esprit de corps.
E)remuneration of personnel.

Question 53

Mary Parker Follett's primary criticism of Taylor's system of scientific management was that

A)Taylor proposed that managers should involve workers in analyzing their jobs to identify better ways to perform tasks.
B)Taylor did not use scientific techniques like time-and-motion studies to analyze workers' jobs.
C)Taylor was ignoring the human side of the organization and did not allow workers to exercise initiative and contribute to the organization.
D)Taylor advocated that workers, rather than managers, should be in control of the work process itself.
E)Taylor said that managers should behave as coaches and facilitators-not as monitors and supervisors.

Question 54

The idea that workers should be aware of how their performance affects the performance of the organization as a whole is most consistent with Fayol's principle of

A)unity of command.
B)subordination of individual interests to the common interest.
C)remuneration of personnel.
D)esprit de corps.
E)stability of tenure of personnel.

Question 55

Carol works for a printing business that offers several services, including printing and copying, bookbinding, and graphic design.The business has a single, comprehensive long-term plan that leads every department.The business is following Fayol's principle of

A)order.
B)line of authority.
C)unity of command.
D)unity of direction.
E)centralization.

Question 56

Which of the following best reflects Mary Parker Follett's views on management and leadership in an organization?

A)Managers should avoid involving workers in analyzing their jobs to identify better ways to perform tasks, as this could lead to employees underperforming.
B)If workers have the relevant knowledge, then workers, rather than managers, should be in control of the work process itself.
C)The formal line of authority and vertical chain of command are the most essential steps to effective management.
D)Members of different departments should avoid working together in cross-departmental teams to accomplish projects in order to minimize duplication of effort.
E)Managers' formal authority deriving from their position in the hierarchy should decide who will lead at any particular moment.

Question 57

According to Henri Fayol, esprit de corps refers to

A)the ability to act on one's own without direction from a superior.
B)shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group.
C)the justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled.
D)the methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit and to provide employees with career opportunities.
E)obedience, energy, application, and other outward marks of respect for a superior's authority.

Question 58

The Marketing Manager at RST Global Inc.developed a five-year marketing plan that was in stark contrast with the objectives outlined in the organization's strategic plan.Which of the principles of Henri Fayol does this go against?

A)order
B)line of authority
C)unity of command
D)unity of direction
E)equity

Question 59

According to Henri Fayol, initiative refers to

A)the ability to act on one's own without direction from a superior.
B)shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group.
C)the justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled.
D)the methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit and to provide employees with career opportunities.
E)obedience, energy, application, and other outward marks of respect for a superior's authority.

Question 60

Which of the following revelations from different research studies came to be known as the Hawthorne effect?

A)group members subjecting those workers who violate the group norms to sanctions
B)productivity increasing, regardless of the level of illumination in the workplace
C)workers concealing the true potential efficiency of a work system to protect their interests
D)workers' productivity being affected more by the attention received from researchers than by the work setting
E)employees in a "no-talking" workplace developing ways of talking to one another out of the sides of their mouths

Question 61

Which of the following statements indicates that Megabytes Inc.has implemented an organic structure?

A)At Megabytes, employees are discouraged from taking up more responsibilities.
B)At Megabytes, forming of cross-departmental or functional teams is discouraged.
C)At Megabytes, employees are closely supervised and follow well-defined rules.
D)At Megabytes, emphasis is placed on strict discipline and order.
E)At Megabytes, authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers.

Question 62

_______ is a contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to assist managers to make the best use of organizational resources to produce goods and services.

A)Contingency theory
B)Management science theory
C)Administrative management
D)Behavioral management
E)The human relations movement

Question 63

If a manager designs the organizational hierarchy based on the characteristics of the organizational environment, he is acting in accordance with _____ theory.

A)equity
B)Fayol's
C)contingency
D)queuing
E)chaos

Question 64

_____ refers to the tendency of a closed system to lose its ability to control itself, and thus disintegrate.

A)Synergy
B)Entropy
C)Conversion stage
D)Contingency
E)Control system

Question 65

Managers who accept the assumptions of Theory Y

A)create a work setting that encourages commitment.
B)give little autonomy to workers.
C)focus on developing rules and procedures.
D)rely on rewards and punishments.
E)view workers as lazy.

Question 66

Mayfair Mobile's external environment is changing rapidly, and it responds by decentralizing decisions to lower-level managers so that the organization can react faster.Which of the following types of organizational structure allows this?

A)a mechanistic structure
B)a formal structure
C)a bureaucratic structure
D)an organizational structure
E)an organic structure

Question 67

Which of the following is true of an open system?

A)It is more likely to experience entropy than is a closed system.
B)It uses resources from the external environment for internal processes, but does not return anything to the external environment.
C)The input, process, and output stages in the production process are performed in the external environment.
D)It is a self-contained system that is not affected by changes in its environment.
E)It takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers.

Question 68

_____ is (are) known for refining Taylor's analysis of work movements.

A)Henri Fayol
B)Adam Smith
C)Max Weber
D)Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
E)Mary Parker Follett

Question 69

Peter is a manager for a small business.He wanted his five subordinates to have positive working relationships and he wanted to create a welcoming office environment.To encourage socializing and to motivate his staff to meet organizational goals, Peter started inviting his subordinates to lunch once a week.Within a few weeks, Peter saw an increase in performance and improved collaboration among the staff members.This is an example of:

A)administrative management.
B)scientific management.
C)behavioral management.
D)standard operating procedures (SOPs).
E)organizational behavior.

Question 70

Paula started a new bakery business.Because she must meet specific requirements from the state health department, Paula has decided to use a mechanistic structure for management.Which of the following supports Paula's choice to organize and control the business with a mechanistic structure?

A)The organization uses the structure only when needed-when the organizational environment is unstable.
B)A mechanistic structure requires more managerial time, money, and effort than an organic structure.
C)Employees are closely supervised and follow well-defined rules and standard operating procedures.
D)Authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers to encourage them to take responsibility.
E)Here, managers can react more quickly to a changing environment than can managers in an organic structure.

Question 71

____ is the aspect of management theory that uses mathematical techniques such as modeling and simulation to help managers make better decisions.

A)Behavioral management
B)Contingency management
C)Quantitative management
D)Administrative management
E)The human relations movement

Question 72

EZtronics' approach to management is consistent with Theory Y because managers at EZtronics

A)control workers' behavior by means of rewards and punishments.
B)closely supervise their subordinates.
C)do not believe in giving workers any autonomy in solving problems.
D)have created a work setting that allows workers to exercise initiative.
E)have created a work setting that reflects a belief that workers are lazy.

Question 73

Managers who accept the assumptions of Theory X

A)create a work setting that encourages commitment to organization goals.
B)counteract workers' natural tendencies to avoid work.
C)focus on giving employees opportunities to exercise initiative.
D)provide opportunities for workers to be imaginative.
E)view workers as motivated and capable of exercising self-control.

Question 74

_____ is the idea that the organizational structures and control systems that are chosen by managers depend on characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates.

A)Equity theory
B)Contingency theory
C)Theory X
D)Theory Y
E)Behavioral management theory

Question 75

The primary message of _____ is that there is no one best way to organize.

A)Theory X
B)administrative management theory
C)contingency theory
D)behavioral management theory
E)management science theory

Question 76

Smart Lites is a company that manufactures lighting products for industrial businesses.The managers at Smart Lites want to increase the quality of their products.They should opt for _____, a branch of management science that provides tools to analyze the company's input, conversion, and output activities.

A)quantitative management
B)operations management
C)total quality management
D)management information systems
E)scientific management

Question 77

Large companies like General Electric face challenges in maintaining a competitive edge with innovation because

A)they must manage different industries across the globe.
B)new products or offerings must be approved by layers of formal bureaucracy, which slows down the process.
C)the business is too diverse.
D)market dynamics.
E)the risk in economic markets.

Question 78

In the context of the human relations movement and related studies, who among the following is a "ratebuster?"

A)a person performing above the work-group performance norm
B)a person performing below the work-group performance norm
C)a person performing at the pace the manager requests
D)a person performing below the company performance standard
E)a person performing at a pace he feels matches his pay

Question 79

Joey has worked in a bicycle factory for several months.The assembly process requires multiple tasks, and over the months Joe's supervisor has assigned him to several different jobs throughout the production line.His most recent assignment is applying the custom paint and adding the decals.Adding the decals requires perfection, and Joe does it quickly and always performs the task well, so his supervisor will keep him in this position.This is an example of

A)standard operating procedures.
B)time-and-motion study.
C)job specialization.
D)the human relations movement.
E)job rotation.

Question 80

_____ is the performance gain caused by two or more departments coordinating their efforts.

A)Synergy
B)Entropy
C)Contingency theory
D)Organizational performance
E)Group performance