Deck 2: Theories of Development: Interpreting the Lifespan

Question 1

Which structure is the central part of our personality?

A)Id
B)Ego
C)Superego
D)Psychic censor

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Freud proposed __________ were necessary strategies to reduce the anxiety caused by conflicts among the personality structures.

A)fixations
B)crises
C)defense mechanisms
D)discords

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Of Freud's structures,which seeks only pleasure and is the simplest?

A)Ego
B)Id
C)Superego
D)Libido

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is analogous to the ego?

A)Rational thinker
B)Conscience
C)Pleasure-seeking
D)Bodily instincts

Question 5

Although much of Freud's approach to development has been discarded,one area that persists is:

A)his insistence on genetics as an explanation of behavior.
B)the notion that the mother has a pervasive influence throughout life.
C)his assertion that the early years of childhood play a decisive role in determining adult behavior.
D)his hypothesis that the interaction of physiology and environment produce behavior.

Question 6

Freud used the term __________ to describe the psychic energy that empowered the structures of the mind.

A)superego
B)id
C)libido
D)mensa

Question 7

What is the main task of the superego?

A)To instruct us in what is right and what is wrong
B)To pursue bodily pleasures
C)To be realistic
D)To compromise between the id and the ego

Question 8

At what point does the superego develop?

A)It is present at birth.
B)It begins to develop from the moment of birth.
C)It begins to develop toward the end of the first year.
D)It begins to develop during adolescence.

Question 9

What is the main task of the ego?

A)To instruct us in right and wrong
B)To pursue bodily pleasures
C)To compromise between the id and the superego
D)To guide our unconscious thoughts

Question 10

Four-year-old Tammy has been told by her mother that she cannot have a lollipop and is now stomping her feet and wailing.According to Freud,this type of behavior is driven by the

A)superego.
B)ego.
C)id.
D)base psyche.

Question 11

Russell cannot look at a woman without thinking about what it would be like to be intimate with her; however,he always resists the impulse to be forward and conducts himself like a gentleman.What is the force that prompts him to subdue his baser instincts?

A)Id
B)Ego
C)Superego
D)Alter-ego

Question 12

According to Freud,completing each of his proposed developmental stages requires:

A)appropriate levels of stimulation for age-specific pleasure centers.
B)resolution of discrete crises.
C)attainment of cognitive milestones.
D)achievement of developmental tasks.

Question 13

According to Freud,each stage of development is based on a:

A)psychosocial crisis.
B)sensitive period.
C)pleasure centre.
D)defence mechanism.

Question 14

According to Freud,the term "libido" refers to the:

A)part of the personality that adheres to the reality principle.
B)part of the mind that acts as a psychic censor
C)force behind self-destructive behaviors.
D)psychic energy that feeds the structures of the mind.

Question 15

Freud is recognized as a major role player in psychology because:

A)he developed one of the first comprehensive theories of personality.
B)most people recall his name when asked about psychology.
C)his theories have withstood the test of time intact.
D)he generated a number of testable hypotheses about the later stages of adulthood.

Question 16

In Freud's theory of development,if a person becomes fixated at a particular stage:

A)that person will not be able to become a fully mature person.
B)that person must skip that stage and come back at a later date to resolve it.
C)that person will achieve a healthy role in society.
D)that person will inevitably develop undesirable latent characteristics.

Question 17

What is the developmental sequence of Freud's structures of the psyche?

A)Superego,id,ego
B)Ego,id,superego
C)Id,superego,ego
D)Id,ego,superego

Question 18

What psychic structure is present at birth and contains all of our basic instincts?

A)Id
B)Ego
C)Superego
D)Psychic censor

Question 19

Karen is torn.She feels she should volunteer her time on the weekends to the hospice program,but she also would like to hang out with her friends and have a good time.She decides to spend Sundays at the hospice and Saturdays with her friends.According to Freud,Karen's __________ helped her reach this compromise.

A)id
B)superego
C)libido
D)ego

Question 20

__________ is considered the "father of modern psychology" by many.

A)Erik Erikson
B)John
B)Watson
C)William James
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 21

According to __________,each stage of life is marked by a psychosocial crisis.

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Erik Erikson
C)Daniel Levinson
D)Jean Piaget

Question 22

__________ is the main tension that individuals experience during resolution of Erikson's life stages.

A)Anxiety
B)Feeling inferior
C)A life crisis
D)Libido

Question 23

A major modification of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is:

A)emphasizing the later stages of sexual behavior in development.
B)acknowledging that even 10 year olds may be driven by pleasure centers.
C)replacing the emphasis of sexual motivation with social influences.
D)dismissing notions of influences of behavior that are below awareness.

Question 24

Every day,6-month-old Kiri is fed,bathed,and dressed on a schedule.Her world is entirely predictable while her needs are met.If it remains so,according to Erikson,Kiri will develop:

A)initiative.
B)trust.
C)autonomy.
D)identity.

Question 25

Michele's parents are struggling with their daughter.She is in the "terrible twos" and wants to do everything by herself.Erikson would encourage them to let her try new things,providing gentle support so that Michele will gain:

A)purpose.
B)gross motor skills.
C)trust.
D)self-control

Question 26

Erik Erikson argued that __________ were critical in development.

A)social experiences
B)psychosexual stages
C)anxiety states
D)feelings of adequacy

Question 27

Which of the following accurately reflects Erikson's view of the meaning of the word "trust" as applied to his first stage of psychosocial development?

A)Safety and happiness
B)Honesty and integrity
C)Nurture and dignity
D)Orderliness and predictability

Question 28

A major reason Erikson's theory of development has remained influential was his reliance on:

A)cross-cultural and historical comparisons.
B)comprehensive observation of his own children rather than relying on the memory of adults.
C)interviews of middle-age adults from many socioeconomic strata.
D)reviews of major theories in western cultures.

Question 29

__________ based his developmental theory on observations of people from many cultures and socioeconomic strata,and upon historical figures.

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Jean Piaget
C)Erik Erikson
D)Daniel Levinson

Question 30

Freud's theory of personality has fallen out of favor because of its emphasis on:

A)cultural ambiguities
B)social constructions.
C)genetic determinism.
D)sexual instincts

Question 31

Erikson proposed that we must pass through __________ developmental stages during our lifetime.

A)eight
B)seven
C)five
D)four,with 5-year transitional periods between them

Question 32

Eighteen-year-old Tim feels pressured by internal needs and the external demands of society to make a major change in a new direction,and so he decides to attend college.Erikson would say that Time is experiencing a/n:

A)urge.
B)crisis.
C)phase.
D)defence mechanism.

Question 33

In Erikson's theory,what is the opposite outcome of autonomy?

A)Shame and doubt
B)Guilt and shame
C)Inferiority and doubt
D)Identity confusion and loneliness

Question 34

For each of Erikson's stages of development,there is:

A)only one potential outcome.
B)a conflict between basic desires and social expectations,tempered by parental standards.
C)either a positive or a harmful resolution,which will determine your life course.
D)susceptibility to negative outcomes as well as for great personal growth.

Question 35

Erik Erikson based his theory of development on which of the following populations?

A)Germans
B)South Asians
C)Sioux of South Dakota
D)all of these and others

Question 36

Of the following theorists,who was most directly influenced by Freud?

A)Erik Erikson
B)Jean Piaget
C)Daniel Levinson
D)Richard Lerner

Question 37

As Chelsea is only 2 ½,her parents are concerned about their daughter's safety.They do everything for her,including tying her shoes,dressing,and feeding her.Sometimes Chelsea wrestles with them as she wants to do it herself.According to Erikson,what is the likely outcome for Chelsea?

A)She will become fixated on details and become obsessive as an adult.
B)She will know she is loved and protected and so will gain trust.
C)She will become sloppy and disorganized as she knows someone will pick up after her.
D)She will learn to doubt her abilities and become dependent on her parents.

Question 38

___________ is the psychosocial strength that an infant gains if she has learned to trust.

A)Hope
B)Willpower
C)Care
D)Fidelity

Question 39

According to Erikson,in order for an infant to gain trust,the world must be;

A)happy.
B)safe.
C)rational.
D)stimulating.

Question 40

Each of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development is marked by some type of:

A)crisis.
B)defence mechanism.
C)pleasure centre.
D)cognitive resolve.

Question 41

__________ is the process by which we allow new ideas to change our existing perspectives.

A)Assimilation
B)Analysis
C)Abstraction
D)Accommodation

Question 42

Tyson has a good sense of self,even though he is only 17 years old.He has friends from many different groups and can tolerate their different viewpoints without compromising his own beliefs.Erikson would say that Tyson has achieved the psychosocial strength of:

A)care.
B)wisdom.
C)fidelity.
D)willpower.

Question 43

Piaget used the term __________ to describe the guidelines individuals use to organize and adapt to their environments.

A)cognitive structures
B)defence mechanisms
C)formal concepts
D)life structures

Question 44

Jonathan is four months old and giggles uncontrollably every time his dad plays peek-a-boo with him.This game is fun for Jonathan because he lacks:

A)object permanence.
B)conservation.
C)centration.
D)reversibility.

Question 45

According to Piaget,human beings adapt to their environments through:

A)psychoanalysis.
B)behavioural therapy.
C)analysis and organization.
D)assimilation and accommodation.

Question 46

Fox is 2½ and has just been introduced to snow for the first time.He will now develop a new mental category to house the concept of snow.In Piaget's theory this process is called:

A)accommodation.
B)organization.
C)analysis.
D)assimilation.

Question 47

Piaget termed the process of developing a state of stability between the assimilation and accommodation of information as:

A)adaptation.
B)functional invariation.
C)equilibration.
D)developing schemas.

Question 48

When we adopt new ideas about the world,we are __________; whereas when we apply those ideas to different aspects of our lives and,as a result,change our behavior,we are __________.

A)organizing; analyzing
B)assimilating; accommodating
C)accommodating; assimilating
D)analyzing; organizing

Question 49

Piaget's greatest legacy is thought to be the attention he brought to the role of ___________ in development.

A)self-concept
B)cognitive mechanisms
C)genes
D)social factors

Question 50

How many stages of development did Jean Piaget propose?

A)four,with 5-year transitional periods
B)four
C)five
D)eight

Question 51

__________ refers to the realization that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen,heard or touched.

A)Object permanence
B)Accommodation
C)Assimilation
D)Conservation of mass

Question 52

__________ is the psychosocial strength that a toddler gains if he has learned autonomy.

A)Hope
B)Willpower
C)Care
D)Fidelity

Question 53

Lisa is 4½ years old.Her parents are fiercely competitive and want Lisa to succeed in life.They continually push her toward new goals and achievements while giving her very little time to relish the accomplishments she does make.If this scenario persists,Lisa is in danger of leaving this period in her life with a sense of:

A)mistrust.
B)isolation.
C)guilt.
D)despair.

Question 54

What is the first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A)Preoperational
B)Concrete operational
C)Sensorimotor
D)Formal operational

Question 55

In Erikson's theory,during __________,people develop a sense of who they are and what they are moving toward in their life.

A)adolescence
B)middle childhood
C)early adulthood
D)middle adulthood

Question 56

For Erikson,the major strength to be gained during the nursery or preschool stage of childhood is:

A)hope.
B)purpose.
C)willpower.
D)competence.

Question 57

Between the ages of 6 and 11,children's play becomes more purposeful,and they begin to search for the information required to complete the tasks they set for themselves.This in turn helps them develop a sense of:

A)identity.
B)intimacy.
C)initiative.
D)industry.

Question 58

Piaget argued that a baby's concept of the world is based on:

A)what makes them feel the most pleasure.
B)what they are given.
C)whether or not they find predictability in their environment.
D)what they can touch,taste,or see.

Question 59

For Piaget,children learned about the world primarily due to:

A)the assistance adults gave them.
B)the interaction of peers.
C)their own experiences in testing their ideas about the world.
D)the formal instruction that was given them in a classroom setting.

Question 60

What,in Erikson's psychosocial theory,is the opposite characteristic of generativity?

A)Isolation
B)Despair
C)Stagnation
D)Identity confusion

Question 61

According to Vygotsky,children's cognitive growth depends on:

A)their triumph in understanding a problem on their own.
B)physical maturation and psychological readiness.
C)assimilation and accommodation.
D)their interactions with those around them.

Question 62

Gustavo is trying to tie his shoes.His stubby fingers make it hard to grasp the loops,but his mother patiently waits until he gets the loop set and then assists him pull the lace through.This is an example of Vygotsky's concept of:

A)shaping.
B)intrapsychological processes.
C)the zone of proximal development
D)elementary processes.

Question 63

John Watson's controversial study of "Little Albert" and other children was important because it showed that fears can be:

A)the result of hidden conflicts left over from early childhood.
B)conditioned by pairing negative physical responses with the presence of learned objects.
C)eliminated through the careful use of punishment.
D)inborn and then manifested through manipulation of the environment.

Question 64

Shun is learning to write his name.First,he grabbed the crayon with his fist,but his older brother helped him hold it between his fingers like a chopstick,so Shun was able to form the letters more efficiently.This is an example of __________ processes in development.

A)intrapsychological
B)intrapersonal
C)interpersonal
D)interpsychological

Question 65

For Vygotsky,interpsychological influences on development are based on:

A)self-talk by the child.
B)interactions with parents,teachers,and friends.
C)maturation of cognitive processes.
D)rewarding greater complexity of thought processes.

Question 66

Vygotsky used the term __________ processes for biological contributions to development.

A)proximal
B)elementary
C)ultimate
D)psychosocial

Question 67

Which of the following developmental psychologists emphasized the role of culture in development?

A)Lev Vygotsky
B)Jean Piaget
C)Sigmund Freud
D)James Watson

Question 68

__________ ran the famous experiment pairing the salivary response in dogs with the sound of a bell.

A)Skinner
B)Watson
C)Pavlov
D)Bandura

Question 69

In Vygotsky's perspective,the "most powerful tool" used by humans in the course of intellectual development is:

A)abstract thought.
B)art.
C)written communication.
D)speech.

Question 70

__________ theory is based on computers as a model of cognitive functioning.

A)Operant conditioning
B)Classical conditioning
C)Information-processing
D)Scaffolding

Question 71

The functional influence of __________ processes includes inner speech to guide behavior.

A)intrapsychological
B)intrapersonal
C)interpersonal
D)interpsychological

Question 72

For Vygotsky,intrapsychological influences on development are based on:

A)self-talk by the child.
B)interactions with parents,teachers and friends.
C)maturation of cognitive processes.
D)rewarding greater complexity of thought processes.

Question 73

Which of the following accurately represents the sociocultural framework model of cognitive growth?

A)Children grow cognitively by observation and assimilation.
B)Children's cognitive development is heavily dependent upon the reinforcement and punishment they receive from their environment.
C)Children develop cognitively through interactions with those around them.
D)Cognitive development occurs in stages that are closely tied to maturation.

Question 74

Of the following researchers,who would be most closely aligned with classical conditioning?

A)Pavlov and Watson
B)Pavlov and Skinner
C)Pavlov and Bandura
D)Skinner and Bandura

Question 75

Children are able to be potty-trained,because they have developed control of their anal sphincters as well as matured sufficiently to understand what is being asked of them.According to Vygotsky,this milestone is due to __________ processes.

A)proximal
B)psychosocial
C)elementary
D)psychological

Question 76

Who is credited with discovering the theory of operant conditioning?

A)Piaget
B)Skinner
C)Vygotsky
D)Bandura

Question 77

Vygotsky used the term __________ processes for the sociocultural contributions to development.

A)ultimate
B)psychological
C)immediate
D)psychosocial

Question 78

__________ is based on the concept that involuntary responses can be elicited through a specific learning process.

A)Operant conditioning
B)Observational learning
C)Classical conditioning
D)Modeling

Question 79

__________ refers to what a child can do on their own versus what they can accomplish with the assistance of an adult.

A)The zone of proximal development
B)The preintellectual range
C)The norm or reaction range
D)Shaping

Question 80

For Vygotsky,__________ is the process by which we take what we have observed and incorporate it into our own behaviors.

A)internalization
B)accommodation
C)assimilation
D)scaffolding