Deck 12: Extension C: Personality

Question 1

According to Carl Rogers, a person living in harmony with her or his deepest feelings, impulses, and intuitions is a(n) _____ person.

A)fully-functioning
B)prepotent
C)ideal
D)incongruent

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Self-actualizers tend to do all of the following EXCEPT

A)have a mission or "calling" in life.
B)engage in wishful thinking.
C)trust their own impulses and feelings.
D)be willing to admit they were wrong.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Rogers believed that a person was more likely to become _____ if he or she received ample amounts of love and acceptance from others.

A)an incongruent person
B)a fully functioning person
C)fixated
D)narcissistic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Carl Rogers, an individual who is open to feelings and trusts his or her inner urges is

A)fully-functioning.
B)prepotent.
C)ideal.
D)incongruent.

Question 5

Of the positive personality traits listed below, which was found to be the most strongly associated with life satisfaction?

A)spirituality
B)persistence
C)gratitude
D)appreciation of beauty

Question 6

Seligman and Peterson's study of the six human strengths that contribute to well-being and life satisfaction would be considered a topic of

A)trait-situation interaction.
B)positive psychology.
C)psychodynamic psychology.
D)social learning.

Question 7

Self-actualizers tend to

A)have a mission or "calling" in life.
B)engage in wishful thinking.
C)not be risk-takers, preferring safety or security.
D)be characterized by all of these.

Question 8

Forgiveness, humility, prudence, and self-control describe the human strength, identified by Seligman and Peterson, as

A)temperance.
B)humanity.
C)transcendence.
D)wisdom.

Question 9

Of the positive personality traits listed below, which was found to be the most strongly associated with life satisfaction?

A)spirituality
B)vitality
C)courage
D)appreciation of beauty

Question 10

Which of the following would be POOR advice for a person who wants to lead a self-actualized life?

A)Try to see yourself as others do and be willing to admit you were wrong.
B)Be prepared to be different.
C)Use wishful thinking in dealing with your fears and desires.
D)Actively repeat activities that caused feelings of amazement, reverence, and joy.

Question 11

Rogers believed that a person was more likely to become a fully functioning person if he or she

A)resolved the conflicts of the phallic stage.
B)identified adequately with his/her same sex parent.
C)were exposed to conditions of worth as a child.
D)received ample amounts of love and acceptance from others.

Question 12

Seligman, Peterson, and others have identified six human strengths that contribute to well-being and life satisfaction.These include which of the following?

A)justice
B)temperance
C)transcendence
D)all of these

Question 13

Creativity, curiosity, open-mindness, love of learning, perspective describe the human strength, identified by Seligman and Peterson, as

A)temperance.
B)humanity.
C)transcendence.
D)wisdom and knowledge.

Question 14

Love, kindness, and social intelligence describe the human strength, identified by Seligman and Peterson, as

A)temperance.
B)humanity.
C)transcendence.
D)wisdom.

Question 15

Appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, and spirituality describe the human strength, identified by Seligman and Peterson, as

A)temperance.
B)humanity.
C)transcendence.
D)wisdom.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT part of Maslow's recommendation for self-actualization?

A)Be prepared to take unpopular stands on issues.
B)Set top priority on fulfillment of needs for safety and security.
C)Take personal responsibility for every aspect of your life.
D)Seek peak experiences.

Question 17

Of the positive personality traits listed below, which was found to be the most strongly associated with life satisfaction?

A)curiosity
B)fairness
C)self-control
D)appreciation of excellence

Question 18

In describing personality, Rogers thought _____ was important to the process of becoming fully-functioning.

A)incongruence
B)internal conflict or questioning
C)inner harmony
D)conformity

Question 19

Wisdom and knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence are the six human strengths that

A)make up Rogers' conditions of worth.
B)make up Maslow's hierarchy of needs model.
C)contribute to well-being and life satisfaction.
D)lead to the development of the ideal self.

Question 20

Which of the following would be POOR advice for a person who wants to lead a self-actualized life?

A)Examine your motives.
B)Judge your progress by the standards of others.
C)Take responsibility for every aspect of your life.
D)Get involved and commit to a "calling" in life.

Question 21

Rogers and other humanistic theorists believe that some psychological disorders are caused by

A)fixation.
B)a overly strict superego.
C)a faulty or incongruent self-image.
D)a failure to reach self-actualization.

Question 22

From the perspective of Carl Rogers, adults who are having adjustment problems are probably

A)lacking in the potential for self-actualization.
B)experiencing a discrepancy between their self-image and their ideal self.
C)lacking in development of a superego.
D)fixated at an immature level of development.

Question 23

According to humanistic psychologists, to be happy, we need to feel that our behavior accurately expresses who we are that is _____ is vital for healthy functioning.

A)being authentic
B)incongruence
C)fixation
D)experiencing conditions of worth

Question 24

According to Rogers, if a person fails to allow new information to gradually change his or her self-image, the person is likely to become

A)fixated.
B)actualized.
C)incongruent.
D)androgynous.

Question 25

According to Rogers, the total subjective perception of one's body and personality is called the

A)self-image.
B)ideal self.
C)possible selves.
D)organismic values.

Question 26

Marla believes herself to be hardworking, conscientious, and a team player, but when she received her job evaluations from her employer and peers she was shocked to learn that she was not viewed as hardworking or as a team player.According to Rogers, Marla is experiencing

A)organismic valuing.
B)moral anxiety.
C)neurotic anxiety.
D)incongruence.

Question 27

Rogers described mismatches between one's self-image and reality as a state of

A)moral anxiety.
B)incongruence.
C)basic anxiety.
D)negative symbolization.

Question 28

Rogers emphasized that to maximize our potentials, we must

A)block, deny, or distort experiences that are threatening to our self-image.
B)experience conditions of worth.
C)be true to ourselves even if we have to ignore the feelings of others.
D)accept information about ourselves as honestly as possible.

Question 29

Rogers calls the image of the person you would like to be the

A)ego ideal.
B)self archetype.
C)ideal self.
D)reinforced self.

Question 30

According to Carl Rogers, a very unrealistic self-image is characteristic of the

A)phenomenal field.
B)incongruent person.
C)self archetype.
D)oral-dependent person.

Question 31

Petra is a college freshmen, who wants to be a clinical psychologist someday.According to Rogers, this dream of becoming a clinical psychology represents Petra's

A)self-actualized state.
B)ideal self.
C)condition of worth.
D)postulated self-image.

Question 32

Greg is in a drug rehabilitation program and is looking forward to the day he will be "drug free" and can reconcile with his family.According to Rogers, Greg's view of himself as "drug free" and trusted by his family would be referred to as his

A)self-actualized state.
B)ideal self.
C)condition of worth.
D)postulated self-image.

Question 33

According to Rogers, the self is

A)unimportant to the understanding of personality.
B)an idealized image of oneself.
C)a flexible and changing perception of personal identity.
D)a permanent, unified conception of identity.

Question 34

Rogers stated that if one's self-image did not match one's ideal self that a state of _____ would occur.

A)basic anxiety
B)incongruence
C)moral anxiety
D)negative symbolization

Question 35

According to humanistic psychologists, being authentic means

A)that the person is incongruent.
B)feeling that your behavior accurately expresses who you are.
C)you can do whatever you want, including ignoring the feelings of others.
D)you have experienced conditions of worth.

Question 36

Rogers's ideal self is similar to Freud's concept of

A)libido.
B)ego ideal.
C)eros.
D)thanatos.

Question 37

Terri believes that she is a person who "never gets angry," when, in reality, she spends much of each day seething with anger inside.Rogers would say that Terri is experiencing

A)incongruence.
B)moral anxiety.
C)neurotic anxiety.
D)organismic valuing.

Question 38

Researchers have found that people with a close match between their _____ and _____ tend to be socially poised, confident, and resourceful, while those that have a poor match are depressed, anxious, and insecure.

A)self-image and ideal self
B)id and ego
C)ego ideal and conscience
D)psychosexual stages and psychosocial stages

Question 39

Experiences that are seriously incongruent with the self-image

A)are actively sought by most people.
B)are often distorted or blocked.
C)lead to peak experiences.
D)are remembered in vivid detail.

Question 40

A key element of Carl Rogers' personality theory is the concept of

A)meta-needs.
B)the self-image.
C)self-reinforcement.
D)the pleasure principle.

Question 41

Josh has taken his sister Carol's favorite doll and scribbled all over the doll with a magic marker.Carol tells her brother that she hates him and pushes him to the floor.Carol's mother gets angry with Carol and tells her that "only bad people hate their brothers" and makes Carol kiss her little brother.According to Rogers, Carol may have difficulties dealing with her feelings of anger in the future because of

A)organismic valuing.
B)conditions of worth.
C)congruence.
D)androgyny.

Question 42

According to Rogers, unshakable love and approval given without qualification is known as

A)conditions of worth.
B)unconditional positive regard.
C)overindulgence.
D)self-actualization.

Question 43

Carl Rogers believed that a person experiencing adjustment problems is probably

A)lacking in the potential for self-actualization.
B)too much influenced by the standards of others.
C)lacking in development of a superego.
D)fixated at an immature level of development.

Question 44

When a person is "prized" as worthwhile for just being him or herself, without any conditions or strings attached, that person has received, according to Rogers

A)conditions of worth.
B)unconditional positive regard.
C)overindulgence.
D)self-actualization.

Question 45

When a child is told by his parents that he is wrong to feel angry toward a brother or sister even when the anger is justified, the child has experienced what Rogers called

A)ego ideals.
B)conditions of worth.
C)organismic valuing.
D)possible selves.

Question 46

Parents who help their children to understand and deal effectively with emotions, such as anger and jealousy, while giving their children unconditional positive regard are more likely to have children who grow up to

A)use organismic valuing.
B)use conditions of worth.
C)be incongruent.
D)be fixated.

Question 47

Rogers refers to internal standards of evaluation based on the approval or rejection of others as

A)ego ideals.
B)conditions of worth.
C)organismic valuing.
D)possible selves.

Question 48

Jacob has the unshakable love and approval of his parents.According to Rogers, Jacob is

A)less likely to develop organismic valuing because of a lack of discipline.
B)receiving conditions of worth from this parents.
C)being overindulged by his parents and will become arrogant and selfish.
D)receiving unconditional positive regard from his parents.

Question 49

Dalton is six years old and is told by his father on several occasions that "big boys don't cry" and boys should not show fear.In these instances, Dalton is experiencing what Rogers called

A)ego ideals.
B)organismic valuing.
C)conditions of worth.
D)possible selves.

Question 50

Carl Rogers believed that many adult emotional problems occurred because of

A)androgyny.
B)congruence.
C)organismic valuing.
D)conditions of worth.

Question 51

Rogers believed that congruence and self-actualization are encouraged by replacing conditions of worth with

A)organismic valuing.
B)possible selves.
C)the real self.
D)incongruence.

Question 52

According to humanistic therapists, we are more likely to move toward _____ if we receive affirmation and support from a close partner.

A)conditions of worth
B)our ideal selves
C)a state of incongruence
D)the development of a superego

Question 53

The development of the self-image

A)depends greatly on information from the environment.
B)begins with a sorting of perceptions and feelings.
C)includes self-evaluations of whether "I am a good person."
D)involves all of these.

Question 54

According to Rogers, _____ is the natural, undistorted, full-body reaction to an experience that avoids the filtering and distortion of incongruence.

A)self-reinforcement
B)striving for superiority
C)self-actualization
D)organismic valuing

Question 55

Rogers believed that positive and negative evaluations by others, especially the parents, cause children to develop internal standards of evaluation called

A)organismic valuing.
B)ego ideals.
C)conditions of worth.
D)possible selves.

Question 56

"As a rule of thumb, growth-promoting activities usually feel good." This statement is compatible with which of Carl Rogers's concepts?

A)self-reinforcement
B)striving for superiority
C)the style of life
D)organismic valuing

Question 57

To think of oneself as being a good, lovable, worthwhile person is an example of

A)positive self-regard.
B)the ideal self.
C)narcissism.
D)incongruence.

Question 58

Parents who help their children to understand and deal effectively with emotions, such as anger or jealousy, while giving their children _____ are more likely to have children who grow up to use organismic valuing.

A)conditions of worth
B)unconditional positive regard
C)overindulgence
D)self-actualization

Question 59

According to Rogers, mirrors, photographs, video cameras, and the reactions of others hold both fascination and threat for many people because they

A)are inaccurate images of the persons we are, such as smiling on the outside, but crying on the inside.
B)provide information about one's self.
C)represent the possible selves in our lives, those we are and those we could be.
D)allow the selfish and arrogant side of our personality to surface.

Question 60

According to Rogers, conditions of worth often lead to a denial of one's true feelings and experiences, which prevent a person from developing a(n)

A)positive self-regard.
B)conscience.
C)ego ideal.
D)ideal self.

Question 61

Hazel Markus and Paula Nurius believe that each of us harbors images of people we would most like to become and images of people we do not want to become.They called these images

A)possible selves.
B)ego ideals.
C)ego potentials.
D)organismic values.

Question 62

Marisa feels that she is being too careless and carefree at college, so she imagines herself studying more, getting to class on time, and getting good grades.Marisa also listens to the stories of successful students and using them to revise her own story.Marisa is using the _____ approach to personality to help her to become a better student.

A)personal fable
B)narrative
C)projective
D)situation test

Question 63

Which of the following theories has made the best effort to rigorously test and verify their ideas?

A)psychoanalytic
B)behaviorist
C)trait
D)humanist

Question 64

Asma feels that she is being too conscientious and is working too hard at school at the expense of having any fun.Although she still wants to make good grades, she wants to balance work and play better.So, she listens to stories of her extraverted friends and imagines herself going out and socializing more while still being a good student.Asma is using the _____ approach to personality to help her to become more sociable and to have fun.

A)narrative
B)personal fable
C)projective
D)situation test

Question 65

Narratives may underlie successful therapy because effective therapists

A)use these fantasies or daydreams to help clients to relax.
B)use these fantasies or daydreams to help clients to see that their current "self" is better in contrast to any other possible selves.
C)help clients tell better stories about their lives rather than trying to change personality traits.
D)teach their clients in a narrative form much like an instructor teaches his or her students.

Question 66

Many of the personality tests used by clinical psychologists are based on the _____ theories.

A)psychoanalytic
B)behaviorist
C)trait
D)humanist

Question 67

Regarding the malleability of traits, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In general, our personality traits are relatively stable life-long characteristics.
B)Personality traits do slowly change as we age.
C)We tend to become more extroverted and open to experience as we grow older.
D)We can shape our personality by the stories we tell about ourselves.

Question 68

According to your textbook, the best way to judge a theory is by its

A)truthfulness.
B)usefulness.
C)concreteness.
D)literary value.

Question 69

Yancy wants to become a famous artist and sculptor, but he does not want to be poverty-stricken.So, Yancy decides to get an art education degree so he can support himself while he works on his creations.Markus and Nurius would say that Yancy's decision was based on an exploration of his

A)ego ideals.
B)actualized potentials.
C)conditions of worth.
D)possible selves.

Question 70

You are using the narrative approach.Whatever possible self you choose to pursue, you are more likely to become what you imagine if you

A)elaborate your story, making it more detailed and "real" as you gradually adopt new patterns.
B)find a role model completely opposite of your personality to identify with and to imitate.
C)remind yourself that this approach will dramatically change your personality traits, so be sure that you want to change.
D)remind yourself to be patient since it will take at least two years before a significant change can be made in one's personality.

Question 71

Critics of psychoanalytic personality theory note its failure to

A)be able to predict future behavior.
B)provide a role for biological instincts in personality development.
C)explain psychological events after they have occurred.
D)emphasize the importance of human sexuality.

Question 72

Regarding how students approach college life, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)College life creates a conflict between new opportunities for fun with friends and the need to study hard.
B)A student high in the Big Five traits of extraversion and agreeableness will tend to embrace the carefree college lifestyle.
C)A student high in conscientiousness will find it easier to study hard.
D)Personality traits are so stable that if a person is a carefree party animal or a bookwork, these patterns cannot be changed.

Question 73

The role "possible selves" play in our lives is to

A)provide a basis for comparing self-image and true self.
B)give us models for identification.
C)direct our behavior toward an imagined future.
D)remind us that all things are always possible.

Question 74

_____ translate our hopes, fears, fantasies, and goals into specific images of who we could be.

A)Possible selves
B)Ego ideals
C)Actualized potentials
D)Conditions of worth

Question 75

Regarding traits and trait theories, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Traits are very useful for describing and comparing personalities.
B)Many of the personality tests used by clinical psychologists are based on trait theories.
C)Traits theories help to explain and understand the unconscious nature of our personalities.
D)Traits theories tend to have a circular quality.

Question 76

Weaknesses of the psychoanalytic theory of personality include which of the following?

A)It seems to exaggerate the impact of sexuality and biological instincts.
B)It offers little help in predicting behavior.
C)Many psychoanalytic concepts are difficult or impossible to test scientifically.
D)All of these are weaknesses of psychoanalytic theory.

Question 77

The _____ approach to personality asserts that our personalities are shaped by the stories we tell about ourselves.

A)personal fable
B)narrative
C)projective
D)situation test

Question 78

Sue is about ten pounds over her ideal weight and has decided to go on a diet.In her mind, she has an image of herself as a slim person, wearing all the latest fashions if she maintains the diet as well as an image of herself becoming grossly obese if she goes "off" the diet.These two images represent her

A)ego ideals.
B)actualized potentials.
C)conditions of worth.
D)possible selves.

Question 79

In evaluating a new theory, a psychologist asks the questions "Does the theory adequately explain behavior? Does the theory stimulate new research? Does the theory suggest how to treat psychological disorders?" This psychologist is judging this theory by its

A)truthfulness.
B)usefulness.
C)concreteness.
D)reliability.

Question 80

Regarding the malleability of traits, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)In general, our personality traits are relatively stable life-long characteristics.
B)We can shape our personality by the stories we tell about ourselves.
C)We tend to become more agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable as we grow older.
D)All of these statements are true.