Deck 9: Extension B: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Question 1

When you made a poor grade on history in high school, you made sure you read the chapters twice before taking the next test.Although this strategy has NOT worked in college, you continue this INEFFECTIVE strategy, disregarding the instructor's study advice.Your continued poor performance on tests is due to

A)disjunctive thinking.
B)fixation.
C)consolidation.
D)functional incubation.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If you have ever been without a screwdriver and took a dime out of your pocket and used it to loosen a screw, then you did not let _____ be a barrier to your thinking.

A)animism
B)functional fixedness
C)inhibition
D)disjunctive thinking

Answer 2

B

Question 3

More American college students than Chinese students were able to solve the cave problem by recalling the "Hansel and Gretel story," while more Chinese students than American students solved the statue's weight problem by recalling the "weighing the elephant" fable.These differing percentages illustrate that.our ability to use _____ to solve problems is related to cultural differences, such as the fables and stories told to our children as they are growing up.

A)selective encoding.
B)selective combination.
C)selective comparison.
D)selective algorithms.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A student uses a Chinese fable about how villagers were able to weigh an elephant to solve the problem regarding how much gold would match a statue's weight without using a balance scale.The student is using

A)selective intuition.
B)selective comparison.
C)selective combination.
D)selective encoding.

Question 5

Fixation occurs when we

A)get "hung up" on wrong solutions.
B)become blind to alternatives.
C)place unnecessary restrictions on our thinking.
D)do any of these.

Question 6

While reading a book about Sigmund Freud, you come upon the term psychosomatic.You cannot quite figure out the meaning of the word from the context in which it is used, and so you bring to mind your rudimentary knowledge of the parts of the word.You know that psycho has to do with the mind or with thinking, and you also know that somatic has to do with the body.Looking back at the book, you come to the conclusion that psychosomatic has to do with the mind's influence on one's physical state.You have just relied on selective

A)attention.
B)encoding.
C)comparison.
D)solving strategies.

Question 7

A truck gets stuck under a bridge.Several tow trucks are unable to pull it out.At last a little boy walks up and asks the red-faced adults trying to free the truck why they haven't let the air out of the truck's tires.Their oversight was due to

A)divergent thinking.
B)functional incubation.
C)synesthesia.
D)fixation.

Question 8

Fixedness is related to which of Sternberg and Davidson's abilities involved in insight?

A)selective attention
B)selective comparison
C)selective encoding
D)selective combination

Question 9

One of the most important barriers to problem-solving that involves the tendency to get "hung up" on wrong solutions or become blind to alternatives is called

A)inhibition.
B)fixation.
C)conditional thinking.
D)incubation.

Question 10

Concerning the candle problem presented in your textbook, students who saw the box in which the materials were presented as only a container rather than as a part of the solution were exhibiting _____ regarding the box.

A)mental consolidation
B)functional fixedness
C)retroactive interference
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 11

You are asked to plant four small trees so that each is an equal distance from all the others.If you believe that the trees all have to be planted on level ground, you are exhibiting _____ and will be unable to correctly answer this problem.

A)disjunctive thinking
B)fixation
C)consolidation
D)functional incubation

Question 12

That people use fables and stories from their particular culture to solve new problems, such as using the Hansel and Gretel story to solve the cave problem in your textbook, illustrates the use of

A)selective intuition.
B)selective comparison.
C)selective combination.
D)selective encoding.

Question 13

You are trying to determine which of two terms is related to identical twins.You see "monozygotic" and "dizygotic.You remember that a zygote is formed from one egg and one sperm and that "mono" means one and "di" means two.Identical twins would have to result from the same egg and the same sperm, thus one zygote.Using old information to derive the meaning of "monozygotic"and "dizygotic" illustrates the use of

A)selective comparison.
B)selective attention.
C)selective combination.
D)selective encoding.

Question 14

You are given the problem of building a structure that can support an overcoat in the middle of a room and are given only two long sticks and a clamp to work with.You are more likely to solve this problem if you first thought of how pole lamps are wedged between floor and ceiling.Using your previous knowledge of pole lamps to solve the coat rack problem is an example of

A)selective comparison.
B)selective attention.
C)selective combination.
D)selective encoding.

Question 15

A person who gets "hung up" on using a familiar object only in one certain way is exhibiting

A)cultural barriers.
B)functional fixedness.
C)emotional barriers.
D)myopia.

Question 16

A subject who fails to see that the old doorknob in the box could be used as a weight to hang on the balance scale is exhibiting _____ in trying to solve the problem of weighing objects.

A)inductive thought
B)functional fixedness
C)a failure of short-term memory
D)disjunctive thinking

Question 17

The inability to see new uses for familiar objects is termed

A)disjunctive thinking.
B)functional fixedness.
C)proactive inhibition.
D)retroactive interference.

Question 18

Which of the following could enhance your selective comparison ability and aid you in becoming a more flexible and resourceful thinker?

A)increasing one's ability to utilize functional fixedness
B)increasing one's use of algorithms
C)increasing one's knowledge about other cultures
D)all of these

Question 19

Fixation is

A)also known as conditional thinking.
B)a way of using insight to solve a problem.
C)a mnemonic device.
D)a barrier to problem solving.

Question 20

Claudia's failure to see that a trash bag would make an excellent makeshift raincoat is an example of

A)mental consolidation.
B)retroactive interference.
C)functional fixedness.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 21

You tell your parents about the "funny stories" that your psychology teacher uses to explain various concepts and theories.Your parents respond that they are not sending you to college to hear "funny stories" and that the teacher should lecture on the subject like when they went to college.Which barrier to creative thinking would your parents' comment BEST fit?

A)emotional barrier
B)cultural barrier
C)learned barrier
D)perceptual barrier

Question 22

The professor asks a general question of the class, and although you think you might know the answer, you don't raise your hand to answer because you're afraid that if you're wrong, the other students might laugh at you.You are experiencing a(n) _____ barrier to problem-solving.

A)cultural
B)learned
C)perceptual
D)emotional

Question 23

Common mental blocks that can hinder problem-solving include

A)cultural barriers.
B)emotional barriers.
C)perceptual barriers.
D)all of these.

Question 24

In an example from your textbook, subjects were exposed to the following problem: A $5 bill is placed on a table and a stack of objects is balanced precariously on top of the bill.The problem is to remove the $5 bill without touching or moving any of the objects on top of it.The best solution to this problem involves tearing the money.People who fail to solve this problem because they were taught that it is "taboo" to destroy "things of value" are probably experiencing a(n) _____ barrier to problem-solving.

A)pragmatic
B)learned
C)perceptual
D)emotional

Question 25

When tested with the candle problem presented in your textbook, five-year-old children showed no signs of functional fixedness because they _____ than the adults.

A)could visualize the problem better
B)could physically manipulate the objects with more dexterity
C)had less experience with the use of the various objects
D)had more experience with the use of the various objects

Question 26

One barrier to the use of group learning in the American classrooms is the view by some parents and teachers that students should strive for independence and self-sufficiency in their learning and illustrates a(n) _____ barrier to the use of group learning.

A)emotional barrier.
B)learned barrier.
C)cultural barrier.
D)perceptual barrier.

Question 27

A mental block to creative thinking that involves fear of making a mistake or excessive self-criticism is called a(n)

A)perceptual set.
B)emotional barrier.
C)conceptual block.
D)functional fixedness.

Question 28

A beginning artist concentrates on drawing a vase of flowers without seeing that the "empty" spaces around the vase are part of the composition, too.This illustrates which barrier to problem-solving?

A)emotional
B)cultural
C)learned
D)perceptual

Question 29

One of the ways we could avoid fixations in problem-solving would be to

A)visualize the solution rather than physically moving items around.
B)physically interact with aspects of the problem rather than deal with them intellectually.
C)focus on the first solution that comes to mind.
D)take a more flexible approach in categorizing the world.

Question 30

Functional fixedness, or conventions about uses or meanings, fall under the category of _____ barriers to problem solving.

A)cultural
B)learned
C)perceptual
D)emotional

Question 31

Because psychology students tend to define "negative" as "bad," students often incorrectly define "negative reinforcement" as a punishment.This illustrates the _____ barrier to problem-solving.

A)emotional
B)cultural
C)learned
D)perceptual

Question 32

Habits that lead to a failure to identify important elements of a problem are referred to as _____ barriers to problem-solving.

A)emotional
B)cultural
C)learned
D)perceptual

Question 33

Often when children are first introduced to mathematical word problems, they begin adding the two numbers listed within the problem rather than paying attention to the most important part of the problem, which asks "How many will you have LEFT?" This illustrates the _____ barrier to problem solving.

A)perceptual
B)cultural
C)learned
D)emotional

Question 34

Learned barriers to problem-solving would include

A)excessive self-criticism.
B)taboos.
C)inability to tolerate ambiguity.
D)an active fantasy life.

Question 35

You are working on a group project with three other students, who appear to already be friends.You have some suggestions you would like to make, but decide to just follow the other members' ideas, because you do not believe your ideas would be accepted.This illustrates the _____ barrier to creative thinking.

A)emotional
B)cultural
C)learned
D)perceptual

Question 36

Beliefs, such as "fantasy and playfulness are only for children", can interfere with problem-solving and are called _____ barriers.

A)cultural
B)learned
C)perceptual
D)emotional

Question 37

An example of a cultural barrier to creative problem-solving would be

A)fear of making a fool of oneself.
B)when values or norms prevent a new approach.
C)the inability to see new uses for familiar objects.
D)habits that prevent looking at another aspect of the problem.

Question 38

The fear of making a fool of yourself or of making a mistake is a(n) _____ barrier to problem-solving.

A)cultural
B)learned
C)perceptual
D)emotional

Question 39

A cook does not have any clean mixing bowls and fails to see that he could use a frying pan as a bowl.This illustrates which barrier to problem-solving?

A)emotional
B)cultural
C)learned
D)perceptual

Question 40

A student concentrates so much on the information to be put on her powerpoint slide that she fails to note the need to use contrast for easy visibility of the text.This illustrates the _____ barrier to constructing an effective powerpoint presentation.

A)emotional
B)cultural
C)learned
D)perceptual

Question 41

If you know that your best friend is allergic to shellfish, you know that she is allergic to clams, oysters, shrimp, and lobster.Going from this general statement of allergy to shellfish to specific examples of this allergy illustrates

A)deductive thought.
B)inductive thought.
C)intuitive thought.
D)creative thought.

Question 42

Intuitive thinking illustrates _____ thought, while thinking that is _____ proceeds from given information to new conclusions on the basis of explicit rules.

A)convergent; divergent
B)divergent; illogical
C)illogical; logical
D)logical; illogical

Question 43

Jimmy has a feeling about a horse named Surf and Turf in the Kentucky Derby.While the horse is a long shot to win the race, Jimmy somehow knows Surf and Turf is going to win.He decides to make a substantial wager on the race.Which type of thinking is Jimmy using to make his decision?

A)illogical
B)divergent
C)algorithmic
D)creative

Question 44

_____ is thinking that applies a general set of rules to specific situations; for example, using the laws of gravity to predict the behavior of a single falling object.

A)Deductive thought
B)Inductive thought
C)Intuitive thought
D)Creative thought

Question 45

Sarah uses explicit rules and develops a new conclusion from the information that is given to her to solve a complex math problem.Sarah is said to be using _____ thought.

A)divergent
B)logical
C)creative
D)illogical

Question 46

If you know that your best friend is allergic to clams, oysters, shrimp, and lobster, you know that she is allergic to shellfish.Going from these specific instances of allergy to a general statement that covers all situations illustrates

A)deductive thought.
B)inductive thought.
C)intuitive thought.
D)creative thought.

Question 47

Going from specific facts or observations to general principles is called

A)creative thought.
B)deductive thought.
C)illogical thought.
D)inductive thought.

Question 48

On a creativity test, you are asked to list all the uses of a paper clip.The number of times that you shift from one class of possible uses to another, such as shifting from "jewelry" uses to "electronic" uses would constitute your _____ score.

A)flexibility
B)fluency
C)originality
D)novelty

Question 49

Fluency, flexibility, and originality are all measures of

A)inductive thinking.
B)selective comparison.
C)intuitive framing.
D)creative thinking.

Question 50

Mozart produced more than 600 pieces of music, Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets, and Salvador Dali created more than 1500 works of art.This outpouring of ideas represents these creative geniuses

A)flexibility.
B)fluency.
C)originality.
D)novelty.

Question 51

On a creativity test, you are asked to list all the uses of a paper clip.Your total number of suggestions would be your _____ score.

A)flexibility
B)fluency
C)originality
D)novelty

Question 52

Drawing conclusions on the basis of formal principles of reasoning is termed

A)inductive thought.
B)deductive thought.
C)logical thought.
D)illogical thought.

Question 53

_____ is thinking in which a general rule or principle is gathered from a series of specific examples, for instance, inferring the laws of gravity by observing many falling objects.

A)Deductive thought
B)Inductive thought
C)Intuitive thought
D)Creative thought

Question 54

Sometimes students are so intent on meeting the page minimum requirement on a term paper that they fail to include the other important requirements for this paper.These students are exhibiting which barrier to problem-solving?

A)pragmatic
B)learned
C)perceptual
D)emotional

Question 55

Which of the following processes separates creative thinking from noncreative thinking?

A)inductive and deductive reasoning
B)fluency, flexibility, and originality
C)logical thinking
D)understanding, insight, and problem-solving

Question 56

Going from general principles to specific situations is called

A)creative thought.
B)deductive thought.
C)illogical thought.
D)inductive thought.

Question 57

Thought that is intuitive, haphazard, or personal is termed

A)inductive thought.
B)deductive thought.
C)logical thought.
D)illogical thought.

Question 58

Using reason as opposed to intuition in making a decision would be considered

A)inductive thought.
B)deductive thought.
C)logical thought.
D)illogical thought.

Question 59

In tests of creativity, _____ is indicated by the number of different types of solutions produced.

A)fluency
B)flexibility
C)originality
D)convergent thought

Question 60

Thought that is based on emotion rather than reasoning would be considered

A)inductive thought.
B)deductive thought.
C)logical thought.
D)illogical thought.

Question 61

When you are asked to solve an arithmetic problem or to name the current president of the United States, you are using

A)divergent thinking.
B)convergent thinking.
C)intuitive thinking.
D)transformational thinking.

Question 62

Which of the following is usually associated with creativity?

A)convergent thinking
B)divergent thinking
C)modeling
D)syntax

Question 63

Thinking that is directed toward the discovery of a single established correct answer is known as _____ thinking.

A)deductive
B)convergent
C)divergent
D)intuitive

Question 64

Creativity is best measured by looking at how one thinks

A)divergently.
B)convergently.
C)intuitively.
D)through syllogisms.

Question 65

Which of the following would be considered a creativity test?

A)Unusual Uses Test
B)Anagrams Test
C)Consequences Test
D)All of these are considered creativity tests.

Question 66

Scores on the Rorschach ink blot test include a consideration of how unusual a person's responses are.This aspect of the test is similar to a measure of creativity known as

A)fluency.
B)flexibility.
C)originality.
D)logic.

Question 67

Another name for conventional thinking is _____ thinking.

A)illogical
B)divergent
C)convergent
D)intuitive

Question 68

_____ refers to the novelty of solutions produced on a creativity test.

A)Fluency
B)Originality
C)Flexibility
D)Convergent thought

Question 69

If a test question asks you to name the most common use for a pencil, you would use _____ thinking to derive the correct answer, while _____ thinking would be used to derive as many uses for a pencil as you could think about.

A)intuitive; deductive
B)deductive; intuitive
C)convergent; divergent
D)divergent; convergent

Question 70

On a creativity test, you are asked to list all the uses of a paper clip.The more unusual or novel your answers the higher will be your _____ score.

A)flexibility
B)fluency
C)originality
D)elaboration

Question 71

When you are asked to make as many new words as possible by rearranging the letters in the word intelligence, you are using

A)divergent thinking.
B)convergent thinking.
C)algorithmic thinking.
D)denotative thought.

Question 72

Rather than repeating learned solutions, _____ thinking produces new answers, ideas, or patterns.

A)intuitive
B)deductive
C)creative
D)inductive

Question 73

Thinking that produces many ideas or alternatives is referred to as _____ thinking, while thinking that is directed toward a single established correct answer is called _____ thinking.

A)intuitive; deductive
B)deductive; intuitive
C)convergent; divergent
D)divergent; convergent

Question 74

Fluency, flexibility, and originality would be LEAST characteristic of which type of thought?

A)divergent thinking
B)algorithmic problem-solving
C)creative problem-solving
D)brainstorming

Question 75

Kris does poorly on factual tests in history and on the solution to math problems, but she excels on open-ended essays and thought questions.Kris is better at _____ than she is at _____.

A)syllogisms; concept formation
B)verification; incubation
C)divergent thought; convergent thought
D)denotative thinking; connotative thinking

Question 76

By counting the number of times you show fluency, flexibility, and originality, we could rate your creativity, or your capacity for _____ thinking.

A)inductive
B)deductive
C)convergent
D)divergent

Question 77

_____ thought is best measured by how one thinks divergently.

A)Logical
B)Creative
C)Inductive
D)Deductive

Question 78

In test of creativity, _____ is indicated by the total number of solutions, while _____ is indicated by the number of different types of solutions produced.

A)flexibility; fluency
B)fluency; flexibility
C)originality; elaboration
D)elaboration; originality

Question 79

Thinking in which many possibilities are developed from one starting place is called

A)deductive.
B)convergent.
C)divergent.
D)intuitive.

Question 80

In routine problem-solving or thinking, there is one correct answer, and the problem is to find it.This leads to _____ thinking.

A)deductive
B)convergent
C)divergent
D)intuitive