Deck 8: Extension C: Memory

Question 1

Which of the following would be the most important factor to use in deciding whether to use whole learning or part learning in memorizing a poem or a selection of music?

A)the age and gender of the person
B)the intellectual level of the person
C)the number of days before the person must perform the poem or musical selection.
D)the length and complexity of the selection.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When learning information that is in some type of order, such as Erikson's psychosocial stages, one needs to be aware of

A)encoding specificity principle.
B)the serial position effect.
C)rapid onset interference.
D)spaced practice.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When learning complex information that is quite lengthy, it is best to break the learning sessions into a series of short sessions.This memory strategy is called

A)whole learning.
B)serial positioning.
C)partial encoding.
D)the progressive part method.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When deciding whether to use the whole or part approach to learning a long poem, it is best to

A)always use the part approach in learning a long passage.
B)remember that the serial position effect tends to occur most often when using the part approach.
C)remember to study the largest meaningful amount of information you can at one time.
D)utilize maintenance rehearsal regardless of whether the whole or part approach is used.

Question 5

Jamilla is learning her lines for the play.First, she learns half of scene one.Once it is mastered, she studies the second half of scene one.She then goes back and recites her lines for all of scene one.Once this is mastered, Jamilla starts learning the first half of scene two and so on, always starting at the beginning of the play, once she has mastered each small part.After the whole play is learned, Jamilla also practices by starting at different points in the play.This will help prevent getting "lost" or going blank in the middle of the performance.Jamilla is using _____ to learn her lines for the play.

A)whole learning
B)serial positioning
C)partial encoding
D)the progressive-part method

Question 6

Which part of a list is most difficult to remember and, thus, requires additional practice?

A)beginning
B)middle
C)end
D)all parts are of equal difficulty

Question 7

If you have learned material by trying to associate it with other concepts, you are using _____ to aid your recall.

A)memory cues
B)implicit organization
C)the serial position effect
D)overlearning

Question 8

When memorizing a list of 20 names, concentrating more on the eighth name through the fourteenth name is an example of being aware of

A)rehearsal.
B)strategy.
C)the serial-position effect.
D)part-learning.

Question 9

You are introduced to a long list of people at a party.In order to correctly remember all of your new friends' names, you should devote extra attention to those

A)introduced in the middle.
B)introduced at the end.
C)introduced at the beginning.
D)with the most common names.

Question 10

Memory cues are defined as

A)mechanisms that interfere with memory formation.
B)stimuli that aid retrieval.
C)distracter stimuli that are present during encoding.
D)none of these.

Question 11

If you need to memorize a short five-minute speech to be delivered next week, it is best to

A)practice the whole speech rather than smaller parts.
B)memorize the speech, sentence by sentence.
C)practice only one or two parts of the speech at one study time.
D)go through the speech once and then wing it!

Question 12

Effective strategies for improving memory encoding include

A)organizing the information to be retained.
B)studying for long uninterrupted periods.
C)underlining a lot of details in your text so that you can retain everything.
D)using all of these strategies in combination.

Question 13

In comparing whole and part learning,

A)part learning is better for fairly short, organized information.
B)whole learning is better for long, complicated information.
C)the progressive-part method is a good way to learn lines in a play, a poem, or a musical piece.
D)all of these statements are true.

Question 14

Regarding whole, part, and progressive-part learning, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Part learning is better for extremely long, complicated information.
B)Whole learning is better for fairly short, organized information.
C)After material is learned using the progressive-part method, one should also practice by starting at points other than at the beginning.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 15

When breaking long lists of information into sub-lists, make the _____ sub-lists the shortest of all.

A)first
B)middle
C)last
D)beginning progressive part

Question 16

Organizing and summarizing material to be remembered works because it

A)makes sensory memory more efficient.
B)frees up the serial processing resources involved in memory.
C)leads to better encoding of the information.
D)facilitates state-dependent memory.

Question 17

A common error made by college students is

A)marking too much in their textbooks.
B)using recitation.
C)overlearning.
D)looking at their errors after a test is graded.

Question 18

Part learning is superior

A)in all cases.
B)for extremely long, complicated information.
C)only if the information is not very meaningful.
D)because it is a form of feedback.

Question 19

Students in one study had the task of trying to recall a list of 600 words.As they read the list, the students were asked to write down three other words closely related in meaning to each listed word.In a test given later, the words each student supplied were used as the memory cues to jog memory.The students recalled _____ percent of the original list of 600 words using the cues.

A)20
B)45
C)65
D)90

Question 20

You have to memorize the following list of words: north, red, spring, east, autumn, yellow, summer, blue, west, winter, green, and south.It will be easier to remember these words if you arrange them into chunks, such as north-east-south-west (directions), spring-summer- autumn-winter (seasons); and red-yellow-green-blue (colors).You are using which strategy to improve your memory?

A)recitation
B)rehearsal
C)serial position
D)organization

Question 21

Knowledge of results can be an especially important way of improving memory because it

A)identifies material needing additional practice.
B)teaches speed-reading and processing.
C)provides a protection against interference.
D)changes sensory memory.

Question 22

The best way to make use of spaced practice is to

A)schedule your time.
B)use the progressive-whole method.
C)sleep less.
D)utilize the cognitive interview method.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a good strategy to improve memory?

A)overlearning
B)massed practice
C)organization
D)review

Question 24

In an experiment examining the memory effects of recitation (Gates, 1959), it was found that those students with the highest memory scores had spent _____ percent of their time reciting and _____ of their time reading.

A)80; 20
B)70; 30
C)50; 50
D)30; 70

Question 25

Which of the following statements would be considered good advice to improve memory for your college studies?

A)Once you have learned material well enough to remember it once without error, you should stop studying to prevent overlearning the material.
B)Use massed practice to study for a test.
C)It is best to take a test on an empty stomach in order to prevent an upset stomach.
D)Use recitation as you study to practice retrieving information.

Question 26

As Morgan studies her psychology notes, she tries to use the new terms in several sentences and to form images that include the new information.Morgan is trying to knit meaningful _____ into her memory code to help her retrieve this information when she needs it.

A)icons
B)engrams
C)memory cues
D)operants

Question 27

When reviewing information prior to an exam, it is important to

A)hold the amount of new material to a minimum.
B)only review new (unstudied) material.
C)memorize a large amount of new material.
D)mass practice so you drill it into your head.

Question 28

_____ refers to summarizing aloud while you are learning.

A)Recitation
B)Eidetic imaging
C)Rehearsal
D)Verbal cuing

Question 29

Recitation is effective in improving memory because it

A)provides a protection against interference.
B)forces one to practice retrieving information.
C)provides insight into unconscious processes that may distort memory.
D)changes sensory memory.

Question 30

Learning proceeds best when feedback, also called _____, allows you to check your progress.

A)recitation
B)cue dependent learning
C)knowledge of results
D)review

Question 31

Which of the following have you probably overlearned?

A)psychology
B)the alphabet
C)the names of the first twenty presidents of the United States
D)the capitals of all the states

Question 32

Students often assume that because they can answer all the study questions once, they have sufficiently prepared for a test.This mistaken attitude overlooks the importance of _____ for improving memory.

A)overlearning
B)spaced practice
C)recitation
D)organization

Question 33

To keep boredom and fatigue to a minimum, it is best to alternate short study sessions with brief rest periods.This pattern of studying is referred to as _____ practice.

A)serial positioned
B)spaced
C)massed
D)partial

Question 34

Serena studies for 20 minutes then takes a break, then studies another 20 minutes, and takes a break, and so on.This pattern of studying is referred to as _____ practice.

A)serial positioned
B)partial
C)massed
D)spaced

Question 35

_____ is your best insurance against going blank on a test because of being nervous.

A)Massed practice
B)Organization
C)Overlearning
D)Maintenance rehearsal

Question 36

As described in the text, a prime way for students to provide feedback to themselves and improve retrieval while studying is to employ

A)massed practice.
B)recitation.
C)encoding imagery.
D)checklist evaluations.

Question 37

Although you may not have been swimming in years, you probably can swim well in an emergency because of

A)retrograde recall.
B)organization and reorganization.
C)memory cues.
D)overlearning.

Question 38

In an experiment, you are asked to read the sentence "The fish bit the swimmer."A week later you are asked to recall the sentence.If the word "shark" is used as a(n) _____, you will be more likely to recall the sentence most people think of a shark when they read the sentence.

A)implicit organizer
B)eidetic image
C)memory cue
D)consolidator

Question 39

Feedback

A)allows you to check your progress.
B)helps you identify ideas that need extra practice.
C)can be rewarding when you know that you have answered correctly.
D)does all of these.

Question 40

An effective technique for improving memory is the use of recitation because it

A)helps you to restate information in your own words.
B)forces you to practice retrieving information.
C)provides feedback on what you know.
D)helps in all of these ways.

Question 41

You are taking a discussion test in history class and are having trouble remembering important aspects of one of the topics you have been asked to describe.One method that may help your recall is _____, which includes writing down everything about the topic, even trivial details; recalling the events in different orders and from different points of view; and mentally trying to relive where you learned the information.

A)eidetic imagery
B)the cognitive interview
C)constructive processing
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 42

Sleeping after studying

A)creates interference.
B)enhances decay.
C)blocks encoding.
D)reduces interference.

Question 43

Which study sequence would generally produce the LEAST interference and the best retention?

A)Study for psychology class, go to work, sleep, take the test.
B)Go to work, study for psychology class, sleep, take the test.
C)Sleep, study for psychology class, go to work, take the test.
D)Study for psychology, sleep, go to work, take the test.

Question 44

Regarding how sleep and eating affect memory, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Sleeping after studying reduces interference.
B)People who are hungry almost always score lower on memory tests.
C)Drinking coffee will not hurt test performance.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 45

Using a memory aid, such as using the acronym HOMES to remember the names of the original Great Lakes, would be an example of

A)eidetic images.
B)icons.
C)mnemonics.
D)mental images.

Question 46

Regarding the review of material before a test, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Hold the amount of new material to be studied to a minimum during the review before a test.
B)Reviewing shortly before an exam cuts down the time during which you must remember details that may be important for the test.
C)Last minute cramming of a large amount of new material may interfere with what you already know.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 47

You are trying to answer test questions on various psychology theorists and terms.Regarding the successful recall of this information, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Successful recall is usually the result of a planned search of memory.
B)Using a variety of cues, even partial ones, opens more paths to memory.
C)One helpful strategy is to go through the alphabet, trying each letter as the first sound of a name or word you are seeking.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 48

People who are hungry usually perform _____ on memory tests than people who are not hungry.

A)lower
B)significantly higher
C)the same
D)slightly higher

Question 49

Strategic steps of a cognitive interview include

A)writing down everything you can remember.
B)trying to remember things in a different order.
C)mentally putting yourself back in the situation where you learned the information.
D)all of these.

Question 50

You are taking a discussion test in psychology and are having trouble remembering important aspects of one of the experiments you have been asked to describe.Which of the following would NOT be the correct use of the cognitive interview method for jogging your memory?

A)Focus on remembering the important aspects of the topic, not trivial details.
B)Ask yourself what other students or your professor would remember about the topic.
C)Mentally put yourself back in the situation where you learned the information, including sounds, smells, nearby objects and people, and the weather.
D)Try to recall events or information in different orders.

Question 51

If you use flash cards, it would be best to

A)go through the cards in the same order at least three times.
B)set aside any cards that you answer correctly the first time and not include them in future study.
C)look at the first card, move it a few cards back, then a little further back in the stack each time.
D)shuffle the cards each time so that the cards are presented in random order each time.

Question 52

A strategy or a device that acts as a system or aid to improving memory is called

A)mnemonics.
B)a retriever.
C)implicit imagery.
D)a memorizer.

Question 53

Extending how long you remember is aided by testing yourself over and over and

A)taking a practice test right before you take the actual exam.
B)is good for extremely long, complicated information.
C)is only helpful if the information is not very meaningful.
D)gradually lengthening the time between practice tests.

Question 54

Let's say you have a friend, Harriet, who is having trouble memorizing lists of muscles and bones for an anatomy class.The simplest and most helpful thing you could do would be to explain the use of _____ to her.

A)mnemonics
B)eidetic imagery
C)implicit memory
D)mental images

Question 55

Strategies used in a cognitive interview that help recreate the context in which the information was learned include

A)writing down everything you remember, including trivial details.
B)using dream analysis to remember details.
C)recalling things from a single, focused viewpoint.
D)skilled use of mnemonics.

Question 56

You are taking a fill-in-the-blank history test and trying to remember the names of important people and places.Good recall strategies would include which of the following?

A)Try to remember partial cues, such as the length of the name or other related information.
B)Try to mentally put yourself back into the situation in which you learned the information.
C)Go through the alphabet, trying each letter as the first sound of a name or word you are seeking.
D)All of these would be good recall strategies.

Question 57

Mnemonic techniques are

A)memorizing techniques that last only a short time.
B)effective ways of avoiding the necessity of rote learning.
C)manipulations of sensory and attentional processes.
D)well-developed procedural memories.

Question 58

Which of the following suggests that a mnemonic strategy is being used?

A)"Remember that the hippocampus is buried within the temporal lobes."
B)"For Ebbinghaus, picture a house ebbing away."
C)"Try saying to the person, I am curious, how do you spell your name?'
D)"Pay extra attention to the middle portion of a long list."

Question 59

A novice sailor who is having trouble telling port from starboard may remember that port and left both have four letters or may remind him or herself that "I left port." This illustrates the use of

A)eidetic imagery.
B)rote learning.
C)mnemonics.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 60

You must learn the 12 cranial nerves for Anatomy and Physiology class.Your best bet for being able to learn this material would be using

A)mnemonics.
B)recitation.
C)rote learning.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 61

Which of the following would be good advice in using mnemonics?

A)If you encounter technical terms that have little or no meaning for you, give them meaning, even if you have to stretch the term to do so.
B)Acrostics are more effective if you make up your own than using ones suggested by others.
C)If some facts or ideas in a chapter seem to stay in your memory easily, associate other more difficult facts with them.
D)All of these suggestions are good advice.

Question 62

The _____ method is an excellent technique when you want to work "backward" from an English word to a foreign vocabulary word.

A)consolidation
B)keyword
C)acronym
D)eidetic

Question 63

Mnemonic techniques are

A)include the use of mental pictures and bizarre mental associations.
B)effective ways of avoiding the necessity of rote learning.
C)often dependent on making information more familiar or meaningful.
D)characterized by all of these.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a mnemonic technique?

A)use mental pictures
B)use of the tip-of-the-tongue effect
C)form a chain
D)make bizarre and unusual associations

Question 65

To remember the Spanish word carta means "letter," you imagine a shopping cart filled with postal letters.By linking the new word carta to a familiar word, you have used the _____ method.

A)keyword
B)consolidation
C)acronym
D)eidetic

Question 66

Your anatomy teacher suggests that you memorize the sentence "On Old Olympus Towering Top a Famous Vocal German Viewed Some Hops" to remember the 12 cranial nerves since the first letter of each nerve corresponds to the first letter of each word in this nonsense sentence.This technique is an example of

A)acrostics.
B)the serial position effect.
C)rote learning.
D)progressive-part learning.

Question 67

Regarding mnemonic devices, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)College students who used mental associations to remember the names of unfamiliar terms outperformed students who just used rote memory.
B)Using bizarre images to try to remember information causes a great deal of interference.
C)Mnemonic memories work best in the short run, but tend to be more fragile than conventional memories.
D)Mnemonics are not likely to be helpful unless you make extensive use of mental images.

Question 68

Ancient Greeks orators had an interesting way to remember ideas in order when giving a speech, which involved

A)the use of acrostics.
B)forming a chain of outrageous or bizarre association.
C)taking a mental walk.
D)the use of the serial position effect.

Question 69

If you remember that "dinero" is money by visualizing yourself buying a Mexican dinner with dinero, you are using

A)a mnemonic.
B)an eidetic image.
C)semantic priming.
D)an icon.

Question 70

In the _____ method, a familiar word or image is used to link two other words or items.

A)iconic
B)keyword
C)acronym
D)eidetic

Question 71

Which of the following is a mnemonic technique?

A)Making a rhyme out of the last letter of all items in a list to be recalled.
B)Using rehearsal to keep information in LTM.
C)Making bizarre and unusual associations.
D)Using the tip-of-the-tongue effect.

Question 72

You are having trouble remembering history.Which of the following would NOT help you to remember history?

A)Picture each historical personality as a person you know right now, such as a friend.
B)Make parks and schools you know into countries.
C)Consider history as part of the long-ago past and see your long-dead relatives as part of this past.
D)Visualize battles and other events as if they are happening in your town.

Question 73

To remember the Spanish word pajaro means "bird," you can link it to a word in English that it sounds like, such as "parked car-o." Therefore, you might visualize a parked car jam-packed full of birds.You have just used the _____ method.

A)keyword
B)consolidation
C)acronym
D)eidetic

Question 74

Bizarre images

A)make stored information more distinctive and easier to retrieve.
B)mainly help improve immediate memory.
C)work best for fairly simple information.
D)do all of these.

Question 75

Roy G. Biv is taught by science teacher to help students to remember the colors of the spectrum in order. Thus, Roy G. Biv is an example of

A) acrostics.
B) the serial position effect.
C) rote learning.
D) progressive-part learning.

Question 76

When trying to remember an association of several concepts in order, it is best to

A)form a chain of outrageous or bizarre associations.
B)make a list.
C)use maintenance rehearsal.
D)use state dependent memory.

Question 77

Mnemonic memories

A)should be used during the initial stages of learning.
B)work best in the short run.
C)are more fragile than conventional memories.
D)are characterized by all of these.

Question 78

Making a short story that links all the items on your grocery list you want to remember is an example of

A)a context-dependent cue.
B)forming a chain.
C)using rehearsal to keep information in LTM.
D)the serial position effect.

Question 79

Regarding the basic principles of mnemonics, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Words are generally easier to remember than visual pictures or images.
B)Transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory is aided by making it meaningful.
C)Bizarre images make stored information more distinctive and easier to retrieve.
D)Bizarre images mainly help to improve immediate memory.

Question 80

Mnemonics include

A)forming bizarre mental associations.
B)connecting new information to information already stored.
C)the keyword method.
D)all of these.