Deck 3: Extension D: Human Development

Question 1

About 40 percent of all newborns would be classified as difficult children, who are moody, intense, and easily angered.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Fathers tend to engage their children in unusual play, while mothers tend to engage their children in more conventional play.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Adolescence is the same as the developmental period known as puberty.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Studies by Bridges suggest that anger is the only emotion that newborn infants clearly express.

Question 5

The limits that one's environment places on the effects of heredity is referred to as the reaction range.

Question 6

In the concrete operational stage, children are able to use abstract principles and consider hypothetical possibilities.

Question 7

Emma is used to riding her own bicycle.She decides to ride her brother's bike, which is slightly larger.According to Piaget, Emma must use accommodation in order to make the changes necessary to ride her brother's bike.

Question 8

Abby's mother has watched Abby progress in her development from attempting to pick up a ball using her arms and torso, to using her whole hands, and finally to using her fingertips.This is an example of cephalocaudal development.

Question 9

According to research by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, children in high-quality day care tend to have better relationships with their mothers and fewer behavior problems.

Question 10

Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is strongly influenced by sociocultural factors.

Question 11

According to research in social development, most infants have to be at least 18 months of age before they are able to recognize their images being shown on a television.

Question 12

Ben touches his newborn brother's palm, and his little brother takes hold of Ben's finger and will not let go, illustrating the Babinski reflex.

Question 13

According to Chomsky, humans have a biological predisposition to develop language.

Question 14

The attachment study of infant monkeys to wire and cloth surrogates suggested that the source of food is the most important factor in attachment.

Question 15

When psychologists attribute development to nature, they are referring to the effects of heredity.

Question 16

You leave your child with a babysitter.When you return, your child ignores you.Your child's behavior indicates an insecure-ambivalent attachment.

Question 17

According to Meltzoff's research, infants as young as 20 days can imitate an adult sticking out his or her tongue.

Question 18

Authoritative parents enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to these rules.

Question 19

The brain of a newborn baby has fewer dendrites and synapses than an adult brain.

Question 20

When a gene is recessive, it must be paired with a second gene of the same type before its effect will be expressed.

Question 21

Only about five percent of those older than 65 are in nursing homes.

Question 22

A psychologist explaining differences between two individuals in terms of activity levels, irritability, and distractibility is describing aspects of ____________________.

Question 23

According to Gould, around the age of 30 many people experience a minor life crisis in which they tend to ask themselves, "Is this it?" in regards to their previous life choices.

Question 24

Two-year-old Mario wants to dress, eat, and walk without his mother's assistance.Erikson would say that the child is operating at the stage of industry versus inferiority.

Question 25

____________________ psychologists are interested in changes in behavior that occur from conception to death.

Question 26

According to Kübler-Ross, the generally-accepted order of emotional reactions in preparing for death is anger, depression, bargaining, denial and isolation, and acceptance.

Question 27

Within the nucleus of each sperm and each ovum, there are ____________________ chromosomes.
or
or

Question 28

Problems or defects that originate during prenatal development in the mother's womb are called ____________________ problems.

Question 29

After reviewing many studies, psychologist Elizabeth Gershoff concluded that parents should minimize spanking or avoid it entirely.

Question 30

When presented with "The Porcupine and the Moles" story, the girls in Gilligan's study tended to use the ethic of caring, while the boys used justice to solve moral problem.

Question 31

Substances capable of causing birth defects are known as ____________________.

Question 32

It is more common to "survive a crisis" at midlife than it is to make a "midcourse correction."

Question 33

A major scientific milestone was reached with the completion in 2003 of the ____________________, a project of the United States government to completely determine the sequence of all three billion chemical base pairs in human DNA.

Question 34

According to the ____________________ principle, muscular control spreads in a pattern from the center of the body to the extremities.

Question 35

According to Kohlberg, the conventional level is based on self-interest and avoiding punishment.

Question 36

If Andy refuses to do his own laundry, he will have nothing to wear, which illustrates a natural consequence.

Question 37

With aging, there is a gradual decline of crystallized abilities, but not of fluid abilities.

Question 38

If you slam a door (making a loud noise), an infant is likely to show the ____________________ reflex.
or
or

Question 39

____________________ refers to the sum of all external conditions that affect a person.
or
or

Question 40

A time of increased susceptibility to both positive and negative environmental influences is called a(n) ____________________.

Question 41

According to Piaget, when a person uses existing mental patterns in new situations, this person is using the process of ____________________.

Question 42

____________________ refers to adults' use of an exaggerated pattern of speech to communicate with infants.
or
or

Question 43

A researcher who studies death is known as a(n) ____________________.

Question 44

Children who tend to be emotionally cold and lacking in spontaneity and who may either fear or hate their parents were probably raised under the ____________________ method of child-rearing.

Question 45

According to Piaget, full adult intellectual ability is attained during the ____________________ stage, so that older adolescents are capable of both inductive and deductive reasoning and can understand physics, philosophy, psychology, and other abstract systems.

Question 46

According to Thomas Gordon, ____________________ are communications that tell children what effect their behavior has on you.
or

Question 47

Your baby is about two months old and says "oo" over and over as you hold her.Your baby is exhibiting ____________________.

Question 48

In the ____________________ culture, parenting tends to be lenient and permissive for the first few years.Then, after age five, these parents begin to expect respect, obedience, self-control, and self-discipline from their children.The parents also tend to act as teachers who encourage hard work, moral behavior, and achievement as well as setting aside one's own desires when the greater good of the family is at stake.
or
or
or
or

Question 49

According to Erikson, the psychosocial conflict that occurs during adolescence is ____________________.
or

Question 50

____________________ is the biologically defined period during which a person matures sexually and becomes capable of reproduction.

Question 51

In the ____________________ level of moral development, reasoning is based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted authority, rules, and values.

Question 52

According to Erikson, failure to resolve the tasks of middle adulthood leads to a sense of ____________________ involving a concern for one's own needs and comforts only.

Question 53

Gabe is sitting in his high chair calling to his dog, "Here Dog." He then turns to his mother and says "want juice." Gabe is exhibiting ____________________ speech.

Question 54

Zach likes to "lay down the law" and takes no arguments from his children.According to the research on parenting styles by Diana Baumrind, Zach is exhibiting a(n) ____________________ parenting style.

Question 55

A period of ____________________ adulthood now stretches from the late teens to the mid-twenties during which young people are taking longer to settle into their adult roles.

Question 56

Discrimination or prejudice on the basis of age is called ____________________.

Question 57

According to the sociocultural theory, the _________________________ refers to the range of tasks a child cannot yet master alone but that she or he can accomplish with the guidance of a more capable partner.

Question 58

As a person gets older, there is a gradual loss of ____________________ abilities, which are those skills requiring speed or rapid learning.

Question 59

Michael's mother leaves the room, and when she returns, Michael continues to play, ignoring his mother's greeting.According to Mary Ainsworth's research, Michael is exhibiting a(n) ____________________ attachment.
or

Question 60

In Piaget's theory, when a child understands that weight, mass, and volume of matter remains unchanged even when the shape or appearance of objects changes, the child has mastered the concept of ____________________.

Question 61

Explain how parents and teachers can utilize Vygotsky's ideas to help children to become more skillful learners.

Question 62

Describe a young child's language development from his or her use of crying to gain attention at one month to his or her use of telegraphic speech.

Question 63

Several elementary, junior high, and high school students are presented with a moral dilemma involving a young man whose best friend asks him to help him cheat on the upcoming history test.Using Kohlberg's theory, explain the level each of the different age students would most likely be in and how each might respond to this dilemma.

Question 64

Describe the three attachment styles identified by Mary Ainsworth.

Question 65

Discuss the five reactions to impending death as outlined by Kübler-Ross.
Answer will include a discussion of each of the five basic emotional reactions (denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance) as well as how individual styles of dying may vary.A typical first reaction is to deny death's reality and isolate oneself from information confirming that death is really going to occur.Many dying individuals feel anger and ask, "why me?" As they face the ultimate threat of having life torn away, their anger may spill over into rage toward the living.In another common reaction, the terminally ill bargain with themselves or with God.As death draws near and the person begins to recognize that it cannot be prevented, feelings of futility, exhaustion, and deep depression may set in.If death is not sudden, many people manage to come to terms with dying and accept it calmly.The person who accepts death is neither happy or sad, but at peace with the inevitable.Not all terminally ill persons display all of these reactions, nor do they always occur in this order.One's approach to dying mirrors one's style of life.

Question 66

Paul and Sarah are having trouble with misbehavior from their two children, Jake and Amy.They have gotten notes from Jake's teacher, who says that Jake never turns in any homework even though Sarah tells him to do his homework every night.Amy tends to get out of most punishments by begging her father to get her mother to "lighten up." Jake and Amy both know that their father's "bark is worse than his bite," that is, he often threatens to "ground them forever,"but rarely remembers they are grounded the next day.When their father is not around, their mother lashes out at them verbally calling them "bad kids, who will never amount to anything unless they learn to behave." After reading the "Psychology in Action" section on "Effective Parenting," what suggestions would you make to help Paul and Sarah correct this situation?

Question 67

You are about to start your first teaching job as a fourth grade teacher.Using Erikson's theory, describe the psychosocial dilemma that most of your students will be facing.

Question 68

Define temperament, and describe the temperamental traits of an easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up child.

Question 69

Describe the three parenting styles classified by Baumrind and the effects of each parenting style on the children's social and emotional development.

Question 70

Mary and Zeke have three children, all of whom have blue eyes.However, both Mary and Zeke have brown eyes.Using genetic principles, explain the probability of this situation occurring.