Deck 24: The Enlightenment

Question 1

The English historian famous for writing 1776's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was which of the following?

A)Samuel Johnson
B)Edward Gibbon
C)Georges Louis Leclerc
D)Antoine Lavoisier

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following writers focused on the "laws" of production and trade,and was central to the development of modern-day concepts of free-enterprise economies?

A)John Locke
B)Thomas Hobbes
C)Adam Smith
D)Diderot

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Describe the views of John Locke on duties of a government to its people.

Answer 3

John Locke was another Enlightenment thinker who sought to establish general laws of human behavior in terms of natural law.Like Hobbes,he believed in the idea that government must be based in a social contract.Unlike Hobbes,however,Locke rejected Hobbes' view of humankind as self-serving and aggressive.
Lock argued that people have,by their very nature as human beings,the right to life,liberty,and estate (or "property").Government must arbitrate between the exercise of one person's liberty and that of the next.The social contract thus preserves the natural rights of the governed.While individuals may willingly consent to give up some of their liberty in return for the ruler's protection,they may never relinquish their ultimate authority.The people have the right and obligation to overthrow tyrannical rulers.Thus,for Locke,sovereignty rested with the people,and government existed only to protect the natural rights of its citizens.Clearly,his theories inspired the revolutions that took place in America and France toward the end of the eighteenth century.

Question 4

________ envisioned the social contract as a bond between individuals who surrendered some portion of their freedom to a sovereign authority.

A)John Locke
B)Thomas Hobbes
C)Montesquieu
D)Diderot

Question 5

________,which provided an expanding reading public with true-to-life characters drawn from everyday life,was the most important new form of literary entertainment.

A)The encyclopedia
B)The novel
C)The journalistic essay
D)The travelogue

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the general philosophical mood of those writers of the seventeenth century interested in social progress?

A)optimistic
B)militaristic
C)alarmed
D)unfocused

Question 7

________,a new literary genre,provided penetrating commentary on current events and social behavior,as popularized in the newspapers and periodicals of the day.

A)The encyclopedia
B)The novel
C)The journalistic essay
D)The travelogue

Question 8

Samuel Richardson's bestselling work of 1740 was Pamela,Or,Virtue Rewarded,which is noteworthy as

A)the first English novel to feature a female leading character.
B)the first English novel.
C)the first journalistic essay.
D)the first English poem.

Question 9

Discuss the views of Hobbes on societal submission to a higher authority.

Question 10

For the philosphes,the key to social reform lay in a true understanding of human nature,which they argued could best be acquired by examining

A)the larger cities.
B)the Bible.
C)human history.
D)the Catholic Church.

Question 11

Describe the impact and fallout of the Enlightenment on European literature.

Question 12

Which of the following is considered a writer whose works formed the wellspring of philosophical thought in the era and was highly influential upon Jefferson as well as Montesquieu?

A)John Locke
B)Thomas Hobbes
C)Adam Smith
D)Diderot

Question 13

Explain how Smith,Diderot,Condorcet,and Wollstonecraft helped to shape the concepts of social and economic progress during this period.What were their contributions?

Question 14

Which of the following is England's legendary Neoclassical poet of the Enlightenment?

A)Milton
B)Poe
C)Pope
D)Defoe

Question 15

The era marking the divide between the medieval faith-based view of the world and the modern,secular view is called

A)the Enlightenment.
B)the Golden Age.
C)the Reformation.
D)the Renaissance.

Question 16

The producing editor of the Encyclopédie was which of the following?

A)John Locke
B)Thomas Hobbes
C)Adam Smith
D)Diderot

Question 17

According to Hobbes,the collective safety of society lay in its willingness to submit to a higher authority,which Hobbes called

A)God's designates.
B)the Church.
C)the Leviathan.
D)the new clergy.

Question 18

________ saw government as an agent of the people,bound to exercise the will of the majority.

A)John Locke
B)Thomas Hobbes
C)Montesquieu
D)Diderot

Question 19

Outline the development of the novel form of literature.

Question 20

Which of the following is the name of the early type of fictional portrayals of contemporary life in written form?

A)novellas
B)treaties
C)histories
D)memoirs