Deck 10: The Darwinian Influence

Question 1

According to Darwin,evolution resulted from the ____ of those accidental variations that proved to have survival value.

A)natural selection
B)sharing
C)inhibition
D)extinction

Answer 1

natural selection

Question 2

Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely:

A)the world would be a jungle
B)humans would become more animalistic
C)animals would have become more like humans
D)all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection

Answer 2

all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection

Question 3

Who formulated a theory of evolution similar to Darwin's at about the same time that Darwin formulated his own theory?

A)Lamarck
B)Spencer
C)Malthus
D)Wallace

Answer 3

Wallace

Question 4

____ are conducive to survival in a given environment,whatever they may be.

A)The fittest
B)Naturally selected genes
C)Adaptive features
D)Struggles to survive

Question 5

Spencer's synthesis of the principle of contiguity and evolutionary theory has been called:

A)the Spencer-Bain principle
B)evolutionary associationism
C)social Darwinism
D)survival of the fittest

Question 6

Darwin defined fitness in terms of an organism's:

A)strength
B)contribution to individual survival
C)ability to survive and reproduce
D)intelligence

Question 7

Spencer's theory was a blend of empiricism,associationism,and nativism;he believed that strong associations were passed on to offspring as:

A)reflexes
B)innate ideas
C)instincts
D)both reflexes and instincts

Question 8

Herbert Spencer applied the notion of evolution:

A)only to animals
B)only to humans
C)to everything in the universe
D)only to governments

Question 9

When did Darwin begin to doubt the Genesis account of creation?

A)after several conversations with Robert Fitz-Roy,the captain of the Beagle
B)during his training for the clergy
C)while studying medicine
D)after reading Lyell's Principles of Geology while aboard the Beagle

Question 10

The contention that the frequency with which a response is made increases if the response is followed by a pleasurable event and decreases if it is followed by a painful event was called:

A)the Spencer-Bain principle
B)the law of contiguity
C)social Darwinism
D)survival of the fittest

Question 11

Which of the following best summarizes Darwin's view of the evolutionary process?

A)to evolve is to progress
B)evolution always occurs in the direction of increased perfection
C)evolution just happens
D)evolution always occurs in the direction of increased differentiation

Question 12

Who coined the term "survival of the fittest"?

A)Lamarck
B)Erasmus Darwin
C)Spencer
D)Charles Darwin

Question 13

Concerning Spencer's contention that the notion of survival of the fittest should apply to societies,Darwin was:

A)mystified
B)in total agreement
C)totally unsympathetic
D)somewhat opposed for religious reasons

Question 14

Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior was called:

A)premature
B)social Darwinism
C)Lamarckianism
D)the Spencer-Bain principle

Question 15

According to Darwin,because there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment:

A)there are individual differences
B)there is a struggle for survival
C)there must be ecological engineering
D)humans must decide which animals survive and which ones do not

Question 16

What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?

A)Lyell's Principles of Geology
B)Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population
C)Spencer's Principles of Psychology
D)Lamarck's notion of the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 17

Plato and Aristotle did not believe in evolution for different reasons;Aristotle believed that:

A)the number of pure forms was fixed
B)God created a fixed number of species and the number could be changed only by God,not nature
C)the number of species was fixed;transmutation from one species to another was impossible
D)all species are examples of the gods

Question 18

According to Lamarck,any habits adult members of a species developed that were conducive to survival were passed on to their offspring.This explanation of evolution was called:

A)survival of the fittest
B)the inheritance of acquired characteristics
C)natural selection
D)the law of effect

Question 19

One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with the church was over:

A)the age of the earth
B)his book,The Descent of Man
C)his book,On the Origin of Species
D)his book,The Expression of Emotions

Question 20

According to Spencer,the best government was one that:

A)protected the weak
B)protected people from their own animal instincts
C)allowed free competition among all its citizens
D)was elected by a majority of reasonable people

Question 21

When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable,the variables are said to be:

A)correlated
B)causally related
C)regressing toward the mean
D)genetically determined

Question 22

Which of the following did Galton not measure at his "anthropometric laboratory"?

A)head size
B)strength of hand squeeze
C)verbal skills
D)breathing capacity

Question 23

The sociobiologists depend heavily on the concept of ____ in their explanation of human social behavior.

A)fitness
B)inclusive fitness
C)eugenics
D)innate aggression

Question 24

After administering his word-association test to himself several times,Galton observed all of the following except:

A)the responses that he gave to some words were not based on any experiences that he had had in his lifetime
B)many of his associations came from his childhood experiences
C)his associations revealed mental operations that were unconscious
D)he often gave the same response to a word each time he encountered it

Question 25

Galton called the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding:

A)unethical
B)eugenics
C)anthropometry
D)sociobiology

Question 26

Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on:

A)identical twins
B)normal children
C)mentally retarded children
D)his daughters

Question 27

The goal of the 1905 version of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence was to:

A)distinguish between normal and retarded children
B)distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children
C)distinguish among levels of intelligence for retarded children
D)help children make reasonable career choices

Question 28

Which of the following endeavors did Galton not engage in?

A)he invented the weather map
B)he was the first to suggest that fingerprints could be used for personal identification
C)he tried to determine which country had the most beautiful women
D)he studied the Kallikak family for the heritability of intelligence

Question 29

Of Darwin's books,the one most directly related to psychology is:

A)The Descent of Man
B)On the Origin of Species
C)The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals
D)Essay on the Principle of Population

Question 30

Galton was the first to do all of the following except:

A)attempt to measure intelligence
B)systematically study the contributions of nature and nurture
C)use the term mental test
D)study mental imagery

Question 31

In his research on hypnotism,effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were found to be due to:

A)perceptual abnormalities
B)suggestion
C)low intelligence
D)craniometry

Question 32

Galton used the concept of ____ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring.

A)anthropometry
B)regression toward the mean
C)eugenics
D)the coefficient of correlation

Question 33

Which of the following did Darwin believe?

A)women were intellectually inferior to men
B)Contemporary primitive people are the link between primates and modern humans and are therefore inferior
C)Lamarckian theory could be used to explain cultural difference among humans
D)all of these choices

Question 34

After collecting questionnaire data from 200 fellow scientists,Galton stated that the potential for high intelligence was inherited but that it must be nurtured by a proper environment,thus beginning:

A)the nature-nurture controversy
B)the eugenics movement
C)a movement by the government to subsidize marriages of the intelligent
D)a series of identical twin studies

Question 35

The goal of the 1908 version of the Binet-Simon scale was to:

A)distinguish between normal and retarded children
B)distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children
C)distinguish among levels of intelligence for retarded children
D)help children make reasonable career choices

Question 36

Galton believed all of the following except:

A)intellectual potential is largely inherited
B)innate intellectual potential can be actualized or thwarted by the environment
C)it is unethical to attempt to manipulate human traits through selective breeding
D)governments should pay couples with desirable characteristics to marry

Question 37

Who was responsible for devising the coefficient of correlation (r)?

A)Galton
B)Darwin
C)Pearson
D)Cattell

Question 38

Which of the following did Darwin believe?

A)humans possess rational powers that make them qualitatively different from other animals
B)the difference between humans and other animals is only one of degree
C)only humans have evolved long enough to have lost their aggressive instincts
D)nothing significant could be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals

Question 39

When Wissler evaluated Cattell's measures of intelligence he found that they:

A)were not highly correlated with each other
B)were unable to predict success in college
C)predicted success in college with considerable accuracy
D)both were not highly correlated with each other and were unable to predict success in college

Question 40

Darwin believed all of the following about human emotions except:

A)they were essentially nonfunctional in modern society
B)at one time they were conducive to survival
C)some of them were originally associated with attack or defense
D)they were qualitatively different from the emotions of nonhuman animals

Question 41

Yerkes believed that for intelligence tests to be effective in the armed forces all of the following would need to be true except:

A)they would need to be administrated to groups instead of individuals
B)they would need to measure native intelligence
C)they would need to be easy to administer and score
D)they would need to be administered to one individual at a time

Question 42

The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by:

A)Binet
B)Simon
C)Terman
D)Stern

Question 43

Binet believed strongly that the major function of his scale was to:

A)identify children who needed special education
B)select children for certain types of vocational training
C)place brighter children in special classes so they would not be held back by less intelligent children
D)determine which children were capable of benefiting from higher education

Question 44

Which of the following was true of Spearman?

A)he claimed that intelligence consisted of specific factors (s)such as mathematical and language ability
B)he claimed that intelligence could be described in terms of a general intellectual factor (g)
C)he laid the groundwork for the statistical technique of factor analysis
D)all of these choices

Question 45

Goddard's study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that:

A)the government must provide for the less fortunate
B)intelligence level is determined mainly by experience
C)intelligence is largely inherited
D)mental retardation can be overcome by special education

Question 46

Terman found all of the following to be true of the children who participated in his study of genius except:

A)they had parents of above-average intelligence
B)because their intellectual ability developed so quickly and early in life,it was slower than average following childhood
C)they participated in a wide range of activities
D)they had learned to read at an early age

Question 47

Binet disagreed with Stern's use of the intelligence quotient because:

A)he believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number
B)he thought the equation was too complex
C)there was not enough data to support the quotient
D)it could not distinguish between normal and mentally retarded children

Question 48

All of the following were true of the testing program used in the armed forces during World War I except:

A)it resulted in only a few recruits being recommended for discharge as mentally unfit
B)it clearly prevented a large number of mismatches between a recruit's intellectual ability and his or her military assignment
C)in general,the program was a failure
D)the recommendations by the testers were typically ignored

Question 49

Terman believed that those with low intelligence:

A)could not be moral people
B)should have help from the government
C)should receive special help in school
D)did not need any special help because intelligence is not that important

Question 50

In what way did Terman revise the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence?

A)he translated it into English
B)he added and deleted items until the average score for each age group was 100
C)he made it applicable to adults as well as to children
D)he freed it from cultural biases

Question 51

Goddard believed that immigrants' poor test performance was mainly due to inherited intelligence and not due to:

A)educational experience
B)cultural experience
C)personal experience
D)all of these choices

Question 52

Goddard,along with several leading scientists of the day,believed that feeble-minded individuals should:

A)be given the same rights as any other citizen
B)not be allowed to hold even menial jobs
C)not be allowed to reproduce
D)be identified and placed in special education programs

Question 53

Binet believed all of the following except:

A)children whose intellectual age was only one year behind their chronological age would probably have no trouble in school
B)children whose intellectual age was two or more years behind their chronological age would probably have trouble in school but they could be helped by special educational programs
C)children whose intellectual age did not match or exceed their chronological age should be placed in separate schools so that they would not interfere with the progress of normal children
D)poor performance on intelligence tests could be caused by factors other than low intelligence,such as health and motivation

Question 54

The major conclusion from Terman's study of genius was that:

A)gifted children became gifted adults
B)gifted children became more average as they grew older
C)although gifted children remained gifted as adults,they tended to have more emotional problems than did average individuals
D)"early ripe,early rot"

Question 55

According to the author of your text,the "Burt scandal" taught us more about ____ than about ____.

A)the nature of intelligence;the politics of science
B)the politics of science;the nature of intelligence
C)rationalism;empiricism
D)"s";"g"

Question 56

Which of the following is not one of the abilities that Binet attempted to improve with his mental orthopedics?

A)attention
B)will
C)test taking skills
D)discipline

Question 57

Herrnstein and Murray predict that in the United States in the future:

A)the best jobs and highest income will go to the least intelligent individuals
B)there will be an economic class structure based on inherited intelligence
C)IQ tests will become obsolete
D)nurture (experience)will be understood as a greater contributor to intelligence than nature (inheritance)

Question 58

Which of the following is correctly associated with Hollingworth:

A)she found no evidence that women are psychologically impaired during menstruation
B)she made significant contributions towards the understanding and the education of retarded children
C)she made significant contributions toward the understanding and education of intellectually gifted children
D)all of these choices

Question 59

Burt believed all of the following except:

A)education should be stratified according to the native ability of students
B)remedial educational programs can raise the intellectual level of students with low intellectual ability
C)studying identical twins provided vital information concerning the heritability of intelligence
D)"g" was mostly inherited

Question 60

Binet believed disadvantaged students could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school through the use of:

A)severe discipline
B)mental orthopedics
C)simplified assignments
D)parental involvement

Question 61

Evolutionary theory did not develop very fully among the Greeks because Plato and Aristotle did not believe in evolution.

Question 62

Briefly discuss Galton's work on the measurement of intelligence in humans including the nature-nurture controversy.

Question 63

Discuss the development of the Stanford-Binet tests and Terman's use of the tests.

Question 64

Among Darwin's publications,the book most directly related to psychology was The Expressions of Emotions in Man and Animals.

Question 65

Discuss social Darwinism and its impact in the U.S. D.Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie,U.S.industrialists,were both supporters.Spencer believed that societies,like individuals,would approximate perfection if natural forces were allowed to operate freely.

Question 66

Binet proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence.

Question 67

Leta Hollingworth challenged the beliefs that intelligence is largely inherited and that women were intellectually inferior to men.

Question 68

Correlational analysis of the relationship between Cattel's mental tests and various tests and measures of academic performance found little correlation.

Question 69

Galton viewed intelligence as a matter of sensory acuity of the person.

Question 70

To deal with the massive amount of data he collected,Galton developed the notion of correlation.

Question 71

Spencer's social Darwinism was rejected in the United States.

Question 72

Stern introduced the terms mental age and intelligence quotient.

Question 73

Describe/discuss Darwin's theory of evolution including all the important relevant concepts.

Question 74

Darwin attained the principle needed to tie his disjointed theoretical ideas together when reading Lyell's Principles of Geology.

Question 75

Galton was against the practice of eugenics.

Question 76

The shifting of the focus of evolutionary theory from survival and reproductive success of the individual to the perpetuation of one's genes resulted in the study of sociobiology.

Question 77

The Spencer-Bain principle became the cornerstone of Thorndike's connectionism and Skinner's operant behavior.

Question 78

Darwin made his case for humans being a product of evolution in the book On the Origin of Species.

Question 79

Mental orthopedics consisted of exercises to improve a child's reading and logical thinking.

Question 80

Galton believed that intelligence was:

A)not related to sensory acuity
B)comprised of multiple factors
C)largely culturally determined
D)largely determined by sensory acuity