Deck 3: After Aristotle: A Search for the Good Life

Question 1

The Cynic's view would propose:

A)people need rules and regulations by which to live their lives
B)anything natural is good
C)courage in the face of adversity is the highest virtue
D)the only things worth living for are patriotism,sacrifices for others,and devotion to a common cause

Answer 1

anything natural is good

Question 2

Which of the following did St.Paul add to the Judaic tradition?

A)there was one God who created the universe
B)God is omniscient,omnipresent,and omnipotent
C)humans fell from a state of grace in the Garden of Eden
D)God sacrificed his Son to atone for our shared transgression,otherwise known as original sin,which allows humans to reunite with God

Answer 2

God sacrificed his Son to atone for our shared transgression,otherwise known as original sin,which allows humans to reunite with God

Question 3

Events following the death of Aristotle created a situation in which people sought:

A)answers to questions concerning problems of everyday living
B)the first principles or universals that underlie physical reality
C)philosophical certainty
D)a solution to Zeno's paradox

Answer 3

answers to questions concerning problems of everyday living

Question 4

In general,____ promoted a suspension of belief in anything and ____ promoted a retreat from society.

A)cynicism;skepticism
B)skepticism;cynicism
C)epicureans;stoics
D)stoics;epicureans

Question 5

The man who was given the nickname,"Cynic," and who also lived a self-sufficient,publicly outrageous life was:

A)Antisthenes
B)Gorgias
C)Diogenes
D)Epicurus

Question 6

According to Philo,the way to true knowledge is by:

A)introspecting on innate truth
B)a purified,passive mind receiving divine illumination
C)engaging in active reason
D)combining empirical observation with rational deliberation

Question 7

For the ____,courage in the face of danger was considered the highest virtue.

A)Neoplatonist
B)Epicurean
C)Stoic
D)Cynic

Question 8

The main target of the skeptics was dogmatism.A dogmatist is anyone who:

A)equates essences with verbal definitions
B)confuses names with real things
C)claims to have arrived at an indisputable truth
D)lives a life of excess instead of moderation

Question 9

The mystery religions that were influential in the early Roman Empire were characterized by all of the following except:

A)secret rites
B)communion ceremonies
C)beliefs concerning death and rebirth
D)a belief in multiple Gods

Question 10

Pyrrho suggested that by ____ one could avoid the frustration of being wrong.

A)arriving at one's beliefs very carefully
B)believing only in those things believed by the majority of people
C)following one's own natural impulses
D)not believing in anything

Question 11

The Roman Empire's emphasis on law and order fit well with:

A)Skepticism
B)Cynicism
C)Epicureanism
D)Stoicism

Question 12

Turning away from the empirical world and entering a union with the eternal things that dwell beyond the world of the flesh was characteristic of the good life for:

A)Zeno of Citium
B)Epicurus
C)Diogenes
D)Plotinus

Question 13

Which of the following accepted a completely materialistic philosophy?

A)Zeno of Citium
B)the Epicureans
C)the Stoics
D)all of these choices

Question 14

What did the Skeptics use as their guide(s)for living?

A)philosophical truth
B)sensations and feelings
C)convention
D)both sensations and feelings and convention

Question 15

The religion in which individuals are caught in an eternal struggle between wisdom and correctness as well as ignorance and evil is called:

A)Vedentaism
B)mystery religions
C)Zoroastrianism
D)cult of Mithras

Question 16

For the Stoics,the basic moral choice a person makes is:

A)to act or not to act in accordance with nature's plan
B)to live or not to live in accordance with God's will
C)to seek pleasure or to avoid pain
D)to follow one's personal impulses or to conform to society's values

Question 17

This person preferred naturalistic explanations to supernatural ones and earned the title,"Destroyer of Religion".

A)Antisthenes
B)Gorgias
C)Diogenes
D)Epicurus

Question 18

Hedonism,according to Epicurus,is:

A)pleasure in having one's basic needs satisfied and avoiding pain
B)avoiding pain at all costs
C)seeking extreme pleasure
D)attaining a relationship with a higher power

Question 19

Epicurus believed all of the following except:

A)the goal of life was happiness
B)people should avoid excesses
C)the soul left the body at death and was judged by God
D)reason and choice had to be exercised in order to live a balanced life

Question 20

Philo believed all of the following except:

A)God formed humans from dust and breathed life into their nostrils
B)courage in the face of adversity was the highest virtue
C)all knowledge came from God
D)sensory experience should be avoided because it interferes with an understanding of God

Question 21

Which of the following was not part of St.Augustine's Christian worldview,which dominated Western life and thought for centuries?

A)Hebrew religion
B)Aristotelianism
C)Neoplatonism
D)Stoicism

Question 22

For St.Augustine,the primary goal of human existence was to:

A)seek pleasure and avoid pain
B)accept one's fate
C)enter into a personal,emotional union with God
D)engage in active reason

Question 23

Which of the following did occur during the Dark Ages ?

A)the Christian church became increasingly weak
B)the dogma of the Christian church became challengeable
C)Arab philosophy,science,and theology flourished
D)in the Western world the question concerning what is true became very important to determine

Question 24

According to St.Augustine,humans can have conceptions of the past and future because:

A)we are made in God's image
B)we live in the eternal present
C)the remnants of sensory experiences are remembered and can be reflected on (the past)or used to anticipate events (the future)
D)man is the measure of all things

Question 25

The fact that St.Paul ____ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers.

A)valued faith above reason
B)valued reason above faith
C)valued intuition above empirical observation
D)valued Epicureanism above Stoicism

Question 26

According to St.Augustine,evil exists because:

A)God created it to test the faith of humans
B)humans chose it
C)at times the devil is more powerful than God
D)humans are basically animals

Question 27

According to St.Augustine,not acting in accordance with the internal sense caused:

A)a feeling of Godliness
B)one to rise above animal impulses
C)guilt
D)anxiety

Question 28

Confessions,a volume about one man's sins,confessions,and forgiveness was written by:

A)St.Paul
B)St.Augustine
C)Thomas Aquinas
D)Avicenna

Question 29

According to Avicenna,the active intellect was:

A)the mechanism by which humans enter into a relationship with God
B)essentially as Aristotle had described it
C)less important than common sense
D)nonexistent

Question 30

Aristotle's philosophy was highly influential in ____ during the so-called Dark Ages.

A)the Western world
B)the Roman Empire
C)the Arab world
D)Alexandria

Question 31

All of the following were true of Averroës' philosophy except:

A)it was basically Aristotelian
B)it was basically Platonistic
C)it denied that anything personal survived death
D)it was severely attacked by Christian theologians

Question 32

The attempt to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology was referred to as:

A)Neoplatonism
B)Averroism
C)Scholasticism
D)Paganism

Question 33

The major assumption made in the ontological argument for the existence of God is:

A)one can find God by studying nature
B)faith and reason are essentially the same process
C)if one can think of something,it must exist
D)the Aristotelian conception of God is the only correct conception of God

Question 34

For St.Augustine,God can be known through:

A)the Scriptures
B)introspection
C)the study of nature
D)the Scriptures and introspection

Question 35

____ sought to reconcile Judaism and Aristotelian philosophy.

A)Avicenna
B)Averroës
C)St.Anselm
D)Maimonides

Question 36

In analyzing human thinking,Avicenna started with five external senses then postulated:

A)three rational states
B)seven internal senses
C)four senses that bridge internal and external experience
D)the active intellect

Question 37

Largely due to this man's efforts,Christianity was defined by a single set of beliefs and documents.

A)Constantine
B)St.Augustine
C)Thomas Aquinas
D)St.Paul

Question 38

According to Lombard,all of the following was a way of knowing God except:

A)faith
B)reason
C)the study of God's works (the empirical world)
D)avoiding sensory experience

Question 39

Who was responsible for the ontological argument for the existence of God?

A)St.Augustine
B)St.Anselm
C)Lombard
D)Abelard

Question 40

The person who discovered that the retina,not the lens,is the light sensitive part of the eye and that inoculation might prevent disease was:

A)Avicenna
B)Averroës
C)Maimonides
D)St.Anselm

Question 41

Once Aristotle's ideas were assimilated into church dogma,they were:

A)less important
B)no longer challengeable
C)completely understood
D)considered supernatural

Question 42

William of Occam believed that:

A)we could know the world directly without being concerned about a "higher" reality beyond our sensory experience
B)the mind classifies things on the basis of what they have in common
C)true knowledge can be attained only when abstract universals or essences are embraced
D)we could know the world directly without being concerned about a "higher" reality beyond our sensory experience and the mind classifies things on the basis of what they have in common

Question 43

Abelard's proposed compromise between nominalism (concepts summarize individual experience)and realism (once concepts are formed,they exist apart from individual experience),is called:

A)conceptualism
B)scholasticism
C)the ontological argument
D)the dialectic

Question 44

All of the following agreed that there was a higher truth beyond any that could be experienced through the senses (though they disagreed as to what that higher truth was)except:

A)the Pythagoreans
B)Plato
C)the Scholastics
D)the nominalists

Question 45

To remove inconsistencies in church dogma,Abelard used:

A)the direct examination of nature
B)a careful study of the Bible
C)the dialectic method
D)the acceptance of Aristotle's philosophy

Question 46

The belief that abstract universals (essences)exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called:

A)reification
B)conceptualism
C)nominalism
D)realism

Question 47

Those who said so-called universals were nothing more than convenient verbal labels were called:

A)nominalists
B)realists
C)rationalists
D)nativists

Question 48

Which of the following was not occurring as the situation was being set for the advent of the Renaissance?

A)anomalies were appearing in Christian doctrine
B)Church authority was declining
C)Church dogma was being questioned
D)Church authority was beginning to increase

Question 49

Nominalism was more in accordance with ____ than it was with ____.

A)rational philosophy;empirical philosophy
B)empirical philosophy;rational philosophy
C)Muslim religion;Christian religion
D)Christian religion;Muslim religion

Question 50

Aristotle's emphasis on ____ placed the church in a difficult position.

A)faith
B)the supernatural
C)reason
D)Plato's philosophy

Question 51

The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called:

A)Scholasticism
B)Occam's razor
C)nominalism
D)realism

Question 52

During the period before the Renaissance,which of the following was not true?

A)astrology was extremely popular
B)superstitions characterized most all people including peasants,kings,and the clergy
C)nonbelievers in the church were treated poorly and were dealt with severely
D)scientific inquiry and reason were encouraged

Question 53

Using Kuhn's terminology to describe the conditions of the 14^th and 15^th centuries,all of the following were true except:

A)the period was characterized by the intense creativity that results when several paradigms coexist
B)philosophers were engaged in "normal philosophy"
C)anomalies were appearing everywhere within the Christian paradigm
D)the Christian paradigm was dominant in the Western world

Question 54

Abelard taught that:

A)the existence of God cannot be proved;God's existence must be taken on faith
B)average people cannot reason carefully and therefore they must take God's existence on faith
C)if God exists,all methods of inquiry should prove that fact
D)if we have a word for something then something must exist that corresponds to that word

Question 55

The Scholastics made ____ contributions to philosophy and psychology.

A)many significant
B)a few significant
C)essentially no significant
D)a large number of minor

Question 56

Aquinas' great achievement was the:

A)conversion of a large number of Aristotelians to Christianity
B)demonstration that Christianity was not the only correct religion
C)application of scientific method in solving theological problems
D)reconciliation of faith and reason

Question 57

All of the following individuals searched for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance except:

A)Pythagoras
B)Plato
C)William of Occam
D)Aquinas

Question 58

All of the following were true of Aquinas' theology except:

A)it divided faith and reason
B)it made the study of nature respectable
C)it demonstrated that church dogma was debatable
D)it argued successfully that the Christian church should be as it had been described by St.Augustine

Question 59

According to Aquinas:

A)only humans possessed rational souls
B)both human and nonhuman animals possessed rational souls
C)salvation was available to both human and nonhuman animals
D)Aristotle's philosophy was a sacred as the Bible

Question 60

In addition to making a comprehensive review of Aristotle's works and the Islamic and Jewish scholar's interpretation of Aristotle's works,____ was the first since the Greeks to attempt to learn about nature by making careful empirical observations.

A)St.Anselm
B)Lombard
C)Abelard
D)Magnus

Question 61

St.Augustine presented the ontological argument for the existence of God.

Question 62

The belief that extraneous assumptions should be "shaved" from explanations and arguments was called Occam's razor.

Question 63

Describe St.Anselm's ontological argument for the existence of God.

Question 64

The Skeptics' main target of attack was the dogmatists.

Question 65

For Philo,knowledge comes through sensory experience.

Question 66

Briefly compare and contrast the philosophies of Skepticism,Cynicism,Epicureanism,and Stoicism.

Question 67

Discuss the Christian philosophy of St.Augustine and its influence.

Question 68

Maimonides sought to reconcile Judaism and Aristotelian philosophy.

Question 69

The synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotle's philosophy was called scholasticism.

Question 70

Discuss Thomas Aquinas' contribution and influence.

Question 71

Constantine had little impact on the development of the early Christian church.

Question 72

St.Augustine did not agree with the doctrine of predestination.

Question 73

Thomas Aquinas attempted to reconcile faith and reason.

Question 74

Neoplatonism stressed the rational aspects of Plato's philosophy.

Question 75

St.Augustine combined stoicism,neoplatonism,and Judaism into a powerful Christian worldview.

Question 76

The Cynics wanted a simple,independent,natural life.

Question 77

During the Dark Ages,church dogma was vigorously challenged.

Question 78

During the Dark Ages,Islam was a powerful force in the world.

Question 79

St.Augustine used and encouraged the use of introspection or examination of one's inner experience.

Question 80

Describe the "spirit of the times" prior to the Renaissance.