Deck 5: The Actions of Drugs

Question 1

Which of these is difficult to classify, due to its complex effects at different doses?

A) Cocaine
B) Marijuana
C) Prozac
D) Caffeine

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In addition to ADHD, which individual may also be prescribed Ritalin?

A) Josh who has difficulty sleeping.
B) Martin who has a mild case of congestive heart failure.
C) Sarah who has a spider phobia preventing her from attending school.
D) Diane who frequently falls asleep at work, and has been known to fall asleep while driving.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The text uses an example of overlapping dose-response curves for slowed reaction time, ataxia (staggering), and coma to illustrate which of the following?

A) How different drugs have different effects.
B) That new responses appear as the dose of alcohol is increased.
C) The placebo effect.
D) The grapefruit-juice effect.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Prozac and thorazine are examples of which drug grouping?

A) Hallucinogens
B) Analgesics
C) Psychotherapeutics
D) CNS Depressants

Question 5

Nonspecific effects of taking a drug are those that do not depend on its chemical activity. What are they referred as?

A) Placebo effects
B) Ataxia
C) Side effects
D) Dose-response effects

Question 6

What is the threshold on a dose-response curve?

A) The point at which the dose of the drug causes maximal response.
B) The lowest dose at which there is an observable effect of the drug.
C) A safe effective dose of the drug.
D) The therapeutic index of the drug.

Question 7

What does the group of psychoactive drugs called stimulants include?

A) Cocaine
B) Prozac
C) LSD
D) Heroin

Question 8

Based on the significant increase of prescription amphetamines use by Canadian university students, what did Maclean's magazine call Ritalin?

A) "The Get Smart Pill"
B) "The Go All Night Pill"
C) "Concentration for $5 a pill"
D) "The Student pill for success"

Question 9

LSD and PCP are examples of which drug grouping?

A) Hallucinogens
B) Analgesics
C) Psychotherapeutics
D) CNS Depressants

Question 10

Most drugs have three different kinds of names. Which one would identify the manufacturer?

A) Chemical name
B) Generic name
C) Brand name
D) Research name

Question 11

How many children did Health Canada estimate are taking Ritalin in Canada?

A) 45,000
B) 100,000
C) 145,000
D) 255,000

Question 12

Which of the following provides an important distinction regarding the herb St. John's wort?

A) It was first discovered to be a potent cardiotonic; it improved the heat's pumping action.
B) Unlike other herbal supplements approved by the NHPR, it should only be taken under a doctor's supervision.
C) If taken with other herbal supplements, an induced psychosis can occur.
D) When smoked is classified as a schedule 5 drug under the CSDA.

Question 13

The idea of a safety margin for a particular drug is based on what idea?

A) Toxic doses will typically be larger than therapeutic doses.
B) Most drugs cause toxicity problems only when combined with other drugs.
C) We need to determine an LD₅₀ using human volunteers.
D) We should only prescribe drugs that are not toxic even at high doses.

Question 14

What do we call the procedure when neither the person taking the drug nor the person evaluating the effects of the drug knows who is getting the experimental drug and who is getting the placebo?

A) Dose-response design
B) Effect size
C) Preclinical study
D) Double-blind procedure

Question 15

Your friend asked you to describe The Grapefruit-Juice Effect, which statement would you state?

A) Research states that 75% of people taking Grapefruit-Juice only experience a boost in a drug's potency.
B) Taking Grapefruit-Juice can be dangerous because the juice can raise blood concentrations of the drug beyond what the dosage calls for.
C) Taking Grapefruit-Juice can be dangerous because the juice can lower blood concentrations of the drug beyond what the dosage calls for.
D) Research has demonstrated that the Grapefruit-Juice concern has not been proven in clinical studies, despite the concern original published.

Question 16

Among the psychoactive drugs, how is alcohol classified?

A) Stimulant
B) Opioid
C) Hallucinogen
D) Depressant

Question 17

Alcohol and inhalants are all examples of which drug grouping?

A) Hallucinogens
B) Analgesics
C) Psychotherapeutics
D) CNS Depressants

Question 18

Mescaline, ecstasy, and cannabis are examples of which drug grouping?

A) Hallucinogens
B) Analgesics
C) Psychotherapeutics
D) CNS Depressants

Question 19

Most of our drugs originally came either directly or indirectly from which of the following?

A) The sea
B) Plants
C) Animals
D) Chemists

Question 20

St. John's wort is an herb that is believed to help what condition?

A) Anxiety
B) Depression
C) Arthritis
D) Congestive heart failure

Question 21

When drug use interferes with normal behaviour, experienced users may learn to compensate and show less impairment than new users. What does this demonstrate?

A) Drug disposition tolerance
B) Behavioural tolerance
C) An active metabolite
D) A prodrug

Question 22

Which of the following describes the blood-brain barrier?

A) It is fully developed in humans at birth.
B) It is malleable in order to permit drug compounds into the brain.
C) It cannot be penetrated, even with trauma to the brain.
D) It prevents many drugs from entering the brain.

Question 23

For some psychoactive drugs, what is the fastest route to the brain?

A) Inhalation
B) Intramuscular injection
C) Using a rectal suppository
D) Rubbing it on the head

Question 24

In what terms is the potency of a drug is defined?

A) The magnitude of the effect it produces.
B) Its dependence potential.
C) Whether it has a detectible odour.
D) The amount required to produce an effect.

Question 25

Which statement describes what is known regarding inhalation?

A) The capillary walls are not accessible in the lungs, thus the drug enters the blood stream slowly.
B) For psychotic drugs, inhalation produces a less rapid effect than intravenous administration.
C) The drug is not stored in the body.
D) It is used medically with various anesthetics.

Question 26

Which route of administration would describe vaginal suppositories, chewing tobacco, and sniffing cocaine?

A) Inhalation
B) Topical Applications
C) Pill taking
D) Subcutaneous injections

Question 27

The most common way for drug molecules to be deactivated is by which of the following?

A) CYP450 enzymes in the liver
B) Protein binding
C) Elimination through the bowel
D) Reuptake

Question 28

Alcohol has a low tendency, but THC has a high tendency to do what?

A) Bind to the serotonin receptor
B) Dissolve in water
C) Bind to blood proteins
D) Produce dependence

Question 29

Some drugs may act on all types of neurons by doing which of the following?

A) Blocking all receptor types.
B) Interfering with metabolism.
C) Preventing absorption of nutrients.
D) Altering the electrical potential across the cell membrane.

Question 30

If the repeated exposure to a drug increases the activity of the CYP450 enzyme that is responsible for metabolizing that drug, then future doses of the drug will be less effective than the first doses. What is this an example of?

A) Drug disposition tolerance
B) Behavioural tolerance
C) An active metabolite
D) A prodrug

Question 31

The time course of a drug's action depends on all of the following EXCEPT which one?

A) How the drug is administered.
B) How rapidly the drug is absorbed.
C) How the drug is eliminated from the body.
D) How the drug is manufactured.

Question 32

How do psychoactive drugs reach the brain tissue?

A) The Meninges
B) The Spinal cord
C) The bloodstream
D) The liver

Question 33

If you want to rapidly get very high concentrations of a drug to the brain, which route of administration would you probably use?

A) Oral
B) Subcutaneous
C) Topical
D) Intravenous

Question 34

A drug's generic name can only be used by one company.

Question 35

Occasionally, the repeated use of a drug leads to pharmacodynamic tolerance, which is based on which of the following?

A) Altered liver function.
B) Learning.
C) Reduced sensitivity of neurons.
D) Slower metabolism.

Question 36

What can concussions and cerebral infections decrease the effectiveness of?

A) Drug metabolism.
B) The blood-brain barrier.
C) Protein binding.
D) Multiple drug doses.

Question 37

Which route of administration will Martha use if she want her drug to go directly into the bloodstream?

A) Intravenous
B) Subcutaneous injection
C) Intramuscular injection
D) Inhalation

Question 38

With increasing doses of any useful drug what is there usually an increase in the number and severity of?

A) Side effects
B) Beneficial effects
C) Placebo effects
D) Effects on the stomach

Question 39

Jarrod's doctor recommend which of the following route of administration to him quite smoking?

A) A daily nicotine pill
B) A topical application
C) An intramuscular injection
D) Subcutaneous injections

Question 40

After oral administration, where does most absorption of drug molecules take place?

A) Small intestine
B) Kidneys
C) Heart
D) Liver

Question 41

Describe the brand name.

Question 42

Chemicals that have an effect on all neurons must do it by influencing some characteristic common to all neurons.

Question 43

The time course refers to the timing of the onset, duration, and termination of a drug's effect.

Question 44

Most basic biological functions are quite similar among all mammals, whereas the greatest differences between laboratory mice and humans would probably be found in the areas of thoughts, emotions, and "personality."

Question 45

The kidneys operate in a two-stage process. In the first step, water and most of the small and water-soluble molecules are filtered out. Second, most of the water is reabsorbed, along with some of the dissolved chemicals.

Question 46

The blood-brain barrier keeps toxic drugs out of the brain, but allows all other drugs to cross readily.

Question 47

There have been increased reports of adolescents administering alcohol using alcohol suppositories, called "booty bumping" or "butt bongs."

Question 48

Behavioural tolerance is the result of learning to compensate for the disruptive effects of a drug.

Question 49

Lithium is used to control manic episodes and to prevent psychosis.

Question 50

Enteral routes of drug administration involve the digestive tract and involve orally taking the drug or using a suppository (rectal/vaginal).

Question 51

Most psychoactive drugs go directly from the stomach to the brain.

Question 52

For most therapeutic effects, there is a maximum effect, and increasing the dose more just increases the number and type of side effects.

Question 53

Less than 45% of Canadians think marijuana will be legalized in the within the 10 years.

Question 54

Marijuana and heroin are both considered to be opioid drugs.

Question 55

Placebo effects are another name for nonspecific effects.

Question 56

Describe the double-blind procedure.
The double-blind procedure is an experiment in which neither the researcher nor the participant knows whether the drug or a placebo is being used?

Question 57

Caffeine and cocaine are both considered to be stimulant drugs.

Question 58

Describe what Ritalin is used to treat.

Question 59

A drug's potency is defined in terms of how great an effect it can produce.

Question 60

For many psychoactive drugs, such as nicotine and cocaine, the fastest way to get an effect is by inhaling the drug's vapors.

Question 61

Describe the term; Drug Half-Life.

Question 62

How can psychoactive drugs alter the availability of a neurotransmitter?

Question 63

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), a well-known animal rights group, has fought against laboratory animal testing, and cited the thalidomide drug as an example in favour of their cause, however, describe the flaws in their argument.

Question 64

What is the placebo effect? Describe some research techniques that have been developed to separate specific drug effects from placebo effects.

Question 65

There are many different routes by which drugs can be administered. Describe the pros and cons of the oral route versus the intravenous route.

Question 66

What is drug tolerance?

Question 67

Describe the difference between a chemical name and the generic name of a drug.

Question 68

Describe what is known about the purpose and effect of St. John's Wort.

Question 69

Describe drug distribution.

Question 70

Describe drug actions at a synapse.

Question 71

List and explain three mechanisms by which drug tolerance might occur.

Question 72

Describe lipid solubility.

Question 73

Describe three factors that can influence the time course of the behavioural effect of a drug, and show that you understand how each factor influences the time course.