Deck 7: Information Processing

Question 1

Recent research has revealed which of the following eating pattern(s)as contributing to an increase in obesity from age 2 through adulthood?

A) the increase in the consumption of soft drinks
B) an increase in hours of watching television
C) an increase intake of salty snacks and pizza
D) All of these

Answer 1

All of these

Question 2

What does the research indicate about gender differences in learning disabilities?

A) Boys are more likely to have a learning disability.
B) Girls are more likely to have a learning disability.
C) There are no significant gender differences in learning disabilities.
D) Although boys are referred more often for treatment,girls have higher rates of learning disabilities.

Answer 2

Boys are more likely to have a learning disability.

Question 3

On average,children gain _______ pounds per year during middle and late childhood.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 5 to 7
D) 7 to 10

Answer 3

5 to 7

Question 4

During elementary school years,most children double their

A) height.
B) weight.
C) muscle-to-fat ratio.
D) strength capabilities.

Question 5

_______ is characterized by severe impairments in reading and spelling ability.

A) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) Phonological deficit disorder
C) Dyslexia
D) Articulation disorder

Question 6

The most common problem that characterizes children with learning disabilities is the inability to

A) pay attention.
B) do arithmetic.
C) read easily.
D) correctly pronounce words.

Question 7

Eight-year-old Joshua is obese.His excess weight puts him at risk for all of the following,EXCEPT

A) depression.
B) high blood pressure.
C) type 2 diabetes.
D) anemia.

Question 8

Recent trends suggest that the number of children diagnosed and treated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)has

A) slightly increased.
B) substantially increased.
C) slightly decreased.
D) substantially decreased.

Question 9

Compared to girls,boys are __________ times more likely to be classified as having a learning disability.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 10

Children who eat dinner with their families are more likely to

A) watch less TV and drink fewer sodas.
B) take a regular daily walk after dinner.
C) be very involved in organized sports.
D) eat too much to "clean their plates."

Question 11

In research by Nader et al (2006),what percentage of children who were overweight during elementary school remained overweight at 12 years of age?

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 12

Which of the following is most fatiguing to an elementary school child?

A) playing basketball
B) running track
C) climbing on the monkey bars
D) sitting still

Question 13

On average,children grow _______ inches per year during middle and late childhood.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 5 to 7
D) 7 to 10

Question 14

About __________ of all school-age children in the United States receive special education or related services.

A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 30%

Question 15

Cancer is the _______ leading cause of death in children.

A) first
B) second
C) fourth
D) sixth

Question 16

Improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is likely a result of

A) increased myelination of the central nervous system.
B) the proliferation of neuron circuits in the brain.
C) an increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine.
D) a simultaneous process in which axons in the brain die off,while dendrites in the brain grow and branch out.

Question 17

Which type of cancer is most prevalent in children?

A) leukemia
B) lung
C) pancreas
D) colon

Question 18

A dimension that distinguishes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)from other types of learning disability is

A) activity level.
B) success in school.
C) emotional maturity.
D) level of intelligence.

Question 19

Seven-year-old Milaka can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper,something she could not do well at age 5.What best accounts for her improving dexterity?

A) practice
B) increased myelination
C) increased bone ossification
D) increased muscle development

Question 20

What is the most common cause of death for the child in middle childhood?

A) motor vehicle accident
B) drowning
C) disease
D) child abuse

Question 21

Sadie has a learning disability and has been placed in a classroom where she is educated in the least restrictive environment possible.This means that Sadie

A) is given great freedom and few rules.
B) is placed in as regular a classroom as possible.
C) has significant input into developing her educational goals.
D) spends part of her time in a regular classroom and part of her time in a special education classroom.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of concrete operational thought?

A) the ability to reverse actions mentally
B) logical reasoning
C) classification skills
D) the ability to think abstractly

Question 23

Kang has been diagnosed as ADHD,and Kang recently started a common form of drug therapy.Kang is probably receiving a _______ known to _______ the nervous system of adults.

A) barbiturate; speed up
B) barbiturate; slow down
C) stimulant; speed up
D) stimulant; slow down

Question 24

A child is presented with two identical balls of clay.The experimenter rolls one ball into a long,thin shape; the other remains in its original ball.The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long,thin piece of clay.If the child answers the problem correctly,the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

A) sensorimotor stage
B) preoperational stage
C) formal operational stage
D) concrete operational stage

Question 25

A second-grader is in what stage of cognitive development?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational thought
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 26

Julio understands that although he is older than his brother,he is younger than his sister.This is because Julio understands

A) seriation.
B) centration.
C) classification.
D) transitivity.

Question 27

Jacob is a third-grader with a disability that had caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day.Just recently,Jacob has been moved to the regular third-grade classroom.What is this change called?

A) transforming
B) transitioning
C) incorporation
D) inclusion

Question 28

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142)requires

A) mainstreaming of all students with disabilities.
B) special classes for all students with disabilities.
C) a free and appropriate education for all children.
D) the same daily activities for students with and without disabilities.

Question 29

Recent research suggests that __________ is the most effect treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

A) medication
B) behavior management
C) a combination of medication and behavior management
D) a combination of medication,behavior management,and the Feingold diet

Question 30

Two identical glasses are filled to the same level with juice.A child then watches as the juice from one glass is poured into a taller,thinner glass.A child who is capable of concrete operational thought might say,

A) "The tall one has more juice-see how much taller it is?"
B) "The tall one has more juice-they just look like they are the same."
C) "It's still the same amount of juice-you can tell by just pouring it back."
D) "It's still the same amount of juice-you can tell by how tall this one is."

Question 31

Jean Piaget believed that children below the age of _______ years do not have concrete operational thought.

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

Question 32

To understand how a family tree showing relationships among relatives works,children must be able to use the skill of

A) seriation.
B) centration.
C) classification.
D) mental reversibility.

Question 33

One of the following terms does NOT belong with the others.Which is it?

A) multiple classification
B) egocentrism
C) reversibility
D) logical reasoning

Question 34

Currently,researchers are considering all of the following as possible causes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),EXCEPT

A) low levels of neurotransmitters in the brain.
B) heredity.
C) child abuse.
D) prenatal and postnatal abnormalities.

Question 35

Mimi looks at her mother and says,"Grandma can't be your mother,because she is my grandmother." Mimi does not yet understand

A) classification.
B) reversibility.
C) conservation.
D) mental representation.

Question 36

What does the research indicate about gender differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Boys are more likely to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
B) Girls are more likely to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
C) There are no significant gender differences in the occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
D) Girls are more likely to be diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),while boys are more likely to be referred for treatment due to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Question 37

It is most likely that _______ plays the most important role in causing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

A) learning
B) inconsistent parenting
C) genetics
D) lack of self-discipline

Question 38

Jack is cutting up a pizza for himself and his little brother,Craig.He starts to cut it into eight pieces,but his brother says,"Don't cut it into so many pieces; I can't eat that many." Jack laughs but obeys.Craig's reactions characterize _______ thought,and Jack's reactions characterize _______ thought.

A) sensorimotor; preoperational
B) preoperational; concrete operational
C) symbolic; intuitive
D) concrete operational; formal operational

Question 39

Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size (the silver half dollar)to the smallest (a dime).His newfound ability is called

A) centration.
B) seriation.
C) reversibility.
D) classification.

Question 40

The Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)requires that students with disabilities receive

A) an individualized education plan (IEP).
B) an exclusive learning environment.
C) specially trained educators.
D) free continuing education.

Question 41

The neo-Piagetians seem to incorporate ideas from another view about cognitive development and learning.What other view is this?

A) information-processing approach to cognition
B) individual differences study of intelligence
C) behaviorist concepts of learning
D) Vygotsky's ideas about the importance of culture and context

Question 42

The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems is called

A) spontaneity.
B) congruency.
C) elasticity.
D) creativity.

Question 43

The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called

A) divergent thinking.
B) convergent thinking.
C) expressive thinking.
D) multiple thinking.

Question 44

Which of the following questions would generate a brainstorming session?

A) How many pieces of fruit would you have if you were given two apples,three pears,and a banana?
B) What is the capital of Pennsylvania?
C) What is the largest mammal living on the North American continent?
D) How can a person get to Texas from California?

Question 45

According to the text,the concept of intelligence can be defined as:

A) problem-solving skills.
B) adapting to experiences.
C) learning from experiences.
D) all of these in combination.

Question 46

_______ develop(s)more rapidly during early childhood,and _______ develop(s)more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

A) Long-term memory; short-term memory
B) Short-term memory; long-term memory
C) Control processes; learner characteristics
D) Learner characteristics; control processes

Question 47

Standardized testing in schools typically measures _______ thinking.

A) convergent
B) creative
C) divergent
D) analytical

Question 48

Compared with novices,experts have

A) better overall memory.
B) better memory for their area of expertise.
C) no better memory but more experiences.
D) higher levels of motivation.

Question 49

Reflecting,rethinking,analyzing,synthesizing,and evaluating evidence are all parts of:

A) critical thinking.
B) metacognition.
C) cognitive monitoring.
D) superficial thinking.

Question 50

Knowing about knowing is referred to as

A) metamemory.
B) first-order cognition.
C) metacognition.
D) megacognition.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a way to get children to be more creative?

A) encourage their internal motivation
B) maintain control of a child's ideas
C) provide a stimulating environment
D) introduce them to creative people

Question 52

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has been criticized in four areas.Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget's theory?

A) Several concrete operational concepts do not appear in synchrony.
B) Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier than Piaget thought.
C) Children who are at one cognitive stage can be trained to reason at a higher cognitive stage.
D) Culture and education exert less influence on children's development than Piaget believed.

Question 53

What can educators do to help children become better thinkers?

A) teach them many problem-solving strategies
B) teach them many different memory aids
C) model many appropriate thinking skills
D) understand the limitations of biology

Question 54

To remember that Madison is the capital of Wisconsin,Greg thinks about a cupcake (because Dolly Madison is a cupcake company)with a slice of cheese on top (because Wisconsin is the cheese state).This is an example of using _______ to improve memory.

A) rehearsal
B) organization
C) mental imagery
D) a fuzzy trace

Question 55

The term "individual differences" in the text discussion of intelligence refers to

A) differences between individuals that change over time.
B) the relative strengths and weaknesses within an individual.
C) day-to-day changes in an individual's knowledge and skills.
D) differences between individuals that are stable over time.

Question 56

If intelligence is assumed to be normally distributed,which of the following would you expect to find in the overall population?

A) more people of high intelligence than of low intelligence
B) more people of moderate intelligence than of high or low intelligence
C) more people of high intelligence than of moderate or low intelligence
D) more people of low intelligence than of moderate or high intelligence

Question 57

Sally's mental age is 12,but her chronological age is 9.Sally's IQ is

A) 75.
B) 100.
C) 108.
D) 133.

Question 58

Amber is given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test.Her mental age is determined to be 12.8 and her chronological age is 11.0.Which of the following can be said about Amber?

A) Her IQ score is 86.
B) Her IQ score is about average.
C) Her IQ score is below that of the majority of the population.
D) Her IQ score is above that of the majority of the population.

Question 59

In contrast to the study of information processing,the study of intelligence is more likely to involve the concept of

A) language.
B) individual differences.
C) problem-solving skills.
D) cognitive processes.

Question 60

In a famous study,Michelene Chi (1978)found that 10-year-old children who knew a lot about chess remembered chessboard positions better than adults who did not play much chess.Evidently,these 10-year-old chess experts could do this because they

A) had more prior knowledge about chess than the adults.
B) had better long-term memory processes than the adults.
C) were highly motivated to show that they could beat the adults at something.
D) had a longer short-term memory than the adults.

Question 61

What is the BEST explanation for why minorities earn lower scores on IQ tests?

A) environment
B) heredity
C) racism
D) unfair scoring

Question 62

Colin does not earn high grades on standardized tests but has a black belt in martial arts.According to Gardner,Colin has _______ skills.

A) spatial
B) intrapersonal
C) bodily-kinesthetic
D) interpersonal

Question 63

Is it possible to develop an intelligence test that is truly culturally fair?

A) Yes.It requires including only nonverbal items on the test.
B) Yes.It requires adapting the test language to fit the test-taker's culture.
C) No.There are too many different levels of intelligence to assess them all.
D) No.There are too many different variations in test-takers' cultures to address them all.

Question 64

Who among the following would have good spatial abilities?

A) an engineer
B) a theologian
C) a botanist
D) an architect

Question 65

Paul has an IQ of 68.He lives in his own apartment and supports himself with a job.He has many friends,goes bowling,and eats out frequently.He has no difficulty adapting to everyday life.According to the definition of mental retardation,Paul is

A) organically retarded.
B) mildly retarded.
C) moderately retarded.
D) severely retarded.

Question 66

Mr.French wants to know which of the children who have applied for admission to his special science school really have the potential to become successful scientists.He gives them an intelligence test and admits only those who score in the top 10%.What would Binet say about Mr.French's use of an intelligence test?

A) Mr.French is wise to have used an intelligence test to predict career success.
B) Mr.French is misusing the intelligence test,as they are for predicting career success.
C) Mr.French has hit on an innovative and appropriate use for intelligence tests.
D) Mr.French is using the intelligence test inappropriately,as the test must be given at least twice to show stability of intelligence and predict career success.

Question 67

All of the following are types of intelligence according to Howard Gardner,EXCEPT

A) naturalist skills.
B) musical skills.
C) artistic skills.
D) verbal skills.

Question 68

Robert J.Sternberg and Howard Gardner's theories of intelligence are ALIKE in that both

A) emphasize the ability to adapt to novel situations.
B) hypothesize several different types of intelligence.
C) hypothesize a single-factor theory of intelligence.
D) stress the ability to identify and remember patterns.

Question 69

"Hannah has an IQ of 135.She is very bright,and I'm sure she will have no difficulties at all in any of her school subjects.With that level of intelligence,I'm sure she'll be quite successful whether she chooses to go into medicine or law as a career." This speaker is

A) misusing the results of an intelligence test.
B) giving an appropriate interpretation of an intelligence test.
C) assuming that intelligence is composed of several different factors.
D) not placing enough emphasis on intelligence as a predictor of life success.

Question 70

Although Casey has scored poorly on standardized intelligence tests,he has street smarts.According to Sternberg,he has _______ intelligence.

A) spatial
B) practical
C) analytical
D) interpersonal

Question 71

Those individuals who have IQs of 55 to 70 are classified as _______ mentally retarded.

A) mildly
B) moderately
C) severely
D) profoundly

Question 72

Robert J.Sternberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that

A) intelligence is a general ability.
B) there are three types of intelligence.
C) intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities.
D) there are separate information-processing components of intelligence.

Question 73

Howard Gardner has developed _______ types of intelligence.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 11

Question 74

Many intelligence tests are biased in that they

A) test predominantly nonverbal skills.
B) reflect the common values of all test takers.
C) reflect the cultures of some test takers more than others.
D) use only standardized test items familiar to all test takers.

Question 75

Which of the following is the MOST appropriate use of intelligence test results?

A) They should be considered one aspect of a person's whole range of talents.
B) They should be used primarily to direct students to appropriate career choices.
C) They should be the major tool for determining school placement but nothing more.
D) They should be eliminated as an assessment tool because of their cultural bias and frequent misinterpretation.

Question 76

When compared to the Binet intelligence test,the Wechsler test offers the advantage of

A) an overall IQ score.
B) both verbal and nonverbal scores.
C) scores in four different content areas.
D) being suitable for testing both children and adults.

Question 77

Robert J.Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes all of the following,EXCEPT

A) creative intelligence.
B) practical intelligence.
C) analytical intelligence.
D) verbal intelligence.

Question 78

Early intelligence tests were based entirely on

A) white children of middle socioeconomic status (SES).
B) white upper-SES children.
C) white lower-SES children.
D) an economically diverse sample of white children.

Question 79

What percentage of mentally retarded Americans are considered moderately retarded?

A) about 89%
B) about 6%
C) about 3.5%
D) less than 1%

Question 80

What problem may result from using a single number as a measure of intelligence?

A) People may focus on increasing their intelligence to the exclusion of all other pursuits.
B) Teachers may not teach children with high IQs as well as they teach children with low IQs.
C) People are confused by the IQ score measure and are not sure about its actual meaning.
D) Stereotypes,generalizations and expectations may be formed on the basis of IQ scores.