Deck 11: The Self and Identity

Question 1

Research suggests that all of the following assets are especially important in predicting well-being in adulthood,EXCEPT:

A) intellectual assets.
B) financial assets.
C) psychological assets.
D) social assets.

Answer 1

financial assets.

Question 2

Which of the following is the biggest health risk that most young adults face?

A) use of cocaine
B) cardiovascular disease
C) high levels of cholesterol
D) establishing poor health habits

Answer 2

establishing poor health habits

Question 3

James,an American,will most likely consider himself an adult when he ________,whereas Nelson,an African,will most likely consider himself an adult when he _______.

A) moves out of the house; graduates from college.
B) obtains financial independence; gets married.
C) turns 21; gets married.
D) gets married; buys his first home.

Answer 3

obtains financial independence; gets married.

Question 4

Barbara wants to engage in aerobic exercise that will burn fat and change her metabolism.Which of the following is the BEST activity for her to engage in?

A) weight lifting
B) stretching
C) jogging
D) walking

Question 5

Troy wants to reduce his risk of heart attack.His doctor recommends that he:

A) exercise several times a week.
B) increase his dose of vitamin C.
C) eat more leafy green vegetables.
D) sleep at least 8 hours per night.

Question 6

In developing countries,the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is:

A) holding a permanent,full-time job.
B) moving into one's own home.
C) getting married.
D) having a child.

Question 7

What percentage of Americans aged 20 years and over were classified as obese in 2005 (CDC,2006)?

A) 10
B) 60
C) 25
D) 35

Question 8

Lettie is 30 years old and curious about how satisfied she will be with her life when she is elderly.The best predicator of this is her current:

A) emotional health.
B) physical health.
C) socioeconomic status.
D) level of romantic satisfaction.

Question 9

In 2003,the results of a longitudinal study of young adults in the United States documented that:

A) very few of the sample were financially independent of their family of origin.
B) over half of the sample were financially independent of their family of origin.
C) all subjects in the sample were financially independent of their family of origin.
D) all subjects in the sample reported feeling ashamed of needing financial help.

Question 10

Mario is having difficulty dealing with stress at work.His wife suggests he cope by trying to get regular exercise.Which of the following would be the BEST strategy for Mario to use?

A) begin a high-intensity exercise program
B) begin a moderate-intensity exercise program
C) begin an exercise program designed to increase flexibility
D) not start an exercise program,as it would increase stress

Question 11

Recent research emphasizes the significant role of _________ in weight loss and health.

A) nutrition
B) exercise
C) heredity
D) motivation

Question 12

College students' failure to develop health-promoting habits is a result of their:

A) belief that inheriting good genes will override any of their unhealthy behaviors.
B) lack of knowledge about which behaviors are more healthy or more unhealthy.
C) lack of knowledge that habits developed in young adulthood impact later health.
D) failure to apply to themselves the knowledge they have about promoting health.

Question 13

Each of the following is a feature of emerging adulthood,EXCEPT:

A) other focused.
B) identity exploration.
C) instability.
D) feeling "in-between."

Question 14

In the United States,the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is:

A) holding a permanent,full-time job.
B) moving into one's own home.
C) getting married.
D) having a child.

Question 15

The average age of peak performance for most physical skills:

A) is not affected by changes that happen in the environment.
B) has remained approximately the same over the last century.
C) has decreased by an average of 4 years over the last century.
D) has increased by an average of 4 years over the last century.

Question 16

Lea,a college freshman,is experiencing a lot of anxiety and worry about not doing as well in her classes as she had expected.She reports that she is often depressed and is considering dropping out.Which of the following is true of Lea?

A) She is unusual in that her stress level is much higher than that of most students.
B) She is unusual in that her stress level is much lower than that of most students.
C) She represents a growing percentage of students today in the level of her stress.
D) She is normal as the majority of students today report often feeling depressed.

Question 17

Which of the following athletes would be MOST likely to show peak performance at an early point in his or her career?

A) golfer
B) swimmer
C) sprinter
D) baseball player

Question 18

"Emerging adulthood," a term coined by Jeffrey Arnett,refers to the age range from:

A) 12 to 18.
B) 18 to 25.
C) 21 to 26.
D) 20 to 30.

Question 19

Which of the following is a controversy concerning the value of dieting?

A) whether people actually lose weight when they are dieting
B) whether people can keep off the weight they lose by dieting
C) whether diets work equally well for men and for women
D) whether there is really a true "healthy" weight for individuals

Question 20

College freshmen are MOST similar to high school freshmen in that both:

A) experience high rates of depression as a result of burnout.
B) are considered novices in their respective settings.
C) are considered experts in their respective settings.
D) have little autonomy in selecting courses of study.

Question 21

In 1994,Robert Michael and his colleagues conducted a comprehensive survey of American sexual patterns.Results from this "Sex in America" study suggested that Americans' sexual lives are _________ than previously believed.

A) more conservative
B) less conservative
C) more active
D) less active

Question 22

In survey of drinking patterns on college campuses,which was NOT a problem reported by binge drinkers?

A) having unprotected sex
B) using illicit drugs
C) missing classes
D) physical injuries

Question 23

Bethany's doctor informs her she has an STI.As an American,which is she MOST likely to have?

A) gonorrhea
B) syphilis
C) chlamydia
D) HIV

Question 24

Recent trends in smoking indicate that:

A) the rates of cigar smoking have declined.
B) fewer people smoke today than did in the past.
C) the prevalence of smoking in men has risen in the last decade.
D) overall rates of smoking have risen in the last decade.

Question 25

What do researchers believe today about the causes of sexual orientation?

A) Sexual orientation is primarily caused by biology.
B) Sexual orientation is primarily caused by learning and experience.
C) Sexual orientation is primarily caused by social and emotional factors.
D) Sexual orientation is primarily caused by a combination of factors.

Question 26

What advice about bicultural identity would the psychologist Laura Brown give to a gay or lesbian couple?

A) You will cope best if you isolate yourselves as a couple and avoid contact with other people.
B) You will cope best if you maintain strong contact with both the gay community and the heterosexual mainstream.
C) You will cope best if you stay within your circle of gay and lesbian friends and avoid frequent contact with heterosexual people.
D) You will cope best if you stay within your circle of heterosexual friends and avoid strong associations with the gay community.

Question 27

Although cigarette smoking is on the decline,_______ is on the increase.

A) alcohol usage
B) cigar smoking
C) marijuana smoking
D) pipe smoking

Question 28

Lauren was recently a victim of rape and is receiving counseling.Knowing the effects of rape,her counselor can predict that there is a 1 in _________ chance that Lauren will suffer some type of sexual dysfunction or reduced sexual desire if she does not receive effective counseling.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 20

Question 29

David notices he has sores and blisters around his genital area just days after having intercourse.David MOST likely has:

A) gonorrhea.
B) genital herpes.
C) syphilis.
D) HIV.

Question 30

Nicotine is a:

A) depressant.
B) stimulant.
C) narcotic.
D) sedative.

Question 31

Kelli is thinking about marrying Ron.Kelli asked Ron about his attitude on extramarital sex,and Ron said he thought that it was wrong.Kelli looked up the 1994 sexual survey conducted by Robert Michael and his colleagues and found that ___ of married men have been unfaithful.

A) 75%
B) 40%
C) 25%
D) 10%

Question 32

Professor Lone Dove argues that homosexuality is biologically determined during the prenatal period.She believes in the:

A) critical-period hypothesis.
B) genetic predisposition hypothesis.
C) in vivo hypothesis.
D) hormonal hypothesis.

Question 33

Before Gisela has sex with her boyfriend,she asks if he has tested positive for HIV and also requires that he use a condom.Given what we know about HIV and the sexual behavior and attitudes of most adults,we can say that Gisela's practice is:

A) safe.
B) not safe,because condoms do not provide protection from HIV.
C) not completely safe,because condoms can fail and men often lie to have sex.
D) not safe,because she could still contract HIV from casual contact with her boyfriend before sex.

Question 34

Studies of families consistently find a ____ frequency of alcoholism in the first-degree relatives of an alcoholic.

A) low
B) high
C) 50%
D) 100%

Question 35

What percentage of college men admit to forcing a woman into a sexual act?

A) 25
B) 33
C) 50
D) 75

Question 36

Which of the following is increasing both in rate of occurrence and in the attention it receives on college campuses?

A) assault
B) date or acquaintance rape
C) sexual assaults by strangers
D) rape associated with burglaries

Question 37

Manny has contracted a virus that is destroying his body's immune system.Manny most likely has:

A) AIDS.
B) herpes.
C) syphilis.
D) gonorrhea.

Question 38

Deb is both depressed and obese.One way she can combat both of these problems is to:

A) get at least 8 hours of sleep per night.
B) reduce her intake of sugar.
C) engage in regular exercise.
D) take an antidepressant medication.

Question 39

What is the optimum level of exercise for American adults?

A) 30 minutes of low-intensity exercise every day
B) 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise every day
C) 45 minutes of low-intensity exercise every day
D) 45 minutes of high-intensity exercise 2 days a week

Question 40

Results from the "Sex in America" study suggest that adult sexual behavior is dominated by _________ and _________.

A) abstinence; marriage.
B) kinkiness; infidelity.
C) marriage; monogamy.
D) cohabitation; adultery.

Question 41

The term that is now given to describe the transition from adolescence to adulthood (approximately 18 to 25 years of age)that involves experimentation and exploration.

Question 42

In developing a theory of adult cognition,which theorist focused more on how thinking evolves from being concrete to being abstract,hypothetical,and systematic?

A) Jean Piaget
B) William Perry
C) K.Warner Schaie
D) Gisela Labouvie-Vief

Question 43

Coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whom the perpetrator is at least casually acquainted.

Question 44

According to William Perry (1999),the development of cognitive processing during the early adult years involves an evolution from _________ to _________.

A) idealism; pragmatics.
B) pragmatics; idealism.
C) absolutism; relativism.
D) relativism; absolutism.

Question 45

The main cognitive change between formal operational and postformal thought is _________ thinking.

A) abstract
B) concrete
C) reflective
D) quantitative

Question 46

The only necessary criterion for sexual harassment is:

A) inappropriate physical contact.
B) inappropriate sexual remarks.
C) blatant propositions or assaults.
D) a victim's sense of exploitation.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about creativity is most accurate?

A) Creativity declines with age.
B) Older people are more creative than younger people.
C) The peak of creativity is reached by the 20s.
D) Relative to age,creativity is based on the domain.

Question 48

"I used to have more time to think about the theoretical ideals of truth,justice,beauty,and peace,but now I have three kids,two jobs,and a huge mortgage to pay.My 'ideal' now is to make it to the end of the week so I can sit in the hot tub for an hour and think about how I'll cope with next week." As this statement shows,what we think about (and how we think about it)changes a good deal when we take on the responsibilities of adult life.This idea plays a central role in the theory of adult cognition proposed by:

A) Piaget.
B) Perry.
C) Schaie.
D) Labouvie-Vief.

Question 49

Forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does not give consent.

Question 50

William Perry offers a perspective on the ways young adults' thinking differs from adolescents' thinking.In his view,adult thinking is more:

A) dualistic.
B) polar.
C) reflective.
D) absolute.

Question 51

A recent trend in dual-career families is:

A) that men are working two or more jobs.
B) that men are staying home more to raise the children.
C) that men are working more second shifts.
D) that men are doing more of the household chores.

Question 52

Which statement summarizes what William Perry (1999)believes about the cognitive level displayed by the typical adolescent?

A) "What's right is right,and what's wrong is wrong."
B) "There are usually three sides to every issue: black,white,and gray."
C) "We have to look for the underlying principle of truth in every situation."
D) "To find truth,we need to look at the full context and what people know and understand from their own perspectives."

Question 53

Diseases that are primarily contracted through sex including oral-genital and anal-genital sex.

Question 54

Piaget's claim that adults are fully formal operational thinkers seems to be:

A) an inaccurate description of many adults.
B) true only for a very small sample of professional adults.
C) true,except for adults with mental defects or diseases.
D) completely inaccurate of most adults.

Question 55

Trey is right out of college and seeking full-time employment.He can expect to spend the remaining _________ of his life working.

A) one-fifth
B) one-fourth
C) one-third
D) one-half

Question 56

When you look at the creative achievements of famous inventors,writers,and scientists,it is clear that creativity:

A) peaks when adults are in their 60s and declines thereafter.
B) peaks when adults are in their 30s and steadily declines thereafter.
C) steadily increases throughout the life span and does not peak until retirement.
D) varies depending on the person's type of work and individual situation.

Question 57

A person who is sexually attracted to people of both sexes.

Question 58

When Franklin composes musical concertos,he becomes totally absorbed and experiences extreme happiness.This is called:

A) bliss.
B) flow.
C) euphoria.
D) nirvana.

Question 59

Sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus,which destroys the body's immune system.

Question 60

Sustained exercise (e.g.,jogging,swimming)that stimulates heart and lung activity.

Question 61

List four ways to protect yourself from AIDS.

Question 62

List three recent changes in dual-career families.

Question 63

List at least four hazards of binge drinking among college students.

Question 64

This theorist coined the term "emerging adulthood" to describe the transition from adolescence to adulthood in the United States.

Question 65

List at least four common sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Question 66

This theorist suggested that adults are more likely to engage in reflective,relativistic thinking,whereas adolescents are more likely to use absolute,dualistic thinking.

Question 67

According to William Perry,how does adolescents' thinking differ from young adults' thinking?

Question 68

List at least two mental health benefits associated with exercise.

Question 69

List at least four features of emerging adulthood.

Question 70

List at least two ways exercise contributes to a weight-loss program.

Question 71

What is the best way to lose weight and keep it off?

Question 72

Explain the postformal stage of thought.