Deck 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

_____ are characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells.

A) Blood and bone cancers
B) All child cancers
C) Skin and bone cancers
D) Skin and blood cancers

Answer 1

All child cancers

Question 2

The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is a reflection of:

A) increased myelination of the central nervous system.
B) advances in the prefrontal cortex.
C) an increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine.
D) a simultaneous process where axons in the brain die,while dendrites in the brain grow and branch out.

Answer 2

increased myelination of the central nervous system.

Question 3

On average,children gain _____ pounds per year during middle and late childhood.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 5 to 7
D) 7 to 10

Answer 3

5 to 7

Question 4

Mitchell has been placed in the 96th percentile in terms of his BMI.His doctor would likely tell his parents that he is:

A) obese.
B) overweight.
C) at risk for being overweight.
D) at a healthy weight.

Question 5

The incidence of cancer in children has _____ in recent years.

A) been linked to obesity
B) increased dramatically
C) slightly increased
D) decreased dramatically

Question 6

A recent study found that children with a high body mass index and waist circumference are at risk for _____,a constellation of factors,including obesity,high blood pressure,and type 2 diabetes.

A) ICF syndrome
B) hyperventilation syndrome
C) severe acute respiratory syndrome
D) metabolic syndrome

Question 7

Children with cancer:

A) are rarer today than in the 1960s.
B) are dying earlier today than in the 1960s.
C) are surviving longer today than in the past.
D) are yet to receive the benefits of advancements in cancer treatment.

Question 8

During elementary school years,head circumference and waist circumference:

A) increase in relation to body height.
B) decrease in relation to body weight.
C) increase in relation to body weight.
D) decrease in relation to body height.

Question 9

Being overweight is defined in absolute relation to a person's _____.

A) height
B) body mass index
C) weight
D) waist circumference

Question 10

In 2011-2012,_____ percent of 6- to 11-year-old U.S.children were classified as obese,which is essentially unchanged from 2009-2010.

A) 12.5
B) 37.5
C) 24.5
D) 17.5

Question 11

Cardiovascular disease is _____ in children.

A) uncommon
B) highly prevalent
C) nonexistent
D) on the decline

Question 12

What is the most common cause of death for children in middle childhood?

A) Motor vehicle accidents
B) Drowning
C) Cancer
D) Child abuse

Question 13

Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper,something she could not do at age 3.What best accounts for her improving dexterity?

A) Increased cortical thickening in the temporal lobe.
B) Increased myelination of the central nervous system.
C) Increased bone ossification.
D) Increased muscle development.

Question 14

During the elementary school years,children grow an average of _____ inches a year.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 5 to 7
D) 7 to 10

Question 15

Which of the following statements about children and cardiovascular disease is true?

A) Cardiovascular disease is common in children.
B) There is no scientific evidence of high blood pressure in children.
C) High blood pressure goes undiagnosed in 75 percent of children with the disease.
D) Behaviors in childhood do not affect the development of cardiovascular disease in later life.

Question 16

Which type of cancer is most prevalent in children?

A) Leukemia
B) Lung cancer
C) Brain cancer
D) Melanoma

Question 17

Ross has been placed in the 85th percentile in terms of his BMI.His doctor would likely tell his parents that he is:

A) obese.
B) overweight.
C) at risk for being overweight.
D) at a healthy weight.

Question 18

Which of the following is the second leading cause of death in U.S.children 5 to 14 years of age?

A) Cardiovascular disease
B) Cancer
C) Motor vehicle accidents
D) Drowning

Question 19

Advances in the _____ of the brain are linked to children's _____.

A) parietal lobe; sharper color and peripheral vision
B) occipital lobe; better spatial skills
C) prefrontal cortex; improved attention,reasoning,and cognitive control
D) temporal lobe; eye-hand coordination and pincer grasp

Question 20

Gertrude,9,has been placed in the 98th percentile in terms of her BMI.Her doctor would likely tell her parents that she is:

A) of a healthy weight.
B) at risk for being overweight.
C) overweight.
D) obese.

Question 21

The number of children diagnosed and treated for ADHD has _____ in recent decades.

A) increased marginally
B) increased substantially
C) decreased marginally
D) decreased substantially

Question 22

Sandra,9,was always behind in class because she could only write very slowly,and even then her painstaking efforts would be virtually illegible and riddled with spelling mistakes.Her teacher referred her to a psychologist who diagnosed her with a learning disability called:

A) ADHD.
B) dysgraphia.
C) ASD.
D) dyscalculia.

Question 23

ADHD occurs _____ more frequently in boys than in girls.

A) two to three times
B) four to nine times
C) ten times
D) marginally

Question 24

Which was the largest group of students with a disability to be served by federal programs and receive special education in the 2011-2012 school year?

A) Students with a learning disability
B) Students with speech or language impairments
C) Students with intellectual disability
D) Emotionally disturbed students

Question 25

One of the explanations for the gender difference in the identification of learning disabilities is that:

A) boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities.
B) girls are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment.
C) girls' education is given priority in schools and homes.
D) learning disability is more difficult to detect in boys.

Question 26

A number of causes for ADHD have been proposed,including:

A) high birth weight.
B) poor discipline at home.
C) verbal and physical abuse during childhood.
D) cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development.

Question 27

Approximately _____ percentage of children with a learning disability have a reading problem.

A) 23
B) 50
C) 80
D) 10

Question 28

Samuel,8,has difficulty in one or more basic numerical skills.His physician diagnosed him as suffering from a learning disability called _____,or developmental arithmetic disorder.

A) dyscalculia
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) dyspraxia

Question 29

_____ is a disability in which children consistently show one or more of these characteristics over a period of time: inattention,hyperactivity,and impulsivity.

A) ADHD
B) OCD
C) PTSD
D) EMDR

Question 30

About _____ as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability.

A) twice
B) three times
C) half
D) one-third

Question 31

Terrence has a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation.This disability is also known as a developmental arithmetic disorder.Identify Terrence's condition.

A) ADHD
B) Dysgraphia
C) ASD
D) Dyscalculia

Question 32

Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on improving:

A) math ability.
B) right and left brain functioning.
C) writing skills.
D) reading ability.

Question 33

Lillette,9,has been diagnosed with _____,a cancer in which the bone marrow manufactures an abundance of abnormal white blood cells,which crowd out normal cells,making her susceptible to bruising and infection.

A) neuroblastoma
B) lymphosarcoma
C) leukemia
D) clear cell sarcoma

Question 34

Sabine has a severe impairment in reading and spelling ability.Identify the condition that Sabine has.

A) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) Dysgraphia
C) Dyslexia
D) Dyscalculia

Question 35

Of all children from 3 to 21 years of age in the United States,_____ percent received special education or related services in 2011-2012.

A) 5
B) 13
C) 27
D) 32

Question 36

Marshall writes very slowly and his handwriting is virtually illegible.He also makes numerous spelling errors because of his inability to match up sounds and letters.Marshall likely suffers from _____.

A) dyspraxia
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) dyscalculia

Question 37

One in every _____ children in the United States develops cancer before the age of 19.

A) 75
B) 130
C) 250
D) 330

Question 38

A learning disability:

A) resides in a single,specific brain location.
B) is the result of inadequate intellectual functioning.
C) does not involve understanding or using spoken languages.
D) is not primarily the result of visual,hearing,or motor disabilities.

Question 39

Damon's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all the time.He does not pay any attention to what is being taught in class and behaves impulsively.Considering the presence of the tell-tale characteristics of inattention,hyperactivity,and impulsivity,Damon's pediatrician diagnosed him with _____ and put him on a combination of Ritalin and behavior therapy.

A) ADHD
B) OCD
C) PTSD
D) EMDR

Question 40

Research indicates that it is unlikely learning disabilities:

A) reside in a single,specific brain location.
B) are due to problems in integrating information from multiple brain regions.
C) are a result of subtle difficulties in brain structures.
D) occur as a result of subtle difficulties in brain functions.

Question 41

The _____ is a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.

A) ideal learning environment (ILE)
B) special learning environment (SLE)
C) least discriminating environment (LDE)
D) least restrictive environment (LRE)

Question 42

A child is presented with two identical balls of clay.The experimenter rolls one ball into a long,thin shape; the other remains in its original ball form.The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long,thin piece of clay.If the child answers the problem correctly,but cannot use abstract reasoning yet,the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

A) Sensorimotor stage
B) Preoperational stage
C) Formal operational stage
D) Concrete operational stage

Question 43

_____ is a severe developmental disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships,abnormalities in communication,and restricted,repetitive,and stereotyped patterns of behavior.

A) Asperger syndrome
B) ADHD
C) Autistic disorder
D) ICF syndrome

Question 44

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act,enacted in 1975,required that:

A) all students with disabilities be brought into mainstream schools.
B) parents of children with disabilities provide home-schooling for their children.
C) all students with disabilities be given a free,appropriate public education.
D) a standard curriculum be provided for students with and without disabilities.

Question 45

_____ develop(s)more rapidly during early childhood,and _____ develop(s)more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

A) Long-term memory; short-term memory
B) Short-term memory; long-term memory
C) Knowledge; expertise
D) Expertise; knowledge

Question 46

A(n)_____ is a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for the student with a disability.

A) tailored education plan (TEP)
B) individualized education plan (IEP)
C) exclusive education plan (EEP)
D) disabilities education plan (DEP)

Question 47

Three-year-old Jared was taken to the doctor by his parents who were concerned by his seeming lack of attachment to those around him.Jared hardly spoke at all and spent all day preoccupied with bouncing his ball off a wall.After a thorough investigation,his pediatrician diagnosed him with _____.

A) fragile X syndrome
B) ADHD
C) autistic disorder
D) ICF syndrome

Question 48

Jacob is a third-grader and has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day.Recently Jacob has been moved to the regular third-grade classroom.This is an instance of _____.

A) transforming
B) transitioning
C) incorporation
D) inclusion

Question 49

Which of the following has been often found to be better at improving the behavior of children with ADHD?

A) A combination of stimulant medication and sedatives
B) Primarily stimulant medication
C) Primarily behavior management
D) A combination of stimulant medication and behavior management

Question 50

In relation to the cognitive development theory,Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from approximately _____ years of age.

A) 3 to 5
B) 5 to 7
C) 7 to 11
D) 10 to 13

Question 51

Sadie has a learning disability and is being educated in the least restrictive environment possible.This means that Sadie:

A) is given great freedom and few rules.
B) is placed in as regular a classroom as possible.
C) has significant input into the development of her educational goals.
D) spends part of her time in a regular classroom and part of her time in a special education classroom.

Question 52

According to the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention's 2012 estimates,_____ children had an autism spectrum disorder in 2008.

A) 1 in 88
B) 1 in 2,500
C) 1 in 1,000
D) 1 in 150

Question 53

Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest.His newfound ability is called _____.

A) centration
B) seriation
C) reversibility
D) classification

Question 54

A recent study revealed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurs _____ in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD.

A) in adulthood
B) in infancy
C) three years later
D) two years earlier

Question 55

Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest.He can also discern that if stick A is longer than B and B is longer than C,then A is longer than C.This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is _____.

A) seriation
B) transitivity
C) transduction
D) classification

Question 56

_____ is a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language,milder nonverbal language problems,and a restricted range of interests and relationships.

A) Asperger syndrome
B) Fragile X syndrome
C) Down syndrome
D) ICF syndrome

Question 57

From the following options identify the disorder that consists of serious,persistent problems involving relationships,aggression,depression,and fears associated with personal or school matters,as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.Approximately 8 percent of children who have a disability and require an individualized education plan fall into this classification.

A) Autism
B) ADHD
C) Emotional and behavioral disorders
D) Learning disorders

Question 58

Boys are estimated to be _____ more likely to have autism spectrum disorders than girls are.

A) two to three times
B) marginally
C) twice
D) five times

Question 59

Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of _____,which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension.

A) centration
B) seriation
C) reversibility
D) classification

Question 60

What causes the autism spectrum disorders?

A) Improper family socialization.
B) A brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters.
C) Damage to the prefrontal cortex of the brain.
D) Childhood immunizations.

Question 61

Knowledge about memory is known as:

A) metamemory.
B) working memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) metadata.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT an effective memory strategy?

A) Encourage elaboration,or more extensive processing
B) Encourage the use of mental imagery
C) Encourage memorization rather than understanding of information
D) Repeat with variation and link information early and often

Question 63

_____ thinking characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

A) Convergent
B) Creative
C) Divergent
D) Abstract

Question 64

When a person thinks reflectively and reviews,connects,and reflects as a means of evaluating evidence,it means that he or she is engaging in:

A) critical thinking.
B) metacognition.
C) cognitive monitoring.
D) control processes.

Question 65

"What would you do if you could be invisible for a day?" is an example of a question that has many possible answers and fosters _____ thinking.

A) divergent
B) convergent
C) critical
D) oblique

Question 66

From the following,identify an important difference between the reasoning of children and the reasoning of scientists.

A) Children tend to bias the experiments in favor of whatever hypothesis they began with.
B) Children fail to place enough emphasis on causal mechanisms.
C) Children intuitively design experiments that can distinguish among alternative causes.
D) Children place a great deal of emphasis on causal mechanisms.

Question 67

At some point during the early elementary school years,children begin to use _____ more and,according to the fuzzy trace theory,this contributes to the improved memory and reasoning of older children.

A) verbatim traces
B) elaboration
C) verbal traces
D) gist

Question 68

Megan,who is eight years old,has a test tomorrow."It's an easy test," she tells her mother."I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart.I finished studying for it yesterday." Megan is exhibiting her:

A) brainstorming ability.
B) creative thinking.
C) metamemory.
D) metadata.

Question 69

Which of the following is a way to get children to be more creative?

A) Discourage intellectual risk-taking.
B) Exercise strict control over a child's ideas.
C) Guide children to be persistent and delay gratification.
D) Discourage methods like brainstorming.

Question 70

The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called:

A) divergent thinking.
B) convergent thinking.
C) oblique thinking.
D) finite thinking.

Question 71

_____ refers to being alert,mentally present,and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks.

A) Mindlessness
B) Mindfulness
C) Elasticity
D) Creativity

Question 72

Mental age (MA)is:

A) the age that an individual mentally identifies himself at.
B) the age at which an individual attains cognitive maturity.
C) an individual's level of mental development relative to others.
D) an individual's age at the time of peak cortical thickness.

Question 73

Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills?

A) Avoid repetition of the same instructional information.
B) Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children.
C) Motivate children to remember material by memorizing it.
D) Discourage children from engaging in mental imagery.

Question 74

Compared with novices,experts have:

A) better overall memory regardless of their area of expertise.
B) acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area.
C) less experiences in their area of expertise.
D) higher levels of motivation.

Question 75

Emily has the ability to think about things in novel and unusual ways; this allows her to come up with unique solutions to problems.This ability is called _____.

A) logical thinking
B) analytical thinking
C) critical thinking
D) creative thinking

Question 76

_____ refers to a technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group,play off each other's ideas,and say almost anything that comes to mind.

A) Elaboration
B) Metacognition
C) Brainstorming
D) Inclusion

Question 77

If the word "win" is on a list of words a child is asked to remember,the child might think of the last time he won a pony race with a friend.This is an example of _____.

A) rehearsal
B) organization
C) inclusion
D) elaboration

Question 78

Michael Pressley believes that the key to education is helping students to:

A) develop social skills.
B) learn creativity.
C) learn a repertoire of problem-solving strategies.
D) distinguish between convergent and divergent thinking.

Question 79

_____ involves knowing about knowing.

A) Cognition
B) Brainstorming
C) Metacognition
D) Metadata

Question 80

According to the fuzzy trace theory,the _____ consists of the precise details of the information.

A) gist
B) verbatim memory trace
C) fuzzy trace
D) mental imagery