Deck 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

_____ is a process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.

A)Centration
B)Myelination
C)Tropism
D)Neurogenesis

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When comparing the heights and weights of preschool children around the world,it can be observed that there are:

A)congenital differences.
B)ethnic differences among them.
C)no visible differences.
D)cases of hyperthyroidism.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Sandra has been informed by a pediatrician about the weight gained by her four-year-old son,Manuel,over the last one year.She learns that Manuel has gained six pounds.Sandra should:

A)be alarmed because this is too much weight gain.
B)be concerned because this is too little weight gain.
C)be positive and change Manuel's diet.
D)be content that this is normal for Manuel's age.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?

A)Nationality and culture
B)Education and exercise
C)Prenatal care and emotional challenges
D)Ethnic origin and nutrition

Question 5

The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n):

A)nutrition program for young children.
B)educational program for young children.
C)program for training kindergarten and elementary school teachers.
D)parenting education program.

Question 6

By the end of early childhood,girls have more _____ tissue than boys.

A)fatty
B)muscle
C)epithelial
D)nervous

Question 7

_____ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 15.

A)Centration
B)Myelination
C)Tropism
D)Neurogenesis

Question 8

During early childhood,girls are _____ than boys.

A)much lighter
B)more muscular
C)slightly smaller
D)considerably taller

Question 9

The absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow is called:

A)pituitarian deficiency.
B)growth hormone deficiency.
C)perceptual development deficiency.
D)glandular deficiency.

Question 10

Who among the following five-year-olds is most likely to be the tallest?

A)Timothy-White boy,urban,middle-socioeconomic-status,and later-born
B)Tina-White girl,urban,middle-socioeconomic-status,and firstborn
C)Tyrone-African American boy,urban,middle-socioeconomic-status,and firstborn
D)Tucker-African American boy,rural,lower-socioeconomic-status,and later-born

Question 11

Three-year-old Ashley is putting together a jigsaw puzzle.As is typical of her age,she:

A)places the pieces awkwardly.
B)is focused and excels in the task.
C)cannot identify the correct sections.
D)is precise in joining the bits.

Question 12

Scientists have found that there _____ the brains of children between the ages of 3 and 15.

A)are dramatic changes in local patterns within
B)are phenomenal increases in the overall size of
C)are insignificant anatomical changes in
D)are hardly any internal metamorphisms within

Question 13

Which of the following statements is not true?

A)Researchers have found that contextual factors like poverty and parenting quality are linked to the development of the brain.
B)A study found that higher levels of maternal sensitivity in early childhood were associated with higher total brain volume.
C)Growing up in poverty has no influence on brain development.
D)The brain does not show dramatic growth in overall size from the 3 to 15 year age range.

Question 14

Debra is a very active child.She loves to tumble and show off.She is always trying what her parents consider hair-raising stunts.She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents.This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of:

A)one-year-olds.
B)two-year-olds.
C)three-year-olds.
D)five-year-olds.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is TRUE?

A)The development that occurs inside the brain ends at the onset of adolescence.
B)By the time a child is three years of age,the brain is 25 percent of its adult size.
C)By age six,the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size.
D)The brain of a five-year-old is 60 percent the size of an adult brain.

Question 16

Researchers have found that in children from three to six years of age,the most rapid growth takes place in the_____ lobe areas of the brain.

A)temporal
B)parietal
C)frontal
D)occipital

Question 17

Fred and Wayne are four-year-olds.When they are together,they often wrestle,run,race,push,and shove each other.Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents,these activities will:

A)help the boys develop their gross motor skills.
B)stop when their brains become better myelinated.
C)be temporary as they will not be friends for long.
D)help the boys overcome narcolepsy.

Question 18

Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as _____ is to _____.

A)jumping; writing
B)running; swimming
C)laughing; shouting
D)hopping; walking

Question 19

Toby is three years old.His parents are concerned because he is always running and jumping around.He cannot seem to sit still.Even when watching his favorite movie on TV,he fidgets and wiggles.It is especially frustrating for his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner.Which of the following should Toby's parents do?

A)They should have him tested for attention deficit disorder.
B)They should start him on a behavior modification program.
C)They should provide structured,cognitively challenging activities for Toby to develop his attention span.
D)They should treat this behavior as normal and avoid being panicked,as Toby's behavior is normal for kids in his age group.

Question 20

When four- and five-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends,they demonstrate their:

A)cognitive skills.
B)fine harboring skills.
C)gross motor skills.
D)reflective skills.

Question 21

Shawn's mother took him to the doctor as he frequently complained of fatigue.The doctor diagnosed his condition as _____ that results from the failure to eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables.

A)growth hormone deficiency
B)binge eating disorder
C)iron deficiency anemia
D)hemophilia

Question 22

Guidelines recommend that young children engage in _____ of physical activity per day.

A)half an hour
B)three hours
C)one hour
D)four hours

Question 23

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,only children and adolescents at or above the_____ percentile are classified as obese.

A)97th
B)95th
C)90th
D)88th

Question 24

Which of the following statements about parental smoking is true?

A)Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes.
B)Most children and adolescents in the United States are exposed to tobacco smoke in the home.
C)Children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are not more likely to develop asthma than children in nonsmoking families.
D)Parental smoking is the leading cause of death in young children in the United States.

Question 25

Alex had sleep problems in early childhood,which a study has shown could lead to ______ up into early adolescence

A)anxiety problems
B)attention problems
C)increased vocabulary
D)difficulty napping

Question 26

Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true?

A)Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at the risk of being overweight at age 12.
B)There is no indication that overweight children will become overweight adults.
C)Obesity is not linked to type 2 (adult-onset)diabetes in children.
D)Obesity actually leads to decrease in hypertension levels in children when they are 5 years of age.

Question 27

Short sleep duration in children is linked with being:

A)dyslexic.
B)myopic.
C)overweight.
D)paraplegic.

Question 28

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,a person with a BMI at the 90th percentile is:

A)obese.
B)overweight.
C)at risk of being overweight.
D)underweight.

Question 29

Researchers have found that children who have sleep problems:

A)exhibit no related outcomes in adolescence.
B)are less likely to consume alcohol in adolescence.
C)are unlikely to show any variations in brain development.
D)are more likely to be overweight.

Question 30

Which of the following pieces of information about sleep is false?

A)Research has demonstrated that a consistent bedtime routine in 3 to 3.5-year-old children is linked to increased nightly sleep.
B)Preschool children with a longer sleep duration are more likely to have better peer acceptance and social skills.
C)For 2 to 5-year-olds,each additional hour of daily screen time makes the eyes tired and leads to oversleeping.
D)For 2 to 5-year-olds,each additional hour of daily screen time is associated with decreased sleep time and later bedtime.

Question 31

Which of the following can enhance a child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury?

A)Decreasing home/school partnerships
B)Reducing playground hazards
C)Reducing pool fencing
D)Reducing frequent parent protective behaviors

Question 32

The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is:

A)heart disease.
B)malnutrition.
C)motor vehicle accidents.
D)domestic violence.

Question 33

Young children from _____ families are the most likely to develop iron deficiency anemia.

A)urban
B)elementary
C)nuclear
D)low-income

Question 34

Which of the following determines the categories for obesity,overweight,and at risk for being overweight?

A)Weight
B)Average calories consumed daily
C)Waist-to-hip ratio
D)Body mass index

Question 35

Four-year-old Nathan is good at stacking his playing blocks to make tall structures.However,he still knocks them over occasionally.Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?

A)His gross motor skills are underdeveloped.
B)He tries to place each block perfectly on top of the other,upsetting those already stacked.
C)His coordination skills are not developing normally for his age.
D)He is showing signs of dyslexia.

Question 36

Which of the following should be minimized in order to improve eating behavior of children?

A)Competing activities
B)A predictable schedule
C)Parents eating healthy food
D)Making mealtimes pleasant occasions

Question 37

Children can experience a number of sleep problems including narcolepsy which is characterized by:

A)extreme daytime sleepiness.
B)difficulty in going to sleep.
C)difficulty in staying asleep.
D)nightmares.

Question 38

Six-year-old Gina has a BMI at the 95th percentile.According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,she is:

A)obese.
B)overweight.
C)at risk for being overweight.
D)not at risk for being overweight.

Question 39

Leopold asks his pediatrician how many hours of sleep his young child should be getting each night.He is told that _____ hours of sleep is essential for the child.

A)8 to 9
B)7 to 8
C)9 to 10
D)11 to 13

Question 40

Which of the following helps in increasing the physical activity of preschool children?

A)Family members watching sports on TV together
B)Parents' perception that it is safe for their children to play outside
C)Participating in sedentary outdoor play
D)Incorporation of an "observe and learn" activity curriculum

Question 41

Piaget called the second substage in preoperational thought intuitive because of the absence of the use of _____ by children in this stage.

A)symbolic function
B)primitive reasoning
C)centration
D)rational thinking

Question 42

In general,conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement:

A)do not change an object's basic properties.
B)affect an object's inherent features.
C)determine the total volume needed for a given task.
D)must be considered before the characteristics of an object can be determined.

Question 43

Centration inhibits the ability to categorize items because it prevents one from:

A)focusing only on one feature.
B)considering combinations of features.
C)having a perspective that is different from one's own.
D)distinguishing between animate and inanimate objects.

Question 44

While talking to his grandmother on the phone,five-year-old Danny suddenly exclaims "Oh,look at that pretty bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird,Danny says "Out there,out there! Right there,Grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and hangs up.This is an example of:

A)animism.
B)egocentrism.
C)intuitive thought.
D)symbolic function.

Question 45

A young child might be heard saying "That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down." The child's belief that the tree is capable of action is referred to as:

A)egocentrism.
B)conservation.
C)animism.
D)kineticism.

Question 46

Four-year-old Ethan reasons that every time he sees a lightning bolt in the sky,angels are turning on their flashlights.Ethan's primitive reasoning about lightning is characteristic of:

A)symbolic function.
B)intuitive thought.
C)egocentrism.
D)centration.

Question 47

Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development:

A)cannot yet perform reversible mental actions.
B)cannot yet form stable concepts.
C)are unable to reason.
D)cannot operate electronic devices like TVs.

Question 48

Juan and his little sister,Anne,are each given a large cookie.Their mother breaks Anne's cookie into four pieces to enable her to eat it easily.Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one.Juan is showing a lack of:

A)constancy.
B)conservation.
C)intuition.
D)symbolic function.

Question 49

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as:

A)animism.
B)empathy.
C)egocentrism.
D)symbolism.

Question 50

Deaths in young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries:

A)in the northern hemisphere.
B)with high rates of poverty and low levels of education.
C)where other common children's health problems like malnutrition do not exist.
D)where the society is affluent.

Question 51

The second substage of preoperational thought,occurring between approximately four and seven years of age,is characterized by the use of:

A)reversible mental actions.
B)egocentric views.
C)primitive reasoning.
D)symbolic thought.

Question 52

Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by a reduction in:

A)nutrition.
B)sanitation.
C)poverty.
D)education.

Question 53

Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation?

A)Conservation requires centration.
B)Centration is due to lack of conservation.
C)Centration is reflected in lack of conservation.
D)Conservation is independent of centration.

Question 54

In Piaget's theory,failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates:

A)that a child is at the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
B)that a child is unable to think fluidly.
C)centration.
D)rational thought.

Question 55

Six-year-old Patricia loves to draw pictures and describe them.Her ideas are more balanced now.She has started to analyze and understand things.However,she is egocentric and holds what her parents describe as "magical beliefs." Patricia is in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)concrete operational
C)formal operational
D)preoperational

Question 56

"My computer doesn't like me.It keeps eating my pictures" says three-year-old Kimberly.This is an example of:

A)animism.
B)intuitive thinking.
C)conservation.
D)egocentrism.

Question 57

Three-year-old Betty's favorite pastime is scribbling designs that represent her parents,cat,bicycle,and home.This indicates that Betty is in the _____ substage of Piaget's preoperational stage.

A)symbolic function
B)intuitive thought
C)operational
D)sensorimotor

Question 58

The poor are the majority in nearly one of every _____ nations of the world.

A)five
B)ten
C)two
D)eight

Question 59

Three-year-old Ruth draws a picture with lavender,purple,and blue colors intermixed with green,yellow,and brown."It is a boat in the ocean at sunset,with whales jumping all around it!" she explains to her teacher.Which of the following does this explain?

A)Animism
B)Conservation
C)Intuitive thought
D)Symbolic function

Question 60

The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage that lasts from approximately _____ years of age.

A)1 to 3
B)2 to 7
C)4 to 10
D)5 to 12

Question 61

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:

A)self-discovery.
B)social interaction.
C)reorganization of existing knowledge.
D)transforming previous knowledge.

Question 62

Which of the following refers to teachers' adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student?

A)Accommodation
B)Regulation
C)Scaffolding
D)Assimilation

Question 63

When four-year-old Jared plays,he often talks to himself.This form is self-talk is used for self-regulation.Developmentalists call this:

A)mindstream.
B)drawling.
C)lisping.
D)private speech.

Question 64

Which of the following educational strategies would Vygotsky say should be incorporated in classrooms?

A)Making each child responsible for his or her work without relying on peers or teachers for support
B)Formal,standardized tests to assess children's learning
C)Discouraging distractions like self-talk or private talk
D)Offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task

Question 65

Three-year-old Sharon can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own but needs her parents' help to solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles.Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon's zone of proximal development (ZPD)for solving such puzzles?

A)Sharon moving on to 10-piece puzzles
B)Sharon solving a 6-piece puzzles on her own
C)Sharon helping her two-year-old brother with 4-piece puzzles
D)Sharon mastering 4-piece puzzles

Question 66

According to Rochel Gelman,_____ is especially important in explaining conservation.

A)the age of a child
B)heredity
C)attention
D)intuition

Question 67

When adults are working with young children,they often provide a lot of hints,assistance,instructions,and other support to help the children succeed.As the children indicate that they can do more for themselves,the adults begin to withdraw the support.This shows the adults' involvement in the children's:

A)zone of proximal development.
B)development of conservational abilities.
C)enhancement of intuitive reasoning.
D)process of centration.

Question 68

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)is Vygotsky's term for:

A)a young adult's cognitive development achieved through interaction with children.
B)the variety of work that a child can do with ease at a particular stage of cognitive development.
C)how the environment and a child's genetically programmed learning ability interact during a critical period.
D)the range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults.

Question 69

Which of the following scenarios best represents Lev Vygotsky's view of mental and behavioral development?

A)A teacher assigns challenging tasks that students must complete on their own.
B)An instructor helps students with laboratory work showing them how to do things the students cannot yet do.
C)A teacher waits patiently for students to come up with good answers and assesses their learning capabilities.
D)An instructor systematically offers standardized tests to students to evaluate their mental abilities on varying subjects.

Question 70

Vygotsky's view of the importance of _____ on children's development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.

A)autonomy
B)sociocultural influences
C)economic status of teachers
D)scaffolding

Question 71

Which of the following describes what Lev Vygotsky believed about the development of thought and language?

A)Thought and language are merged early in development and later separate.
B)Thought depends on language,so they are merged throughout development.
C)Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.
D)Thought and language are two separate functions that remain independent throughout development.

Question 72

Four-year-old Michelle talks to herself frequently and especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem.Lev Vygotsky would say that Michelle is:

A)engaging in egocentric and immature thinking.
B)likely to be socially competent.
C)functioning at the upper limit of her zone of proximal development (ZPD).
D)engaging in scaffolding.

Question 73

A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD)if:

A)the toddler has mastered all the skills necessary.
B)parents or teachers do not interfere.
C)the task is too difficult for the child to accomplish on his own.
D)the toddler takes no help from a parent or teacher.

Question 74

Kevin is just learning to walk.He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support.He can walk into the middle of a room only if one of his parents holds his hands.Which of the following represents the lower limit of Kevin's zone of proximal development (ZPD)for walking?

A)Kevin learning to run after he has mastered walking by himself
B)Kevin going back to crawling when he becomes frustrated trying to walk by himself
C)Kevin walking alone by holding onto a piece of furniture with his hands
D)Kevin learning to walk by having his parents hold one of his hands

Question 75

Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's educational applications?

A)IQ should be assessed to test a child's learning capabilities.
B)A child should learn on his or her own to realize his or her capabilities.
C)A child's use of private speech reflects immaturity and egocentrism.
D)Teaching should begin toward the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development.

Question 76

Three-year-old Amy walks by her grandmother's collection of glass animals and says "Those are a 'no-no'; don't touch." It would appear that Amy is using _____ to regulate her own behavior.

A)mindstream
B)intuitive reasoning
C)private speech
D)symbolic function

Question 77

Over the past week,Walter has been trying to learn to tie his shoelaces.Initially,his mother held his hands and worked his fingers through the process.Now that Walter is better at it,she only guides him verbally.Which of the following is this an example of?

A)How heredity shapes cognitive development
B)Intuitive reasoning
C)Scaffolding
D)Conservation

Question 78

In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky,the conceptual shift is one from:

A)the individual to collaboration.
B)collaboration to sociocultural activity.
C)construction to discovery.
D)socializing to operational thought.

Question 79

In the development of language and thought,_____.

A)internal speech precedes private speech
B)internal and external speech develop simultaneously
C)external speech precedes internal speech
D)external speech develops after internal speech

Question 80

Which of the following did Vygotsky call the "buds" or "flowers" of development?

A)Tasks a child can accomplish independently
B)Intuitive thinking and rational thinking
C)A child's cognitive skills in the process of maturing
D)A child's gross motor skills that are fully developed