Deck 21: European Science and the Foundations of Modern Imperialism, 1600 - 1820

Question 1

 In the seventeenth century,English farmers realized that the soil of fallow fields could be improved if the fields were sown with

A)dried wheat.
B)clumps of wool.
C)rotted apples.
D)corn.
E)clover and turnip.

Answer 1

clover and turnip.

Question 2

 The creation of a binomial "two name" system was important because it

A)renamed all known plants according to genus and species.
B)explained the beauty and orderliness of God's creation.
C)established the order of plants according to areas where plants were found.
D)arranged all plants according to utility.
E)classified plants as natural and hybrid.

Answer 2

renamed all known plants according to genus and species.

Question 3

 The foundation of the new science was based on

A)knowledge based on the Bible.
B)rational inquiry.
C)the power of the pope.
D)the power of the monarchy.
E)knowledge of why humanity had fallen from God's grace.

Answer 3

rational inquiry.

Question 4

 Linnaeus' System a Naturae 

A)layed out a classification of plants.
B)all of the answers are correct. 
C)grouped species into hierarchies of increasingly more general categories.
D)refered to genus/order/class/kingdom categories.
E)allowed for any new plant to be placed in a well-ordered system.

Question 5

 After his voyage on board the Endeavor,Banks

A)never traveled outside of Europe again.
B)sailed once more on the Botany Bay.
C)settled permanently in Australia.
D)resigned from the Royal Society when they rejected his drawings.
E)Become a professor of Botany at Oxford.

Question 6

 What was Joseph Banks' central goal of the mission of the Endeavor?

A)Colonialism.
B)Sources of slavery.
C)Trade.
D)Scientific inquiry.
E)Mapping the Atlantic Ocean.

Question 7

 Which of the following is associated with Descartes?

A)All of the answers are correct.
B)Rationality is associated with mathematics,producing a unified system of truth.
C)Systematic doubt is a key of knowledge.
D)The ability to perceive the rational order of creation should be grounded in reasoning.
E)One should use the deductive approach to truth and reasoning.

Question 8

 With time,scientific inquiry became progressively linked to

A)a scientific study of the Bible.
B)religious inquisitions.
C)real-world applications and economic purposes.
D)the decline of Christianity in Europe.
E)ethnography.

Question 9

 Which of the following is true in describing Banks' interests?

A)A collection of exotic flora was brought back on the Endeavor.
B)He classified and cataloged his findings in a systematic manner.
C)There was a need to name and describe natural phenomena to clarify familial relationships in nature.
D)Drawings of plants and animal life helped to expand European knowledge of the natural world.
E)All of the answers are correct. 

Question 10

 Joseph Banks (1743-1820)was considered a pioneer in ethnography as the result of his

A)encounters with the Amerindians of Tierra del Fuego.
B)encounters with Polynesians of the Pacific.
C)encounters with Aboriginal people of Australia.
D)interactions with peoples of whom Europeans had little knowledge.
E)All of these

Question 11

 Supporters of the new science could also claim to be devout Christians because they believed that

A)the universe was not a self-functioning ordered system.
B)the universe was not perfect.
C)the universe was divinely created and self-functioning.
D)God and the universe existed separately from one another.
E)the universe was a perfect clock that did not need further interference in its functioning.

Question 12

 The "ancients" school of seventeenth century European thought emphasized the foundational authority on medicine,mathematics and astronomy of

A)experience.
B)observation.
C)Galileo.
D)Descartes.
E)Aristotle.

Question 13

 Banks was an active advocate of

A)evolution.
B)science and empire.
C)the natural rights of indigenous peoples.
D)settlement in Australia.
E)voyages for purely scientific goals.

Question 14

 Following Descartes' lead using deductive reasoning,which of the following is associated with Isaac Newton?

A)His work in optics led to more powerful telescopes.
B)He became associated with the development of differential calculus.
C)He described a predictable world based on gravity.
D)He proposed the law of acceleration and deceleration of bodies in motion.
E)All of these

Question 15

 Seventeenth-century Europe saw the emergence of a new intellectual group known as the moderns who believed

A)in the authority of the works of Aristotle.
B)that human reason provided the key to.
C)that classical authors should be the foundation of all sciences.
D)that man's knowledge was directly tied to God.
E)that science and knowledge was the creation of God.

Question 16

 Captain Cook's instant fame came from

A)claiming Tahiti as a British territory.
B)surviving a three-year journey at sea.
C)being one of the few men of the time who had sailed around the world.
D)bringing back several indigenous people from Tahiti.
E)the riches he found on his three-year journey.

Question 17

 Which of the following fits in with the evolution of the scientific revolution?

A)Copernicus's heliocentric solar system.
B)Galileo's idea that the earth rotated around the sun.
C)All of the answers are correct. 
D)Support of monarchs and aristocracy.
E)Increased support for the new science.

Question 18

 While Descartes' philosophy was based on introspection,Francis Bacon did not

A)base his knowledge on experimentation.
B)use an inductive approach to science.
C)believe in carefully controlled observations.
D)eliminate God from his studies.
E)feel that if one starts with a certainty,one will end in doubt.

Question 19

 Among the many scientific observations made by Captain Cook and his crew,Cook completed his mission of

A)discovering a new island.
B)charting the Pacific.
C)finding the north passage to China.
D)introducing domesticated goats to Polynesia.
E)trading a ship load of slaves.

Question 20

 The first ritual experienced by Joseph Banks with the Tahitians appeared to be one of peace and included which of the following? 

A)all of the answers are correct. 
B)the approach of the Tahitians in an almost "hands and knees" crawl.
C)giving green boughs to members of the crew.
D)scraping a clean area in the ground.
E)dropping of boughs from both natives and Englishmen into the scraped area.

Question 21

 Which of the following is not true in describing the condition of peasant society in England during the agricultural revolution?

A)Farm families shared vital common pasture and woodlands before the revolution.
B)English gentry were accumulating larger land holdings.
C)Parliament's actions protected the land and rights of peasants.
D)Peasant farmers were forced to move to cities seeking employment.
E)Enclosing lands allowed gentry farmers to close off common lands as their private property.

Question 22

 The term that describes the practical application of science to agriculture is

A)enclosure acts.
B)classification scheme.
C)binomial.
D)economic botany.
E)Columbian exchange.

Question 23

 Biological diffusion,as advocated by Banks,involved

A)commercial concerns.
B)concern for the conditions of peasant farmers.
C)deforestation.
D)the random circulation of various species.
E)extinction of local animal and plant species.

Question 24

 Banks' drive to improve agriculture was

A)resisted by George III,who saw it as a waste of government money.
B)not successful in selective breeding.
C)intended to bring to agriculture the insights gained from scientific method.
D)a failure in bringing more land under cultivation.
E)not successful in increasing the productivity of existing farm lands.

Question 25

 Which of the following statements is associated with Smith's theory on economic productivity?

A)Subdivision of labor is more efficient than having one worker produce a product entirely by himself.
B)All of the answers are correct. 
C)A nation should strive to produce a limited variety of goods.
D)He believed there would be more wealth for all with a free market than with a mercantilist system.
E)Free labor negotiated in the market would lead to more efficient production.

Question 26

 Hobbes's reactions to human nature were based on

A)the belief that governments were a natural state of humanity.
B)the natural state of nature was stability and security.
C)the deep belief in divine right.
D)the support of an absolute monarchy based on reason.
E)the idea that deductive reasoning could not be applied to the study of human activities.

Question 27

 Voltaire and his novel Candide emphasized which the following?

A)becoming aware of all the superstitions,prejudices,and follies in society.
B)reasoning makes all phenomena and situations intelligible.
C)the ability to see oneself in a wider context is an important component of enlightened thinking.
D)organized religion is a hindrance to free and rational inquiry.
E)all of the answers are correct. 

Question 28

 Which of the following is true about The Encyclopedia,or Rational Dictionary of the Arts,Sciences and Crafts?

A)All of the answers are correct.
B)As the Encyclopedia,it was the most important publishing project of the age.
C)It was a compilation of all the works of the great Enlightenment thinkers.
D)It emphasized a new form of universal knowledge.
E)It allowed even those who were not in the salon circles to have access to Enlightenment ideas.

Question 29

 How did science and its related improvements provide a justification for the dominance of England abroad?

A)No group could stand in the way of progress.
B)Barbarians would be saved from their barbaric manners.
C)It was a divine order for the British to improve the lands in its kingdoms.
D)Aside from God's will,it was the need to fulfill the earth's potential.
E)All of these

Question 30

 Which of the following was not associated with the agricultural revolution in England?

A)Wind-driven pumping systems that were used to drain marshlands.
B)Egalitarian distribution of land.
C)Enclosure.
D)Crossbreeding.
E)Increased profits for large land owners.

Question 31

 As a thinker of the Enlightenment,Montesquieu traveled to England from ____ to study English constitutional thought.

A)America.
B)Italy.
C)France.
D)Russia.
E)India.

Question 32

 Which of the great Enlightenment thinkers warned that cowardice stood in the way of new ideas?

A)Hobbes.
B)Kant.
C)Smith.
D)Voltaire.
E)Cavendish.

Question 33

 The English technology of draining marshlands for agricultural use was acquired from

A)Holland.
B)America.
C)Belgium.
D)France.
E)Ireland.

Question 34

 Which of the following is a part of Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws?

A)Governments should have limitations.
B)A rational distribution of power between the different levels of society is a must.
C)There should be an independent judicial system.
D)Advanced political systems would result in more freedoms.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

 Which Enlightenment writer believed that social order was possible only when the individual relinquished his or her autonomy?

A)Locke.
B)Hobbes.
C)Montesquieu.
D)Smith.
E)Descartes.

Question 36

 The global application of science to agriculture was the goal of the

A)enclosure acts.
B)new peasant migration to the cities.
C)English navy.
D)British East Indies trade.
E)Kew Gardens.

Question 37

 The Enlightenment had the greatest impact on the

A)monarchies in Europe.
B)church.
C)artisans and common classes.
D)bourgeoisie.
E)leaders in the economic sector.

Question 38

 What city was considered to be the Enlightenment center through which the intellectual currents of the western world flowed in Europe?

A)London.
B)Milan.
C)Rome.
D)Paris.
E)Madrid.

Question 39

 Which of the following was emphasized in Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding?

A)A balanced political order was based on a contract between subjects and government.
B)All of the answers are correct.
C)Citizens must voluntarily give up some of their autonomy to a government.
D)Only propertied males should be able to take an active part in government.
E)Governments should have both an executive and legislative body.

Question 40

 Which of the following statements is true regarding women during the period of the Enlightenment?

A)Women often sponsored and participated in intellectual salons.
B)All of the answers are correct.
C)Margaret Cavendish argued that restrictions on women resulted from nothing more than "the over-weening conceit men have of themselves."
D)Mary Astell argued that absolute authority was not acceptable in the state or home.
E)Mary Wollestonecraft felt that women should be allowed to achieve their full potential though education,citizenship,and financial autonomy.

Question 41

 Which of the following is true in the mapping and exploration of North America?

A)Captain Cook's Pacific journey helped establish the dimensions of the North American continent.
B)George Vancouver charted the American western coast as far north as Alaska.
C)Alexander Mackenzie crossed the entire American continent by foot east to west.
D)The journey of Lewis and Clark applied a universal grid from the Mississippi to the Pacific coast.
E)All of the answers are correct. 

Question 42

 Which of the following statements would be of greater interest to Captain Cook,rather than to Banks in the trip to Tahiti?

A)The high priest,Tupaia,helped with the understanding of languages in Polynesia.
B)Thieving was common among the natives.
C)Having a navigational background,Tupaia provided information on the local winds and currents.
D)The Tahitians did not understand the British idea of punishment.
E)Tupaia explained the peace ritual that so mystified the English.

Question 43

 All of the following are associated with scientific steps in the search for determining longitude at sea except

A)determining lunar distance.
B)how to accurately measure the position of the moon in relation to the sun by day.
C)timing of the Jupiter's eclipses.
D)how to accurately measure the position of the moon in relation to the stars by night.
E)worldwide separate star systems had be created for different skies in the southern hemisphere.

Question 44

 In addition to the use of improved charts,a system for determining longitude was finally perfected by John Harrison in 1763 by the development  of a/an

A)astrolabe.
B)telescope.
C)chronometer.
D)solar time piece.
E)magnetized compass.

Question 45

Please define the following key terms.

- James Cook

Question 46

 Which of the following monarchs found enlightenment ideas enticing in theory but did not implement them?

A)Frederick the Great.
B)Empress Maria Theresa.
C)George I.
D)Joseph II.
E)Catherine the Great.

Question 47

 How did John Harrison and Joseph Banks contribute to the use of practical science by the late eighteenth century?

A)They pioneered translating the scientific outlook into real-world applications.
B)They made Greenwich,and thus Britain,the center of the world.
C)Banks developed Kew Gardens as the world center of botany.
D)Their science supported the increasing power of Britain.
E)All of these

Question 48

 Mungo Park was forced to end his exploration of the Niger River because

A)he became ill.
B)he was attacked by slave traders.
C)the expedition ran out of funding.
D)the source of the river was in impenetrable forest.
E)he determined that the Niger River had no economic value.

Question 49

 What prevented the British political system from becoming an absolute monarchy or despotism?

A)King George I was a German prince.
B)The Scottish throne had been united with that of England to become Great Britain.
C)Political parties were declining.
D)The House of Commons was in the process of being reformed.
E)The constitutional balance of power established in 1689 protected the political system.

Question 50

Please define the following key terms.

- Galileo Galilei

Question 51

 The creation of the African Association by Joseph Banks and the Royal Society was a direct response to the

A)threat of the Spanish to British trade in the Mediterranean.
B)competition from the French.
C)Columbian network.
D)Chinese trade.
E)spread of Islam in Africa.

Question 52

Please define the following key terms.

- Joseph Banks

Question 53

 Who was the major military power in India by the end of the eighteenth century?

A)The Mughals.
B)The Ottomans.
C)The Dutch.
D)The British.
E)The Marathas.

Question 54

 Which of the following statements is true in describing the voyage of the Mungo Park expedition in 1795 in Africa?

A)The Niger River system had a wider connection into North Africa and Egypt.
B)All of the answers are correct. 
C)Park reached Segu,still an important economic center.
D)Information was collected on how the Niger River was used to transport goods.
E)The expedition often depended on the hospitality of Africans.

Question 55

 Joseph Banks,the traveler in this chapter,became known as the "Father of _________" for his establishment of a colony in this area in 1788.

A)Hawaii."
B)the New Science."
C)Enlightenment Science."
D)Tahiti"
E)Australia."

Question 56

 Which of the following statements describes the impact of the British settlements in Australia on the original inhabitants?

A)Worked on European ranches.
B)All of the answers are correct. 
C)Became a subclass in cities
D)Were devastated by European plagues
E)Retreated into remote areas to escape British influences

Question 57

 Catherine the Great reacted to the idea of enlightened monarchs by

A)freeing the serfs.
B)allowing a limited freedom of the press.
C)consolidating her power.
D)land distribution reform.
E)legislative reform.

Question 58

 The economy of New South Wales began with

A)the introduction of wheat varieties from Spain.
B)cattle to graze on the grasslands.
C)the fur trade using the native kangaroo.
D)the introduction of merino sheep in 1805 by way of Spain and Kew Gardens.
E)slave trade involving the Koori population of Aboriginal Australians.

Question 59

 Captain Cook was killed as a result of a cultural communication confusion in

A)Hawaii.
B)Alaska.
C)Tahiti.
D)the Arctic.
E)Australia.

Question 60

 In expanding its influence into the interior of Africa,English geographers' first goal was

A)mapping the coastline of Western Africa.
B)applying new science in studying monsoons.
C)making a grid map of the New World.
D)finding the origins and path of the Niger River.
E)pinpointing the African areas controlled by the French and Islam.

Question 61

Please define the following key terms.

- Binomial system

Question 62

Please define the following key terms.

- Adam Smith

Question 63

Please define the following key terms.

- Bourgeoisie

Question 64

Please define the following key terms.

- Isaac Newton

Question 65

Please define the following key terms.

- Rene Descartes

Question 66

Please define the following key terms.

- Deductive reasoning

Question 67

Please define the following key terms.

- Economic botany

Question 68

Please define the following key terms.

- Inductive reasoning

Question 69

Please define the following key terms.

- Sir Francis Bacon

Question 70

Please define the following key terms.

- Voltaire

Question 71

Please define the following key terms.

- Agricultural revolution

Question 72

Please define the following key terms.

- Baron de Montesquieu

Question 73

Please define the following key terms.

- Carl Linnaeus

Question 74

Please define the following key terms.

- Laissez Faire

Question 75

Please define the following key terms.

- Enlightenment

Question 76

Please define the following key terms.

- Philosophes

Question 77

Please define the following key terms.

- Mary Wollstonecraft 

Question 78

Please define the following key terms.

- Thomas Hobbes

Question 79

Please define the following key terms.

- John Locke

Question 80

Please define the following key terms.

- New Science