Deck 19: Communities and Ecosystems

Question 1

When two or more species vie for the same limited resource,______ occurs.

A)succession
B)symbiosis
C)coevolution
D)stotting
E)competition

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a type of symbiosis?

A)parasitism
B)mutualism
C)commensalism
D)predation
E)None of the answers are correct.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A gradual change in a community's species composition,occurring as competing organisms respond to and modify the physical environment,is termed

A)ecological completion.
B)ecological conversion.
C)ecological climax.
D)ecological magnification.
E)ecological succession.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

A type of symbiosis in which one member of the relationship benefits and the other is harmed is

A)predation.
B)mutualism.
C)commensalism.
D)parasitism.
E)intraspecific competition.

Question 5

In ecology,a community that remains fairly constant over time is referred to as a

A)successful community.
B)climax community.
C)keystone community.
D)primary community.
E)tertiary community.

Question 6

A type of symbiosis in which one member of the relationship benefits with no effect on the other is

A)predation.
B)mutualism.
C)commensalism.
D)parasitism.
E)intraspecific competition.

Question 7

All the organisms plus the nonliving components of a defined area is a(n)

A)population.
B)community.
C)ecosystem.
D)habitat.
E)nichE.

Question 8

A genetic change in one species that selects for a subsequent change in a different species is termed

A)coevolution.
B)genetic dispersion.
C)gene dynamics.
D)competitive exclusion.
E)evolutionary dynamics.

Question 9

A ______ makes up a small portion of the community by weight,yet exerts a disproportionate influence on community diversity.

A)keystone species
B)cornerstone species
C)capstone species
D)flagstone species
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 10

The physical place where members of a population live is termed a

A)competitive zone.
B)community.
C)habitat.
D)symbiont.
E)nichE.

Question 11

The type of succession that occurs in an area where no community previously existed is ______ succession.

A)keystone
B)tertiary
C)secondary
D)climax
E)primary

Question 12

The total of all the resources,both biotic and abiotic,that a species exploits for its survival,growth,and reproduction is its

A)competitive zone.
B)habitat.
C)food web.
D)niche.
E)biospherE.

Question 13

In ______,multiple species use the same resource in a slightly different way or at a different time.

A)symbiotic inclusion
B)resource partitioning
C)mutualism
D)intraspecific competition
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 14

A type of symbiosis in which both species benefit is

A)predation.
B)parasitism.
C)mutualism.
D)commensalism.
E)intraspecific competition.

Question 15

A species that is so important to its community that its removal can dismantle a food web (such as sea otters)is termed a

A)capstone species.
B)flagstone species.
C)cobblestone species.
D)cornerstone species.
E)keystone species.

Question 16

The adaptations in Pseudomyrmex species and acacias suggest that the two species

A)have coevolved.
B)have intermingled.
C)have evolved separately.
D)occupy the same niche.
E)occupy the same tidal zonE.

Question 17

Abiotic components of an ecosystem include

A)living components only.
B)both nonliving and living components.
C)only plant life.
D)nonliving components only.
E)only animal lifE.

Question 18

The upper and lower tidal zones in which the barnacles Balanus and Chthalamus thrive when both species are present illustrate the principle of

A)symbiotic inclusion.
B)parasitism.
C)oceanic restriction.
D)competitive exclusion.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 19

The ______ states that two species cannot coexist indefinitely in the same niche.

A)endosymbiotic theory
B)zonal exclusion theory
C)co-inclusion principle
D)second law of thermodynamics
E)competitive exclusion principle

Question 20

A relationship between different species in which one species lives in or on another is

A)resource partitioning.
B)coevolution.
C)symbiosis.
D)predation.
E)niche sharing.

Question 21

Walleye pike fish are which of the following?

A)secondary consumers
B)tertiary consumers
C)primary consumers
D)producers
E)decomposers

Question 22

A food chain is a series of organisms that

A)successively transfer energy,initially from the sun,to nutrition from eating others.
B)share the same niche.
C)exhibit mutualism with each other.
D)share the same energy source.
E)succeed one another as a climax community develops.

Question 23

An organism that can use solar energy and inorganic substances to produce all the organic material it requires is a(n)

A)producer and heterotroph.
B)heterotroph.
C)autotroph and producer.
D)autotroph.
E)producer.

Question 24

Secondary consumers

A)are carnivores.
B)are herbivores.
C)are bacteria.
D)are fungi.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 25

The process by which liquid water becomes water vapor (a gas)is

A)sublimation.
B)condensation.
C)convection.
D)evaporation.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 26

"Net primary productivity" is

A)the amount of energy used in metabolism by producers.
B)the amount of energy given off as heat by producers.
C)the amount of energy trapped by the autotrophs of an ecosystem.
D)the amount of energy available for consumers.
E)the amount of energy used in metabolism by consumers.

Question 27

In the water cycle,animals return water to the environment by

A)both transpiration and excretion.
B)excretion only.
C)transpiration only.
D)both respiration and excretion.
E)excretion only.

Question 28

Organisms that obtain their energy from producers or other consumers are

A)autotrophs and producers.
B)producers and heterotrophs.
C)autotrophs.
D)producers.
E)heterotrophs.

Question 29

Biomagnification occurs with chemicals that

A)dissolve in only acidic solvents.
B)dissolve in water.
C)are not readily degraded and dissolve in fat.
D)are not readily degraded and dissolve in water.
E)dissolve in only basic solvents.

Question 30

As an overall average,about ______ of the energy at one trophic level is generally available to the next highest rank in the food chain.

A)two percent
B)ten percent
C)four percent
D)seven percent
E)twenty percent

Question 31

Species that are the first to colonize an area are termed

A)keystone species.
B)primary species.
C)tertiary species.
D)pioneer species.
E)secondary species.

Question 32

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert N₂ into

A)nitrates.
B)ammonium ions.
C)nitrites.
D)carbon dioxide.
E)methanE.

Question 33

The total amount of energy trapped by the autotrophs of an ecosystem is called

A)net primary consumption.
B)gross primary productivity.
C)gross primary consumption.
D)net primary productivity.
E)net energy fixation.

Question 34

Decomposers

A)obtain nutrients from detritus.
B)return organic molecules to their inorganic form.
C)include bacteria.
D)include fungi.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 35

The ______ cycle begins with the weathering of rock.

A)phosphorus
B)nitrogen
C)water
D)energy
E)carbon

Question 36

Carbon returns to the atmosphere

A)as carbon dioxide.
B)from respiration of plants.
C)by the burning of fossil fuels.
D)from respiration of animals.
E)All answers are correct.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT an important biogeochemical cycle on Earth?

A)ATP cycle
B)water cycle
C)carbon cycle
D)phosphorus cycle
E)nitrogen cycle

Question 38

______ bacteria return nitrogen to the atmosphere by converting nitrates to N₂.

A)Nitrogen-fixing
B)In nitrification,
C)In denitrification,
D)In transpiration,
E)In respiration,

Question 39

Which of the following ecosystems has a very high net primary productivity?

A)desert
B)tropical rain forest
C)temperate forest
D)boreal forest
E)tundra

Question 40

An organism's ______ is its position in the food chain relative to the ecosystem's energy source.

A)habitat
B)niche
C)climax level
D)trophic level
E)keystone level

Question 41

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the roots of soybeans help provide a source of nitrogen to the plants,and in exchange,the bacteria obtain food from the plants.Which reaction can these bacteria catalyze?

A)nitrogen gas (N₂)to nitrate (NO₃)
B)ammonium (NH₄⁺)to nitrate (NO₃)
C)nitrogen gas (N₂)to ammonium (NH₄⁺)
D)nitrate (NO₃)to ammonium (NH₄⁺)
E)nitrate (NO₃)to nitrogen gas (N₂)

Question 42

An insect that resembles the face of a snake is using ______ to avoid predation.

A)camouflage
B)warning coloration
C)mimicry
D)chemical defense
E)mutualism

Question 43

Zooplankton are which of the following?

A)tertiary consumers
B)secondary consumers
C)producers
D)decomposers
E)primary consumers

Question 44

After a person has taken antibiotics to treat a yeast infection in the genitourinary tract,the yeast infection lessens and the microbes that are normally present reestablish themselves.The reason for the lessening of the yeast infection is explained by

A)predation.
B)symbiosis.
C)the competitive exclusion principle.
D)the co-inclusion principle.
E)endosymbiosis.

Question 45

Walleye pike fish live in deep waters and feed at night.Another species of fish,the Northern pike,live in shallower waters and feed all day.Which of the following best explains these differences?

A)predation
B)parasitism
C)commensalism
D)resource partitioning
E)mutualism

Question 46

In the section "Investigating Life: Two Kingdoms and a Virus Team Up to Beat the Heat",the interaction between panic grass and its endophytic fungus allows them to grow at 65 ^$\circ$ C together,but not independently.This is an example of

A)mutualism.
B)commensalism.
C)parasitism.
D)predation.
E)competition.

Question 47

Mycorrhizal fungi obtain food from plants in exchange for water and nutrients.This is an example of

A)commensalism.
B)parasitism.
C)mutualism.
D)predation.
E)herbivory.

Question 48

If there are 10,000 calories of net primary productivity in an ecosystem,how much energy will be generally available to a primary consumer?

A)100 calories
B)10,000 calories
C)10 calories
D)1,000 calories
E)1 calorie

Question 49

Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase,plant growth will also increase.What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?

A)Plants consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.
B)Plants release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during photosynthesis.
C)Plants consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during respiration.
D)Plants release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during respiration.

Question 50

If there are 10,000 calories of net primary productivity in an ecosystem,how much energy will be generally available to a secondary consumer?

A)1,000 calories
B)100 calories
C)10,000 calories
D)10 calories
E)1 calorie

Question 51

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the roots of soybeans help provide a source of nitrogen to the plants,and in exchange,the bacteria obtain food from the plants.Which type of interaction is this?

A)mutualism
B)commensalism
C)parasitism
D)predation
E)herbivory

Question 52

Mistletoe is a plant that grows in the branches of other trees.Mistletoe roots harm the host tree by penetrating the bark of the tree to steal water and nutrients.This is an example of

A)mutualism.
B)commensalism.
C)predation.
D)parasitism.
E)herbivory.

Question 53

Lichens live on the side of trees,obtaining better access to sunlight,and produce no harm to the tree.This is an example of

A)commensalism.
B)mutualism.
C)parasitism.
D)predation.
E)herbivory.

Question 54

In the section "Investigating Life: Two Kingdoms and a Virus Team Up to Beat the Heat",the virus

A)infected the plant.
B)infected both the plant and fungus.
C)infected the fungus.
D)did not infect either the plant or fungus.

Question 55

The concentration of the pesticide DDT is likely lowest in which of the following?

A)a seagull
B)a minnow
C)a mosquito larvae
D)algae
E)plankton

Question 56

Why are top-level predators like lions and eagles so rare in a community?

A)Only a small amount of the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next.
B)They do not breed as fast as other animals.
C)Predation by higher predators reduces their numbers.
D)It is difficult for them to learn how to capture prey.
E)Their job is to keep the population size of other animals in check.

Question 57

Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase,the pH of the oceans will drop,threatening coral and organisms with shells.What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?

A)Carbon dioxide combines with water to form a base.
B)Carbon dioxide combines with water to form an acid.
C)As the pH of the ocean decreases,more carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.
D)As the pH of the ocean increases,more carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.
E)As the oceans warm,more water is evaporated,lowering the pH of the remaining water.

Question 58

An insect that resembles leaves is using ______ to avoid predation.

A)camouflage
B)warning coloration
C)mimicry
D)chemical defense
E)mutualism

Question 59

The concentration of the pesticide DDT is likely highest in which of the following?

A)a minnow
B)a mosquito larva
C)a seagull
D)plankton
E)algae

Question 60

Mercury released from coal-burning power plants would be at the highest concentration in

A)the phytoplankton.
B)eagles that eat the walleye.
C)the zooplankton.
D)the minnows.
E)the walleyE.

Question 61

In the section "Investigating Life: Two Kingdoms and a Virus Team Up to Beat the Heat",what adaptations would panic grass growing at 65 ^$\circ$ C need to employ to avoid dehydration?

A)Transpiration would increase.
B)Uptake of water through the phloem would increase.
C)Transport of sugars through the xylem would decrease.
D)Their stomata would be closeD.
E)Their flowers would open.

Question 62

In the section "Investigating Life: Two Kingdoms and a Virus Team Up to Beat the Heat",what is the dependent variable in the figure?

A)number of plants that could grow at 37 ^$\circ$ C
B)number of plants that could grow at 65 ^$\circ$ C
C)number of plants that died at 65 ^$\circ$ C
D)number of plants that died at 37 ^$\circ$ C

Question 63

The major types of ecosystems are termed

A)habitats.
B)niches.
C)biospheres.
D)terrestrial zones.
E)biomes.

Question 64

In the section "Investigating Life: Two Kingdoms and a Virus Team Up to Beat the Heat",what did the scientists conclude from the figure?

A)Adding the virus back to virus-free fungi decreased plant survival.
B)Infecting plants with the virus increased their survival.
C)Infecting plants with the virus decreased their survival.
D)Infecting the fungus with the virus allowed them to grow in the heat.
E)Adding the virus back to virus-free fungi increased plant survival.

Question 65

In a process called denitrification,bacteria convert ammonia to nitrites and eventually to nitrates.

Question 66

The species that appear in a climax community usually are short-lived,early-maturing,r-selected species that are strong competitors in a stable environment.

Question 67

A network of interconnected food chains is a food web.

Question 68

In the section "Investigating Life: Two Kingdoms and a Virus Team Up to Beat the Heat",panic grass is a(n)

A)monocot.
B)dicot.
C)algae.
D)seedless plant.
E)bryophytE.

Question 69

The term "abiotic" means "nonliving."

Question 70

Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which neither member of the relationship benefits.

Question 71

The reliance of a plant on one type of insect for pollination and that insect having only the nectar of that plant as its food source is an example of coevolution.

Question 72

An example of a keystone species is a root-associated fungus that conifer trees need in order to survive and that supplies food for rodents.

Question 73

Energy flows in only one direction through an ecosystem,rather than being recycled.

Question 74

In the section "Investigating Life: Two Kingdoms and a Virus Team Up to Beat the Heat",what was the purpose of repeatedly drying,freezing,and thawing some of the fungi?

A)to kill the fungi
B)to prepare the fungi for growth at 65 ^$\circ$ C
C)to remove the virus
D)to prepare the fungi to infect the panic grass
E)to make the fungus more susceptible to the virus

Question 75

Energy can be depleted within an ecosystem.

Question 76

In the section "Investigating Life: Two Kingdoms and a Virus Team Up to Beat the Heat",how was the virus detected?

A)by the presence of antibodies to the virus
B)by the presence of double-stranded RNA
C)by signs of infection
D)by the ability to grow at 65 ^$\circ$ C
E)by the presence of viral proteins

Question 77

Raw sewage within a water ecosystem can cause fish kills because respiration by the microbes in the sewage reduces the concentration of oxygen within the water.

Question 78

Resource partitioning allows only a single species to use a resource.

Question 79

Lichens and mosses that can grow on and erode rock would be considered pioneer species.

Question 80

In the section "Investigating Life: Two Kingdoms and a Virus Team Up to Beat the Heat",what did the scientists conclude from the figure?

A)Plants survived the heat best with virus-infected fungi.
B)Plants survived the heat best with virus-free fungi.
C)Plants survived the heat best without fungi.
D)Plants survived the heat best when infected by the virus.
E)Plants survived the heat best when not infected by the virus.