Deck 7: Information Processing

Question 1

When a person is encoding information into memory,it is important to pay attention.A critical skill of paying attention is:

A)mental resource.
B)selectivity.
C)lack of focus.
D)shifting.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Dr.Clark is an information-processing theorist,while Dr.Cassidy is a Piagetian.In a debate concerning child development,the one thing that they might agree on would be the importance of:

A)computer simulations as a way to model human thought.
B)attention and memory as the two basic drives of intelligence.
C)assuming that adults and infants think in virtually the same way.
D)realizing that current knowledge affects one's ability to acquire new knowledge.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Siegler,three mechanisms work together to create changes in children's cognitive skills.Which of the following is not one of the mechanisms?

A)Encoding
B)Automaticity
C)Assimilation
D)Strategy construction

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is central to the information-processing approach?

A)Memory
B)Problem solving
C)Both memory and problem solving
D)Neither memory nor problem solving

Question 5

What approach to thinking analyzes how children manipulate information,monitor it,and create strategies for handling it?

A)Social learning
B)Cognitive monitoring
C)Cognitive developmental
D)Information-processing

Question 6

Although they lack many of the expressive abilities of adults,the fact that very young infants _____ serves as the foundation of habituation tasks,which have greatly increased our knowledge concerning infants' information-processing capacities.

A)get bored
B)have excellent visual skills
C)can generate simple mental images
D)can be taught to produce simple phonemes

Question 7

_____ means "knowing about knowing."

A)Generalization
B)Automaticity
C)Metacognition
D)Self-modification

Question 8

In an effort to assess her memory abilities,a researcher presents 5-month-old Chloe with the same visual stimulus over numerous trials.If she begins to pay less attention to the stimulus with each subsequent trial,she is demonstrating:

A)memory and habituation.
B)memory and dishabituation.
C)a lack of memory and habituation.
D)a lack of memory and dishabituation.

Question 9

_____ is the focusing of mental resources and improves cognitive processing for many tasks.

A)Attention
B)Distraction
C)Division
D)Construction

Question 10

How fast children can articulate a series of words is an example of:

A)cognitive resources.
B)assimilation.
C)abundance.
D)processing speed.

Question 11

_____ refers to the ability to process information with little or no effort.

A)Generalization
B)Automaticity
C)Metacognition
D)Self-modification

Question 12

_____ results when repeated presentations of the same stimulus causes reduced attention to the stimulus.

A)Habituation
B)Dishabituation
C)Memory
D)Shifting

Question 13

_____ involve(s)encoding,automaticity,and strategy construction.

A)Thinking
B)Mechanisms of change
C)Self-modification
D)All of these

Question 14

_____ is an infant's renewed interest in a stimulus.

A)Habituation
B)Dishabituation
C)Disequalibration
D)Automaticity

Question 15

Developmental changes in _____ are likely influenced by increases in both capacity and speed of processing.

A)computer metaphors
B)information processing
C)computer metaphors and information processing
D)neither computer metaphors nor information processing

Question 16

Processing capacity and speed,often referred to as _____,have an important influence on memory and problem solving.

A)cognitive drawbacks
B)capacities
C)cognitive resources
D)mechanisms

Question 17

Which statement concerning habituation is false?

A)Habituation becomes more acute over the first 3 months.
B)It is critical that parents avoid tasks that lead to infant habituation.
C)Infants who have suffered birth trauma may have diminished habituation abilities.
D)Infants appear to be sensitive to habituation in all their sensory systems.

Question 18

While discussing information-processing development in children,your instructor displays a model of memory and says,"You'd better look at this,because it will be on the exam." If you follow the advice and look at the display,you are demonstrating:

A)agency.
B)ordinality.
C)automaticity.
D)selective attention.

Question 19

There are three main ways for children to use the information-processing approach to overcome processing limitations,including all of the following except

A)increasing operations.
B)increasing capacity.
C)developing self-motivation.
D)gaining new knowledge.

Question 20

Which one of the following questions would not be asked by researchers to illustrate the information-processing approach?

A)What do children notice in the environment?
B)Why is it unimportant to remember what is noticed in the environment?
C)What do they think about the things they notice in the environment?
D)What do children remember?

Question 21

_____ states that when individuals reconstruct information,they fit it into information that already exists in their minds.

A)Network theory
B)Schema theory
C)Cognitive-memory theory
D)Metacognition

Question 22

Carolyn Rovee-Collier places an infant in a crib underneath an elaborate mobile and ties one end of a ribbon to the baby's ankle and the other end to the mobile.The baby kicks and makes the mobile move.Later the baby is returned to the crib but its foot is not tied to the mobile.The baby kicks,apparently trying to make the mobile move.This demonstrates that infants _____ information.

A)have no memory for perceptual-motor
B)can remember perceptual-motor
C)can understand perceptual-verbal
D)none of these

Question 23

What basic process is both selective and shifting?

A)Attention
B)Automaticity
C)Habituation
D)Dishabituation

Question 24

Who would most likely be distracted by a book containing three-dimensional "pop-up" pictures?

A)A 4-year-old
B)A 6-year-old
C)An 8-year-old
D)A 10-year-old

Question 25

The term "novice" is used to describe young children.It refers to:

A)a person who has little expertise in most areas.
B)an individual with great specific knowledge, but only in limited areas.
C)someone who is unaware of his or her cognitive limitations.
D)a person with innate knowledge.

Question 26

_____ theory states that when individuals encode information,it creates two types of memory representation: (1)_____,which consists of precise details,and (2)_____,which is the central idea of the information.

A)Fuzzy trace; verbatim memory trace; gist
B)Verbatim-memory trace; gist; fuzzy trace
C)Gist; verbatim; fuzzy trace
D)None of these

Question 27

Renewed interest in a stimulus defines:

A)habituation.
B)dishabituation.
C)information processing.
D)automaticity.

Question 28

_____ memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences.

A)Explicit
B)Implicit
C)Application
D)Conceptual

Question 29

Mental frameworks that organize concepts and information are called:

A)schemas.
B)habits.
C)operations.
D)scripts.

Question 30

When a person is encoding information into memory,it is important to have the ability to shift attention.An example of shifting cognitive control is:

A)riding a bike and then running in a race.
B)writing a letter, forming letters, composing grammar, and making paragraphs.
C)memorizing a poem, learning one line at a time, understanding the vocabulary, and reading the words.
D)both writing and memorizing.

Question 31

Infantile or childhood amnesia indicates that most adults can remember little if anything from the first _____ of their life.

A)year
B)two years
C)three years
D)four years

Question 32

If you hold a telephone number in your short-term memory,for how long is the information retained without rehearsal?

A)A few seconds
B)30 seconds
C)2 hours
D)Indefinitely

Question 33

Memory involves three major processes.They are:

A)encoding, storage, and retrieval.
B)encoding, dismissal, and storage.
C)storage, attention, and reversal.
D)storage, retrieval, and selection.

Question 34

Some children focus too much on the salient aspects of a situation rather than what is important.For example,if a clown is giving directions,they will focus on the funny aspects of the clown rather than listen to the directions.When do children outgrow this behaviour?

A)Most outgrow it before they leave preschool.
B)Most outgrow it by the time they are 10 to 12 years of age.
C)Most outgrow it by the time they are 6 to 7 years of age.
D)Most outgrow it by the time they go to college.

Question 35

Your working memory is also called your _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)autobiographical
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 36

What type of memory is relatively permanent and unlimited?

A)Iconic
B)Sensory
C)Short-term
D)Long-term

Question 37

Which of the following are contributors to adolescent multi-tasking?

A)Cell phones
B)Video games
C)Homework
D)All of these

Question 38

Memory consists of three major processes.First,there is _____,which involves how information gets into memory.Then there is _____,which consists of the retention of information over time.Last,there is _____,which takes place when information is taken out of storage.

A)retrieval; encoding; storage
B)storage; retrieval; encoding
C)encoding; storage; retrieval
D)retrieval; storage; encoding

Question 39

During each day in kindergarten,6-year-old Sidney spent 1 hour in organized "naptime." The next year she entered her new first-grade classroom,looked around,and asked her teacher,"Where are the blankets we will use for naptime?" Sidney's question provides insight into her:

A)automaticity.
B)school schema.
C)sensory memory.
D)ability to habituate.

Question 40

Older children have cognitive control of attention whereas younger children:

A)can't pay attention at all.
B)attend to what is most salient in the environment.
C)respond the same as older children.
D)none of these.

Question 41

A psychologist tests the memory span of children.Seven-year-old Perry is asked to recall the following list of numbers: 2,4,7,8,3,1,5.Given the typical short-term span of a 7-year-old,how many numbers will Perry remember?

A)Three
B)Four
C)Five
D)Nine

Question 42

What memory strategy involves going beyond the information given in order to make information more memorable?

A)Rehearsal
B)Processing speed
C)Elaboration
D)Habituation

Question 43

What is the biological cause of infantile amnesia?

A)Immaturity of the optical lobe of the brain
B)Immaturity of the prefrontal lobes of the brain
C)Immaturity of the hypothalamus of the brain
D)Immaturity of the Broca area of the brain

Question 44

James is trying to teach his 5-year-old son Kirk the number to dial in case of an emergency.As a memory aid,James says,"Just keep saying the numbers 9,1,and 1 over and over." James is attempting to improve Kirk's memory via:

A)imagery.
B)rehearsal.
C)elaboration.
D)organization.

Question 45

A memory strategy in which a child arranges items into categories is called:

A)imagery.
B)rehearsal.
C)elaboration.
D)organization.

Question 46

The memory strategy of organization is used more by _____ children than _____ children.

A)older; younger
B)younger; older
C)male; female
D)female; male

Question 47

Working memory continues to improve:

A)throughout early childhood.
B)until early adolescence.
C)until the late teen years.
D)into adulthood and beyond.

Question 48

Ryan and his daughter Tara are about to go to the grocery store.Before leaving,Ryan shows Tanya a list containing about 12 items and asks her to help him remember what to buy.Ryan hints that it might be easier to remember the items if Tanya thinks in terms of categories like dairy products,fruits,and candy.Ryan's memory hint involves the memory strategy of:

A)elaboration.
B)imagery.
C)organization.
D)rehearsal.

Question 49

Forming concepts is an important aspect of constructing information.How is this done?

A)Thinking occurs but it is not related to cognition.
B)Cognition occurs but it is not related to thinking.
C)Categories are used to group objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties.
D)Thinking occurs unrelated to cognition and categories are used to group objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties.

Question 50

Thinking involves:

A)manipulating and transforming information in memory.
B)reasoning.
C)forming concepts.
D)all of these.

Question 51

In a memory-span task,Joey hears a short list of stimuli-usually digits¾presented at a rapid pace (one per second,for example).Then he is asked to repeat the digits.The test is an assessment of _____ memory.

A)short-term
B)long-term
C)assessment
D)none of these

Question 52

It appears that the reliability of young Mallory's reports as an eyewitness has as much to do with the _____ as with _____.

A)skills and motivation of the child; the child's memory
B)skills and motivation of the interviewer; the natural limitations of the child's memory
C)memory of the interviewer; and motivation of the child
D)skills and motivation of the child; the child's honesty

Question 53

In _____,verbatim information is encoded and understanding the gist is more likely to produce a longer memory trace.

A)habituation
B)dishabituation
C)automaticity
D)rehearsal

Question 54

A good example of showing children how hard it is to retrieve unorganized information is to ask them to recall:

A)the 12 months of the year.
B)the 12 months of the year in alphabetical order.
C)the 7 days of the week in alphabetical order.
D)both the 12 months of the year, and the 7 days of the week in alphabetical order.

Question 55

_____ is a type of elaboration that helps improve remembering information.

A)Differentiation
B)Automaticity
C)Thinking of examples
D)None of these

Question 56

_____ is the term used to describe extensive information processing.

A)Attention-getting
B)Elaboration
C)Automaticity
D)Habituation

Question 57

The following conclusions about children as eyewitnesses indicate there are a number of factors that can influence the accuracy of a young child's memory.Which one of the following is not one of these factors?

A)There are age differences in children's susceptibility to suggestions.
B)There are individual differences in susceptibility.
C)Interviewing techniques can produce substantial distortions in children's reports about highly salient events.
D)All of these are factors that influence the accuracy of the young child's memory.

Question 58

The use of elaboration has been shown to increase between:

A)infancy and early childhood.
B)early and late childhood.
C)late childhood and adolescence.
D)late adolescence and young adulthood.

Question 59

Of the following,who would you expect to use elaboration more?

A)A 15-year-old
B)A 12-year-old
C)A 7-year-old
D)A 4-year-old

Question 60

On a vocabulary test,Veronica has to remember the definition of "scrumptious." Her teacher recommends that she picture herself eating the last delicious "crumb" of her favourite cake.Her teacher is attempting to improve recall by encouraging:

A)elaboration.
B)imagery.
C)organization.
D)rehearsal.

Question 61

_____ includes general knowledge about memory and knowledge about one's own memory.

A)Metacognitive knowledge
B)Metacognitive activity
C)Metamemory
D)Metacognitive storage

Question 62

What is the difference between the reasoning of children and the reasoning of scientists?

A)Children are influenced by happenstance.
B)Children maintain their old theories regardless of evidence.
C)Children often try to reconcile seemingly contradictory new information with their existing beliefs.
D)All of these are differences.

Question 63

Robert Siegler is associated with _____ used in problem-solving research that explored how children use rules to solve problems.

A)the Tower of Hanoi
B)habituation paradigms
C)balance scale problems
D)metamemory tasks

Question 64

It is safe to say that children often use _____ to solve a problem.

A)only one strategy
B)more than one strategy at a time
C)only previously used strategies
D)only their parents' ideas

Question 65

_____ involves finding an appropriate way to attain a goal.

A)Metamemory
B)Metaresolve
C)Problem solving
D)Problem stress

Question 66

_____ involves correspondence in some respects between things that are dissimilar.

A)Representation
B)Problem solving
C)Analogy
D)Dishabituation

Question 67

Children should be encouraged to think _____ works well when deciding on which strategies to use.

A)carefully about what
B)about when it
C)about where it
D)all of these

Question 68

Scientific _____ often is aimed at identifying causal relations.

A)connecting
B)reassessment
C)reasoning
D)disassembling

Question 69

Jacob knows that it is hard to concentrate on an exam when he is very anxious.This awareness provides an example of:

A)semantic networks.
B)dishabituation.
C)metacognition.
D)elaboration.

Question 70

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Just having children learn a new strategy is usually enough for them to continue to use it and to transfer the strategy to a new situation.
B)Just having children learn a new strategy is enough for them to continue to use it but they are still unable to transfer it to new situations.
C)Just having children learn a new strategy is usually not enough for them to continue to use it and to transfer the strategy to new situations.
D)Just having children learn a new strategy does not guarantee that they will use it but it is likely that they will transfer the strategy to new situations.

Question 71

An important aspect of adolescent learning involves:

A)critical thinking.
B)decision making.
C)neither of these.
D)both of these.

Question 72

Dr.Willard is attempting to assess 5-year-old Scott's ability to solve a balance-scale problem.Dr.Willard has predicted that Scott would use Siegler's first rule.In doing so,Dr.Willard expects that Scott will ask himself:

A)"What does balance mean?"
B)"Are there the same number of weights on each side of the scale?"
C)"Are the weights the same distance apart?"
D)"Is the greatest number of weights on the same side as the weight the greatest distance from the centre?"

Question 73

During early childhood,the relatively stimulus-driven toddler is transformed into a child capable of flexible,goal-directed problem solving.One element in this change is children's developing ability to form:

A)representations of inverted thought.
B)representations of reality.
C)sensorimotor activities.
D)both representations of inverted thought and sensorimotor activities.

Question 74

Do infants have concepts?

A)No, they do not.
B)Yes, they do but they do not form concepts until late in their second year.
C)Yes they do and they form concepts very early in their development.
D)Yes, but only if they are perceptually advanced compared to other children their age.

Question 75

Researchers lament that so few schools really teach students to think critically.Which one of the follow does not support the researcher's beliefs?

A)Schools give tests asking students to give a single correct answer.
B)Schools ask children to imitate rather than choosing their own way.
C)Schools ask children to recite.
D)Schools ask children to analyze.

Question 76

Michael Pressley emphasizes that children benefit when the teacher:

A)models the appropriate strategy.
B)verbalizes the steps in the strategy.
C)guides the children to practice the strategy and supports their practice with feedback.
D)all of these.

Question 77

Which of the following is not an example of modelling critical thinking for children?

A)Asking not only what happened, but "how" and "why"
B)Arguing in a reasoned way rather than through emotions
C)Focusing on one and only one answer
D)Evaluating and possibly questioning what other people say rather than immediately accepting it as truth

Question 78

Who would not be considered to be thinking critically?

A)Jack, who tends to rely heavily on his first impressions
B)Niki, who attempts to grasp the deeper meaning of concepts
C)Vickie, who is tolerant of different perspectives
D)John, who is a reflective thinker

Question 79

The adolescent decision making that involves both analytical and experiential systems is called the _____ model.

A)cognitive
B)dual-process
C)behavioural
D)rational emotive

Question 80

What are two ways that children solve problems?

A)Applying rules and using analogies
B)Using analogies and waiting for adult direction
C)Applying rules and following peers' ideas
D)None of these