Deck 1: Introduction

Question 1

The setting in which development occurs and that is influenced by historical,economic,social,and cultural factors defines

A)culture.
B)ethnicity.
C)context.
D)gender.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The _____________________ processes produce changes in an individual's body.

A)cognitive
B)biological
C)socioemotional
D)cultural

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The pattern of human development is strongly related to

A)biology.
B)cognition.
C)socioemotional development.
D)All of these.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A child's development occurs in (a)________________ context(s).

A)singular
B)numerous
C)strictly positive
D)strictly negative

Question 5

Parents want their children to grow up to be socially mature individuals,but they often are not sure about what to do to help their children with this goal.Why are they confused?

A)They say they want the best for their children, but they don't follow through.
B)They often get conflicting information on what they should do for their child.
C)They believe in a permissive environment.
D)They believe in strict controls in the home.

Question 6

The acronym SES stands for

A)secondary ethnic sector.
B)solitary ethnic sector.
C)socioeconomic status.
D)social ethnic status.

Question 7

_______________ refers to the behaviour patterns,beliefs,and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.

A)Ethnicity
B)Context
C)Open forum
D)Culture

Question 8

Which is not a context for a child's development?

A)culture
B)ethnicity
C)language development
D)gender

Question 9

As a college student,you are studying ethnicity.Which scenario should not be considered?

A)a 5-year-old and his bilingual abilities
B)a 10-year-old and her religious beliefs
C)a 12-year-old and his observance of Passover
D)a 4-year-old and her home located in a poverty-stricken area

Question 10

Why do parents and teachers study children?

A)Responsibility for children is or will be a part of their everyday lives.
B)The study will help them understand their own individual histories.
C)The study of child development raises some intriguing and provocative issues.
D)All of these.

Question 11

A preschooler is growing up in an upper-middle-class home with parents who both have advanced degrees.She lives in a thriving suburb.The preschool she attends is rated the best in the state.These settings in which her development occurs are referred to as

A)cultures.
B)matrixes.
C)contexts.
D)scenarios.

Question 12

The ____________________ processes refer to changes in an individual's thinking,intelligence,and language.

A)cognitive
B)biological
C)socioemotional
D)cultural

Question 13

______________ is based on cultural heritage,nationality characteristics,race,religion,and language.

A)Ethnicity
B)Context
C)Open forum
D)Culture

Question 14

A sense of membership in an ethnic group based upon shared language,religion,customs,values,history,and race defines

A)race.
B)nationality.
C)ethnicity.
D)ethnocentricity.

Question 15

The stories of Karla Homolka and Lincoln Alexander are told to draw attention to the fact that

A)some children grow up unable to pick up the pieces of a life shattered by tragedy and become unhinged by life and stress.
B)children with difficult childhoods are always destined to have difficult adulthoods.
C)children with easygoing childhoods are always destined to have easygoing adulthoods.
D)None of these.

Question 16

Michel is of French ancestry and aligns himself with the traditions and history of French Canadians.This reflects his

A)culture.
B)context.
C)ethnicity.
D)gender.

Question 17

Resilience in relation to children means that

A)some children develop confidence in their abilities despite negative stereotypes about their gender.
B)some children develop confidence in their abilities despite negative stereotypes about their ethnic group.
C)some children triumph over poverty or other adversities.
D)All of these.

Question 18

There are certain characteristics that make children resilient.Analysis of research shows that which of the following does not apply to resiliency?

A)good intellectual functioning
B)close relationship with a caring parent
C)parents with outgoing personalities
D)bonds to extrafamilial people

Question 19

Cross-cultural concerns for women include

A)inadequate educational opportunities.
B)violence.
C)mental health issues.
D)All of these.

Question 20

Which statement(s)related to the meaning of the words gender and sex are true?

A)Gender involves the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being female or male.
B)Sex involves the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being female or male.
C)Sex refers to the biological dimensions of being female or male.
D)Gender involves the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being female or male, and sex refers to the biological dimensions of being female or male.

Question 21

In research,a ________ is a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result.

A)trajectory
B)cohort
C)variable
D)Millennial

Question 22

Experiences run the gamut from the individual's biological environment (e.g.,nutrition,medical care,drugs,physical accidents)to the social environment (e.g.,family,peers,schools,community,media,culture).This is referred to as

A)nature.
B)nurture.
C)genetic epistemology.
D)None of these.

Question 23

Basic growth tendencies are genetically wired into humans.This is referred to as

A)nature.
B)experience.
C)continuity.
D)nurture

Question 24

If a pregnant woman is using drugs during her pregnancy and the baby is born with an addiction,this would be an example of

A)nature.
B)nurture.
C)continuity.
D)maturation.

Question 25

When he was 6 years old,Ron could recite O Canada from memory.When Ron was 9 years old,he began to understand what the words in the song meant.Finally,at age 12,Ron realized the political importance of our national anthem.This illustrates the concept of

A)cognitive development.
B)kinesthetic development.
C)biological development.
D)socioemotional development.

Question 26

What do most developmental psychologists currently believe about change and growth?

A)They do not vary across cultures.
B)They are only biologically driven.
C)They do not vary between the sexes.
D)They are lifelong processes.

Question 27

What is the first developmental period?

A)birth
B)infancy
C)prenatal
D)conception

Question 28

At the parent/teacher conference in school,Ms.Johnson wants to share information about Meredith's socioemotional development with her parents.What topic will she not include?

A)her height and weight changes since the beginning of school
B)her relationships with peers on the playground
C)her ability to work collaboratively on a group project
D)her leadership skills within her small peer group

Question 29

During what developmental period is independence and identity the central theme?

A)early childhood
B)middle childhood
C)late childhood
D)adolescence

Question 30

Early childhood is sometimes called

A)the preschool years.
B)the elementary school years.
C)the most difficult time of development.
D)puberty.

Question 31

The ___________________ processes involve changes in an individual's relationships with other people,changes in emotions,and changes in personality.

A)cognitive
B)biology
C)socioemotional
D)cultural

Question 32

Which activity is characteristic of infancy?

A)beginning language
B)coordination of sensations and physical actions
C)thinking with symbols
D)All of these.

Question 33

Nurture is to experience as nature is to

A)maturation.
B)edification.
C)learning.
D)the environment.

Question 34

The child who is best thought of as engaging in a cognitive process is the one who is

A)gripping his bottle.
B)drooling on his bib.
C)learning to speak Spanish.
D)expressing anger that she could not be in the play.

Question 35

Helen is learning to read,write,and do mathematics.She is also very interested in doing these activities well.Based on this information,which stage of development is Helen most likely in?

A)infancy
B)preschool
C)middle childhood
D)adolescence

Question 36

As a 3- to 5-year-old preschooler,Brittany would most accurately be described as being in what period of development?

A)infancy
B)early childhood
C)middle childhood
D)late childhood

Question 37

A developmental psychologist with a strong belief in the influence of nurture on social development would most likely explain a youngster's behavioural problem by saying,

A)"It's in his genes."
B)"He's just a late bloomer."
C)"He was raised by incompetent parents."
D)"He probably had a traumatic prenatal period."

Question 38

The most widely used classification of development periods describes a child's development in terms of the following sequence:

A)infancy, prenatal, early and middle childhood, adolescence, late childhood
B)prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adulthood
C)prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence
D)infancy, prenatal, early and middle childhood, late childhood, adolescence

Question 39

A developmentalist who emphasizes ________ usually describes development as a gradual,continuous process.

A)nature
B)nurture
C)discontinuity
D)None of these.

Question 40

Millennials-the generation born after 1980-are history's first "always connected" generation.This is an example of a(n)

A)dependent variable
B)correlation effect
C)cohort effect
D)independent variable

Question 41

A developmentalist who emphasizes ________ often describes development as a series of distinct stages.

A)nature
B)nurture
C)continuity
D)None of these.

Question 42

Which of the following is not a Freudian stage of personality development?

A)unconscious
B)oral
C)anal
D)phallic

Question 43

A developmentalist who focuses on the distinct stages in the life span emphasizes

A)maturation.
B)later development.
C)the continuity of development.
D)the discontinuity of development.

Question 44

Due to her knowledge of psychoanalysis,Julie is aware that her 9-month-old daughter is in the

A)anal psychosexual stage.
B)oral psychosexual stage.
C)latency psychosexual stage.
D)phallic psychosexual stage.

Question 45

Which of the following statements best characterizes the view that development is a discontinuous process?

A)During adolescence, an individual moves from not being able to think abstractly about the world to being able to do so in distinct stages.
B)Puberty is a gradual process, occurring over several years.
C)Even though extreme environments can depress development, basic growth tendencies are wired into human beings.
D)If infants experience negative events in their lives, those experiences can be overcome by later, more positive experiences.

Question 46

Scientific research is

A)objective.
B)systematic.
C)testable.
D)All of these are involved in scientific research.

Question 47

A __________________ is a specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine accuracy.

A)theory
B)hypothesis
C)model
D)paradigm

Question 48

The outcome of the early-later experience issue is

A)agreed upon by most developmentalists.
B)of no concern to developmentalists.
C)a hotly debated issue among developmentalists.
D)an issue that was a concern only in the 1950s.

Question 49

Erikson is noted for his theory of ________ stages.

A)psychosexual
B)psychosocial
C)psychogenic
D)psychopathological

Question 50

Western culture's current emphasis on early experience can be traced to the work of

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Jerome Kagan.
C)John Watson.
D)Mary Ainsworth.

Question 51

After setting up a hypothesis,what is the next step in the scientific research approach?

A)collecting data
B)interpreting data
C)revising research conclusions.
D)None of these.

Question 52

Plato's belief that infants who are frequently rocked became better athletes provides an example of which view of development?

A)nature
B)early experience
C)discontinuity
D)All of these.

Question 53

Freud's belief that children's relationships with their parents in the first 5 years of life are key to development relates to what developmental issue?

A)stability and change
B)continuity and discontinuity
C)maturation and experience
D)early and later experience

Question 54

A psychoanalytic theorist would likely blame antisocial personality traits exhibited by a preschooler on

A)parents.
B)genetics.
C)teachers.
D)cultural factors.

Question 55

____________________ theory describes development as primarily unconscious and coloured by emotion.

A)Cognitive
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Biological
D)None of these.

Question 56

Most developmentalists believe that it is unwise to take an extreme position on which of the following controversies?

A)nature and nurture
B)continuity and discontinuity
C)early and later experiences
D)All of these.

Question 57

__________________ focuses on the degree to which early experiences (especially in infancy)or later experiences are the key determinants of the child's development.

A)Early-later experience issue
B)Continuity of development
C)Discontinuity of development
D)Nature versus nurture approach

Question 58

Which of the following is the correct developmental sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A)oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic
B)oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
C)phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital
D)latency, phallic, anal, oral, genital

Question 59

Many of today's psychoanalytic theorists maintain that Freud overemphasized ________.

A)conscious thought
B)cultural experiences
C)sexual instincts
D)All of these are incorrect statements.

Question 60

After observing children interacting with a department store Santa Claus,a psychologist decides to study children's beliefs in Santa.Prior to beginning the study,the psychologist predicts that 5-year-olds will believe in Santa,10-year-olds will not be sure of their belief,and 15-year-olds will not believe at all.This prediction represents a

A)theory.
B)method.
C)paradigm.
D)hypothesis.

Question 61

Cognitive theories of human development emphasize ________ thoughts.

A)adaptive
B)maladaptive
C)conscious
D)unconscious

Question 62

Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages occurs during the later preschool years?

A)trust versus mistrust
B)initiative versus guilt
C)autonomy versus shame and doubt
D)industry versus inferiority

Question 63

When teachers work with children in Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage,the fifth stage of psychosocial development,they should

A)allow adolescents to explore many different roles and different paths within a particular role in order for a positive identity to emerge.
B)help children find out that they can do things that they never thought they could do.
C)let the children make their own decisions even if they appear to need some direction on deciding to try something.
D)punish children if they are not interested in industry related to their own work.

Question 64

_____________________________ is Erikson's seventh developmental stage,which individuals experience during middle adulthood.

A)Stagnation versus integrity
B)Isolation versus generativity
C)Integrity versus isolation
D)Generativity versus stagnation

Question 65

In discussing the nature of cognitive development,Piaget would describe a child as being a(n)

A)passive participant in the construction of thoughts.
B)active participant in the construction of thoughts.
C)passive participant whose experiences alone determine intellectual development.
D)active participant whose experiences alone determine intellectual development.

Question 66

Which of the following is not an important cognitive theory?

A)Watson's integration theory
B)Piaget's cognitive development theory
C)Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory
D)Information-processing theory

Question 67

What is the first Piagetian stage?

A)sensorimotor stage
B)formal operational stage
C)concrete operational stage
D)preoperational stage

Question 68

The ________________________ stage of psychosocial theory has the following characteristics: occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood; infants discover that their behaviour is their own; and assertion of independence.

A)trust versus mistrust
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)industry versus inferiority
D)initiative versus guilt

Question 69

Stagnation means

A)a state of confusion as people move toward old age.
B)a slow start in trying to help others.
C)the desire to meet young children and teach them life lessons.
D)the feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation.

Question 70

Two-year-old Benjamin asserts his independence and realizes his will.He tests his parents' boundaries.Based on Erikson's psychosocial theory,if he is restrained or punished too harshly,he is likely to develop

A)guilt.
B)despair.
C)identity confusion.
D)shame and doubt.

Question 71

One of the major differences between Erikson's and Freud's approaches to human development involves Erikson's emphasis on

A)heredity.
B)sex differences.
C)the mind-body relationship.
D)development across the life span.

Question 72

Erikson developed his theory of development because although he agreed with many of Freud's ideas,he felt that Freud placed too much emphasis on

A)sex and childhood.
B)sex and adulthood.
C)self-esteem and childhood.
D)self-esteem and adulthood.

Question 73

Erikson had a specific outlook on the initiative versus guilt stage.Which of the following statements matches his outlook?

A)Seldom does a child reach a sense of accomplishment.
B)Many children in this stage reach a sense of accomplishment, but it takes a long time.
C)Erikson had a positive outlook on this stage when children succeed in accomplishing tasks.
D)This stage is one of the most difficult stages to complete successfully.

Question 74

Piaget's theory of cognitive development has __________ stages.

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)eight

Question 75

Which of the following is not a criticism of psychoanalytic theory?

A)The main concepts have been too difficult to test scientifically.
B)The sexual underpinnings are not given enough importance, especially in Freud's theory.
C)Too much credit has been given to the unconscious mind.
D)The view is overly negative.

Question 76

In Erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development,individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships with others.This stage is called

A)industry versus inferiority.
B)trust versus mistrust.
C)intimacy versus isolation.
D)intimacy versus mistrust.

Question 77

As Courtney graduates from high school,she explores many roles in trying to decide what to study in college.What psychosocial stage of development is she in?

A)industry versus inferiority
B)generativity versus stagnation
C)identity versus identity confusion
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 78

As a parent with an Eriksonian orientation,Sheryl believes that the first developmental task her newborn daughter will encounter will be about

A)trust.
B)autonomy.
C)initiative.
D)self-identity.

Question 79

Which of the following examples is a positive resolution to Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development,integrity versus despair?

A)not being able to look back on your life and feel good about it
B)celebrating a sixtieth wedding anniversary with happiness
C)a preoccupation with death
D)dwelling on regrets about raising a teenage child

Question 80

Generativity means

A)lazy behaviour.
B)stagnation.
C)helping younger generations.
D)technology advancement.