Deck 6: Heredity and Environment: Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Question 1

In the liability model higher MZ than DZ concordance rates for alcohol dependency stems from:

A)an addictive genetic factor (A)
B)a common environment (C) and a specific environment (E) unique to each twin
C)the total influence from all genetic and environmental sources
D)whichever factor, genetic or environmental, is stronger

Answer 1

C
the total influence from all genetic and environmental sources

Question 2

Gene-environment interactions explain why:

A)genes can have different effects in varying environments
B)people with different inherited tendencies for drug use grow up in similar environments
C)genetic and environmental factors increase alcoholism risk for children of alcoholics
D)alcohol dependency risk is high for children of alcoholics regardless of environments

Answer 2

A
genes can have different effects in varying environments

Question 3

Which is least applicable to the relationship between parental and children's drinking?:

A)aversion where the child adopts a negative attitude toward alcohol use of parents
B)polarization with either a very positive or a very negative attitude toward drinking
C)daughters of heavily drinking parents more likely to show an aversion effect
D)the highest correspondence was for abstinent parents

Answer 3

C
daughters of heavily drinking parents more likely to show an aversion effect

Question 4

The Danish adoption study of 55 male offspring of alcoholic parents found:

A)more alcoholism for adoptees with at least one alcoholic parent
B)sons of alcoholics had a higher rate of divorce than sons of nonalcoholics
C)no differences in psychiatric disorder for sons of alcoholics and nonalcoholics
D)a and b

Question 5

All of the following were the findings from the proband studies except:

A)First-degree female, but not male, relatives of alcoholic probands were more likely alcoholic than for the general population
B)The fathers, brothers, and sons of both male and female alcoholics were more at risk to be alcoholic than were the first-degree female relatives such as mothers, sisters, and daughters.
C)Wives of alcoholic men were less likely than the husbands of alcoholic women to also have alcoholism
D)First-degree male, but not female, relatives of alcoholic probands were more likely alcoholic than for the general population

Question 6

A gene-environment interaction view looks at the ___________ influence of heredity and environment by looking at how genetic propensities are affected by the environmental opportunities that are available.

A)Separate
B)Similar
C)Direct
D)Joint

Question 7

A family study of drug use (Merikangas et al., 1998) found:

A)relatives infrequently have the same drug disorder
B)higher alcoholism for relatives of cocaine-dependents
C)higher alcoholism for relatives of opioid-dependents
D)higher alcoholism for relatives of alcohol- and cannabis-dependents

Question 8

Results from U.S. adoption studies in Iowa:

A)disagree with conclusions from Danish studies
B)agree with the Danish but not the Swedish findings
C)generally concur with adoption studies in other countries
D)show adoptees had more alcoholism if a parent had both psychiatric and drinking problems

Question 9

Adoption studies are not without a number of problems such as:

A)foster parents showed high rates of psychiatric problems
B)foster parents showed high rates of divorce
C)influence of any genetic factors is unequivocal
D)a and b

Question 10

A well-controlled adoption studyof the genetic basis for alcoholism requires all but:

A)adoptees who have an alcoholic parent
B)control adoptees who have no alcoholic parent
C)adopters who are alcoholic
D)adopters who are nonalcoholic

Question 11

Research on possible familial links to alcohol and drug problems problems use the term _________ for individuals assumed to be at risk for alcohol and other drug dependency due to having at least one biological parent with a similar problem.

A)Probands
B)Vulnerables
C)Markers
D)Endophenotypes

Question 12

The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism XE "Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism" (COGA) that compared first degree relatives of alcoholics and controls found all but:

A)DSM-III-R alcohol abuse much higher in alcohol probands
B)DSM-IV alcohol dependence much higher in alcohol probands
C)DSM-IV cocaine dependence much higher in alcohol probands
D)DSM-IV stimulant dependence higher in controls

Question 13

Molecular genetics include all but following view of alcoholism:

A)It is determined by quantitative trait loci
B)It is independent of environmental factors
C)It is a probabilistic rather than certain outcome of genetic factors
D)It has polymorphic determinants

Question 14

In Swedish studies, adopted sons with alcoholic biological fathers were:

A)more likely to be alcoholic than were adopted sons of nonalcoholic fathers
B)more likely to be alcoholic if the alcoholic parent was the mother
C)equally likely to be alcoholic as adopted daughters were
D)less likely to have psychiatric problems

Question 15

Phenotypes and genotypes are analogous to:

A)inner feelings and overt behavior
B)overt actions and underlying motives
C)alleles and endophenotypes
D)unexpressed and expressed genes

Question 16

Twin studies pertaining to alcoholism have found which of the following?

A)Low concordance rates among MZ and DZ twins
B)High concordance rates among MZ and DZ twins
C)No concordance rate among MZ and DZ twins
D)Moderate concordance rate among MZ and DZ twins

Question 17

What did the VATSPUD study find overall regardless of the drug?:

A)Lower heritability estimates for dependence among MZ than for DZ twins
B)Higher heritability estimates for dependence among DZ than for MZ twins
C)Lower heritability estimates for dependence among DZ than for MZ twins
D)Higher heritability estimates for dependence among MZ than for DZ twins

Question 18

For alcoholism among male and female same-sex identical twins (Pickens et al., 1991) genetic factors were:

A)high regardless of the type of DSM-III diagnosis
B)stronger for female clients
C)stronger for identical than fraternal twins for males
D)stronger for identical than fraternal twins for females

Question 19

Concordance rates of alcoholism have:

A)shown mixed findings in different countries
B)often been higher among MZ twins than for DZ twins
C)similar rates among MZ twins and for DZ twins
D)different levels for males and females

Question 20

Kendler et al.'s Virginia Twin Registry study:

A)found no sex differences in concordance rates
B)found a genetic basis for alcoholism in women
C)found lower rates for MZ than for DZ female twins
D)found a genetic basis for alcoholism only among men

Question 21

Vulnerability for alcoholism is:

A)based mainly on genetic factors
B)based mainly on environmental factors
C)greater for children of alcoholics
D)based equally on genetic and environmental factors

Question 22

Problems with family history studies include all but which:

A)wide variation in the criteria used to define FH level
B)overreliance on objective criteria such as treatment for alcoholism to define FH+
C)using the child's judgment that a parent had drinking problems to classify FH level
D)lack of uniform definitions of FH levels across studies

Question 23

With respect to smoking (Chassin et al., 1994), all but which holds for FH+ adolescents:

A)smoked more each day
B)saw themselves as less addicted to cigarettes
C)more positive beliefs about the effects of smoking
D)stronger relaxation and stimulation motives for smoking than FH- peers