Deck 2: Nature With Nurture

Question 1

The popular 17^th century idea that an individual was fully formed (though obviously very small)at conception is called

A)heritability.
B)familism.
C)mutation.
D)preformationism.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

John Locke's 17^th century idea that children's minds were like blank slates most closely corresponds to the more modern views of

A)John B. Watson.
B)John Dewey.
C)Jean Piaget.
D)Stephen Hawking.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

John Watson's idea of behaviorism most resembled the philosophical stance of

A)John Locke.
B)Jean Jacques Rousseau.
C)the Puritans.
D)Socrates.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Adoption studies have shown that

A)the quality of an adoptive home has no effect on intelligence.
B)genetic inheritance has no effect on intelligence.
C)adopted children mostly resemble their biological parents' levels of intelligence,but the environment also makes a difference.
D)some children seem to inherit their intelligence while others seem only to be influenced by their environments.

Question 5

Zinobiya believes that all children are born in innocence and may blossom into beautiful people if left to themselves.Her ideas are most like those of

A)Jean Jacques Rousseau.
B)John Locke.
C)John Watson.
D)Jean ShepherD.

Question 6

Twin studies are generally used to evaluate

A)genetic determinism.
B)reciprocal determinism.
C)the heritability of traits.
D)the success of adoption policies.

Question 7

The idea that all human qualities are pre-set by our genes is called

A)heritability.
B)familism.
C)phylogeny.
D)genetic determinism.

Question 8

Which of the following quotes best exemplifies the idea that development is entirely genetic?

A)To each his own.
B)He's a chip off the old block.
C)No matter how tall his grandfather is,everyone must do his own growing.
D)Where there's a will,there's a way.

Question 9

The Puritans believed that human nature was

A)basically pure and should be free to express itself.
B)like a blank slate.
C)evil and vulnerable to temptation.
D)formed by its environment.

Question 10

Open schools,such as those which use the Montessori method,are based in philosophies that resemble those of

A)John Locke.
B)John Watson.
C)Jean Jacques Rousseau.
D)Jean Dixon.

Question 11

The 20^th century mental hygiene movement,in which people began to treat insanity as an illness,grew out of the philosophy of

A)Jean Jacques Rousseau.
B)Francis Galton.
C)Mary Ainsworth.
D)John Locke.

Question 12

The idea that humans are essentially still essentially embryos after birth was suggested by

A)Stephen Jay Gould.
B)Virginia Apgar.
C)Sir Francis Galton.
D)Mary Ainsworth.

Question 13

Studies that attempt to measure the degree to which nature determines human development are called

A)correlation coefficients.
B)heritability studies.
C)experimental studies.
D)self-report inventories.

Question 14

The idea that we ought to control who has children in order to eliminate stupidity and other undesirable traits is called

A)genetic determinism.
B)preformationism.
C)eugenics.
D)natural selection.

Question 15

According to John B.Watson,children develop intelligence as a result of

A)the unfolding of their natural tendencies.
B)the reinforcement of appropriate behaviors.
C)the effects of environmental factors on their genotypes.
D)the effects of their phenotypes on the environments.

Question 16

Fred and Ethel are arguing about children's development.Fred says it's all due to genetics,while Ethel says it's all about environmental influences and that genes just don't matter since our genetic make-ups are basically all the same.Fred's viewpoint is most like that of _____ while Ethel seems to follow the teachings of _____

A)John Watson;Jean Jacques Rousseau
B)Jean Jacques Rousseau;John Locke
C)John Locke;John Watson
D)Jean Jacques Rousseau;the Puritans

Question 17

The idea that children are born innocent and may either be nurtured into kindness or corrupted by the environment was suggested by

A)John Locke.
B)The Puritans.
C)John Watson.
D)Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Question 18

The idea that intelligence,personality,and other characteristics are inborn is called

A)nativism.
B)dynamism.
C)genetic expression.
D)behaviorism.

Question 19

"Preformationism" refers to the idea that

A)parents had to plan carefully before having children.
B)the embryo was a preformed miniature adult.
C)the mind of a child is like a blank slate.
D)children behave in ways for which they are rewardeD.

Question 20

John Locke believed that

A)children were born sinful and had to be taught to be moral.
B)children were essentially good,naturally beautiful beings.
C)children's lives were predetermined by their genes.
D)children's minds were essentially blank slates,completely products of their environments.

Question 21

_____ are primitive,undifferentiated cells that can become any sort of cell in the body.

A)Stem cells
B)Sperm cells
C)Egg cells
D)Lymphocytes

Question 22

The idea that development is a gradual process of increasing complexity due to the interaction of genes and the environment is called

A)heritability.
B)meiosis.
C)epigenesis.
D)genetic determinism.

Question 23

Darwin's idea of the survival of the fittest means that the organisms most likely to survive and breed are those that are

A)biggest and strongest.
B)smallest and most agile.
C)best adapted to their environments.
D)most intelligent.

Question 24

Which of the following is most likely part of the non-shared environment of twins?

A)Their bunk bed and shared bedroom
B)Their dinners at home
C)The clubs they join at school
D)Their family's back-to-school shopping trips

Question 25

Adaptability is important to a species' ability to survive because

A)it selects for intelligence above all else.
B)environments change,and thus bring new pressures for survival.
C)adaptability makes it harder to survive,so you'll have more offspring.
D)of genetic determinism.

Question 26

Tomas is studying children who have been adopted by families that are very different from their biological families.If Tomas finds that these children have similar levels of intelligence to their birth parents,his findings will support the idea that

A)nature is the primary determinant of intelligence.
B)nurture is the primary determinant of intelligence.
C)nature and nurture both determine intelligence equally.
D)there is not enough evidence to support anything.

Question 27

Natural selection is a key component of

A)Thorndike's Laws of Learning.
B)Locke's Tabula Rasa.
C)Mendel's Theory of Meiosis.
D)Darwin's Theory of Evolution.

Question 28

The degree to which an aspect of development is dictated by our genetic programming is a measure of its

A)mitosis.
B)preformation.
C)canalization.
D)familism.

Question 29

Today,most developmental scientists believe that

A)development of some traits is environmental,and others,genetic.
B)development is due to the interplay of both biological and environmental factors.
C)development is due mostly to genetics.
D)development is due mostly to environmental factors.

Question 30

Studies that seek to find out the relative influences of genetics and the environment on development are called

A)nature studies.
B)nurture studies.
C)heritability studies.
D)genetic expression studies.

Question 31

The fact that correlations of intelligence are much higher between identical twins than between fraternal twins lends support to the idea that

A)intelligence is entirely inherited.
B)intelligence in entirely environmental.
C)intelligence is at least partly inherited.
D)more studies need to be done because nothing can be confirmed from this information.

Question 32

Which of the following types of studies is not used to investigate heritability?

A)Twin studies
B)Adoption studies
C)Family relatedness studies
D)Avuncular studies

Question 33

Which of the following is not a criticism of heritability studies?

A)Genetic and environmental influences are intertwined.
B)Genes don't have the same effect in all environments.
C)Inherited traits may still be modified to some extent.
D)None of these.These are all valid criticisms.

Question 34

Natural selection refers to the idea that

A)adaptive traits are passed on to the next generation.
B)we can eliminate bad traits by selecting good marriage partners.
C)genetics determines our choices.
D)the environment controls our development completely.

Question 35

The study of human development before birth is called

A)fetology.
B)histology.
C)anthropology.
D)embryology.

Question 36

The most common view of modern developmental researchers is that development is due to

A)nature.
B)nurture.
C)phenotyping.
D)epigenesis.

Question 37

The theory of natural selection is most closely associated with

A)Virginia Apgar.
B)Francis Galton.
C)Eleanor Maccoby.
D)Charles Darwin.

Question 38

Damien and Ricardo are 3- and 4-year-old brothers.They both spend a lot of time at home and have many interests in common.Much of what drives their developmental similarities is likely due to their

A)shared environment.
B)non-shared environment.
C)both shared environment and non-shared environment.
D)individual diets.

Question 39

Twin studies,adoption studies,and studies of blended families seem most strongly to support the idea that

A)nature is responsible for development in regular families,nurture in blended families.
B)nature and nurture are both contributors to development.
C)only nature is responsible for development.
D)only nurture is responsible for development.

Question 40

You have just gotten a job at the Developmental Institute.Your task is to monitor the growth of undifferentiated cells that can later develop into any type of cell in the human body.You will be working with

A)gametes.
B)stem cells.
C)lymphocytes.
D)platelets.

Question 41

Which of the following human traits is least likely to be canalized?

A)Bipedal walking
B)Reflexes
C)Curiosity
D)Philosophy

Question 42

During meiosis

A)each new cell only has 23 pairs of chromosomes.
B)each new cell only has 23 chromosomes.
C)each new cell has 46 pairs of chromosomes.
D)each new cell is capable of developing directly into a new individual.

Question 43

Bipedalism is

A)walking upright on two feet.
B)bicycle riding.
C)liking people of both sexes.
D)a neurological disorder.

Question 44

The phenomenon of "crossing over" in meiosis ensures

A)identical twins.
B)higher intelligence.
C)genetic determinism.
D)genetic diversity.

Question 45

The degree to which a particular trait is predetermined by our genes is called

A)heritability.
B)canalization.
C)phenotyping.
D)somatotyping.

Question 46

According to the findings of the Human Genome Project,

A)we are mostly unique,sharing only 50% of our DNA with other people.
B)our DNA is 98%-99% identical to a chimp's DNA.
C)our DNA is flawed,and we are dying out as a species.
D)intelligence is entirely genetic.

Question 47

Sperm cells and ova are produced through the process of

A)differentiation.
B)mutation.
C)meiosis.
D)mitosis.

Question 48

Genes are arranged on long strands called

A)platelets.
B)base pairs.
C)chromosomes.
D)regulators.

Question 49

The biological traits you inherit from your parents constitute your

A)phenotype.
B)tintype.
C)karyotype.
D)genotype.

Question 50

A single member of a specific pair of genes is called

A)an allele.
B)a stem cell.
C)a chromatid.
D)a chromosome.

Question 51

Identical twins always share the same

A)genotype.
B)phenotype.
C)likes and dislikes.
D)intelligence.

Question 52

Human cells contain _____ chromosomes.

A)23
B)36
C)40
D)46

Question 53

The only cells in the body that do not contain 23 pairs of chromosomes are

A)stem cells.
B)bone cells.
C)neurons.
D)gametes.

Question 54

The function of RNA in cells most resembles that of a

A)gardener.
B)messenger.
C)teacher.
D)thief.

Question 55

Most genes contain about _____ base pairs of amino acids.

A)500
B)1500
C)3000
D)4500

Question 56

Kannitha is a cell who has just reproduced by splitting in half to form two identical new cells.She and her sister have just gone through the process of

A)mitosis.
B)meiosis.
C)long division.
D)differentiation.

Question 57

Our prolonged immaturity is considered an evolutionary advantage for all of the following reasons except that

A)it attracts predators,which challenges our abilities and makes us stronger.
B)it promotes social bonding with adults.
C)it makes us more receptive to environmental influence.
D)it gets us more attention early in life.

Question 58

Which of the following is not one of the amino acids that make up DNA?

A)Phosphine
B)Cytosine
C)Guanine
D)Adenine

Question 59

Genes function by

A)directing specific growth in organs.
B)controlling a particular aspect of the production of a specific protein.
C)controlling particular traits,such as intelligence.
D)chemically altering our environment.

Question 60

The way in which your genes are expressed through interaction with the environment constitutes your

A)genotype.
B)karyotype.
C)phenotype.
D)tintype.

Question 61

An error in copying a particular protein in a gene is called

A)meiotic.
B)a mutation.
C)mitotiC.
D)unregulateD.

Question 62

A child's microsystem generally includes

A)her mother's job as a CEO.
B)her family,school,and playmates.
C)the fact that there is an economic recession.
D)her father's parent-teacher conferences.

Question 63

Which of the following is not one of the elements of the ecological perspective?

A)Microsystem
B)Mesosystem
C)Macrosystem
D)Megasystem

Question 64

Robert is a dark-skinned Kenyan,and his wife Lorna is a light-skinned Swede.It is likely their baby Lucy will be born with _____ skin.

A)dark
B)pale
C)albino
D)tan

Question 65

Urie Bronfenbrenner visualized the ecological perspective as

A)a series of linked behaviors.
B)a set of nested dolls.
C)genetically driven.
D)a pyramid of needs.

Question 66

A dominant gene,such as the gene for brown eyes,

A)will always be dominant.
B)will sometimes be recessive.
C)will sometimes be additive.
D)will sometimes be regulatory.

Question 67

Your friends are a part of your

A)macrosystem.
B)exosystem.
C)microsystem.
D)mesosystem.

Question 68

A person who inherits one X chromosome and one Y chromosome will be

A)female.
B)male.
C)sexually ambiguous.
D)nothing,because this never happens.

Question 69

Gary is a gene.His job is to turn off the genes that control growth in height at the end of puberty.That means Gary is a

A)dominant gene.
B)recessive gene.
C)deterministic gene.
D)regulator gene.

Question 70

Mark has soft,fine hair.Mary's hair is coarse and thick.It is likely that their baby's hair will be

A)soft and fine.
B)coarse and thick.
C)somewhere in between thick and fine,and between coarse and soft.
D)soft and thick.

Question 71

Which is not a type of gene?

A)Dominant
B)Demarking
C)Recessive
D)Regulator

Question 72

Robert is a dark-skinned Kenyan,and his wife Lorna is a light-skinned Swede.It is likely their baby Lucy will be born with tan skin.This is an example of

A)additive heredity.
B)dominant genes.
C)recessive genes.
D)preformationism.

Question 73

The ecological perspective in developmental psychology was pioneered by

A)Urie Bronfenbrenner.
B)John B.Watson.
C)Charles Darwin.
D)Sir Francis Galton.

Question 74

If a child inherits one gene for brown eyes and one gene for blue eyes,she will have brown eyes.The gene for brown eyes is said to be

A)recessive.
B)regulator.
C)mutated.
D)dominant.

Question 75

Reproductive cells are called

A)stem cells.
B)gametes.
C)mitotic cells.
D)hormones.

Question 76

Three-year-old Lambros spends much of his time at the day-care center.According to Urie Bronfenbrenner,the people at the center would be part of his

A)microsystem.
B)macrosystem.
C)mesosystem.
D)exosystem.

Question 77

Alphonse has brown eyes and his wife Marielle has blue eyes.If brown eyes are dominant,and Ron has two genes for brown eyes,their children will all have

A)blue eyes.
B)brown eyes.
C)one blue eye and one brown eye.
D)hazel eyes.

Question 78

If a child inherits one gene for brown eyes and one gene for blue eyes,she will have brown eyes.The gene for blue eyes is said to be

A)dominant.
B)regulatory.
C)recessive.
D)mutateD.

Question 79

Mutations

A)are generally adaptive.
B)are generally maladaptive.
C)may be either adaptive or maladaptive.
D)never make much difference.

Question 80

Genes that turn other genes on or off at different points in the life cycle are called

A)regulator genes.
B)dominant genes.
C)recessive genes.
D)mitotic genes.