Deck 11: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Magnus and Mandy are sorting pencils for their teacher.Magnus can sort them into two piles,either separating the long and short pencils,or separating the green and yellow pencils.Mandy has decided to put them into four piles,long green pencils,short green pencils,long yellow pencils,and short yellow pencils.Mandy has apparently mastered

A)class inclusion.
B)seriation.
C)conservation.
D)classification.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

One limitation of concrete operational thinking is that children

A)are unable to conserve.
B)have trouble with object permanence.
C)cannot think logically.
D)are unable to manipulate abstract concepts.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Working memory is often tested using the _____ task.

A)cross-out
B)Deese-Roediger-McDermott
C)digit span
D)visual matching

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Benedetto went to the park with his uncle Anastagio.When he got home,Benedetto told his parents that he saw an eagle,four robins,and 20 ducks.His father asked if Benedetto saw more ducks or more birds in the park.Benedetto said there were a lot more ducks than birds.It seems that Benedetto has not yet mastered

A)class inclusion.
B)seriation.
C)conservation.
D)classification.

Question 5

A child must already understand _____ in order to master transitive inference.

A)seriation
B)conservation
C)reversibility
D)classification

Question 6

Letting your child help you sort the laundry is one way to help them develop the concept of

A)seriation.
B)conservation.
C)reversibility.
D)classification.

Question 7

Amenti can easily tell that glasses of different shapes will still hold the same amount of water,but she still believes that a long,spread out row of five quarters has more than a scrunched together group of five quarters.Jean Piaget would say that Amenti is demonstrating

A)formal operations.
B)object permanence.
C)horizontal decalage.
D)transitive inference.

Question 8

The speed with which people can process information increases the most during

A)early childhood.
B)middle childhood.
C)adolescence.
D)early adulthooD.

Question 9

Dr.Kalliope is the school psychologist.She gives little Melpomene a set of 19 pictures,and tells her that five of the pictures are the same.She asks Melpomene to put an "X" on each of the identical pictures,and times how long it takes the girl to eliminate all five.Dr.Kalliope is using a ______ procedure.

A)cross-out
B)Deese-Roediger-McDermott
C)visual matching
D)Brown-Peterson

Question 10

Lucia is very interested in biology.While studying the apple tree in her back yard,she realizes that it's not only a tree,but it's also a home for the birds,a food source for the woodpecker,part of her mother's landscape design,and a fun thing to climb on.Lucia is demonstrating

A)class inclusion.
B)seriation.
C)conservation.
D)classification.

Question 11

Yael's second grade class is about to have its picture taken for the school yearbook.The photographer asks everyone to line up with the shortest people in front and the tallest at the back.This is an example of

A)seriation.
B)conservation.
C)reversibility.
D)classification.

Question 12

Microgenetic analysis is used to study children's

A)DNA anomalies which result in learning disabilities.
B)genetic predispositions for particular traits,such as intelligence.
C)problem solving and reasoning strategies.
D)motor cortex,to better understand physical development.

Question 13

When scientists observe children's reasoning processes in order to understand how those processes actually work,they are using

A)transitive inference.
B)the Brown-Peterson procedure.
C)microgenetic analysis.
D)the Deese-Roediger-McDermott procedure.

Question 14

Monisha is 7 years old.It is likely that she'll be able to hold approximately _____ numbers in her working memory.

A)4
B)5
C)6
D)7

Question 15

Adnan trades Umar 100 pennies for 10 dimes.Later,when Adnan wants to trade back,Umar refuses,because he says he has much more money than Adnan,and won't trade for only 10 puny dimes.Apparently,Umar has not yet mastered

A)transitive inference.
B)reversibility.
C)categorization.
D)class inclusion.

Question 16

Doli is 9 years old.It is likely that she'll be able to hold approximately _____ numbers in her working memory.

A)4
B)5
C)6
D)7

Question 17

On the first day of school,Henrik's new teacher asks her students to describe themselves so she can get to know them.Henrik tells her that he's a boy,he's a cub scout,he plays soccer,and he's a member of the Bullwinkle Moose Fan Club.Henrik is demonstrating his mastery of

A)class inclusion.
B)seriation.
C)conservation.
D)classification.

Question 18

The school psychologist,Dr.Nestor gives Argus a card with 60 rows of numbers.He tells Argus that two of the rows are the same,and all of the others are different.Argus has to find the two similar rows as fast as he can,on as many of the cards as he can,in a set amount of time.Dr.Nestor is using the _____ procedure to test Argus's processing speed.

A)cross-out
B)Deese-Roediger-McDermott
C)visual matching
D)Brown-Peterson

Question 19

Bong-Cha is working on a math problem which asks,"If A is bigger than B,and B is bigger than C,is A bigger,smaller,or the same size as C?" This is a problem in

A)transitive inference.
B)reversibility.
C)categorization.
D)class inclusion.

Question 20

Ten-year-old Rana is watching as Zarina does the classical conservation of volume demonstration.When Zarina pours the water from a tall thin glass into a short wide one,Rana says that there's still the same amount of water because it could be poured back and forth all day.Rana has mastered

A)seriation.
B)classification.
C)transitive inference.
D)reversibility.

Question 21

In an experimental procedure called _____,a child's memories of an event can be changed by stories that they hear about the event a long time after it has happened.

A)the Deese-Roediger-McDermott procedure
B)the misinformation paradigm
C)the Brown-Peterson procedure
D)the Loftus effect.

Question 22

Akolo is trying to explain how to tie a necktie,but can't seem to find the right words.Instead,he simply ties his tie and says,"Like that." Akolo's knowledge of how to knot his tie is most likely stored in his _____ memory.

A)declarative
B)procedural
C)verbatim
D)gist

Question 23

Ippolit's teacher shows him a card with the words zoo,animals,lions,tigers,seals,moose,bears,wolves,elephants,and chimps printed on it.Then she takes away the list of words and asks him to remember as many of them as he can.Ippolit remembers some of the words,but also says that he remembers the word "monkeys." Ippolit's teacher is using the _____ procedure to test his memory.

A)digit span
B)Brown-Peterson
C)Deese-Roediger-McDermott
D)cross-out

Question 24

A person's _____ memory contains scripts for common events,such as going out to eat at a nice restaurant.

A)declarative
B)procedural
C)verbatim
D)gist

Question 25

A person's _____ memory is used to store sequences of complex skills,such as playing a musical instrument or tying your shoes.

A)declarative
B)procedural
C)verbatim
D)gist

Question 26

Nadezhda is being tested with the Deese-Roediger-McDermott procedure.If she is 8 years old,we would expect her

A)to make no mistakes.
B)to mistakenly remember some new words that rhyme with words actually on the list,but none with similar meanings to those on the list.
C)to mistakenly remember some new words with meanings similar to those of words actually on the list,but none that rhyme with the words on the list.
D)to mistakenly remember some new words with meanings similar to those of words actually on the list and other new words that rhyme with words actually on the list.

Question 27

Mariana knows that when she goes to the movies she'll wait in line,buy her ticket,go to the concession stand for a two gallon bucket of popcorn and a drink,and then go into the theater to watch the film.This information is stored in Mariana's _____ memory.

A)declarative
B)procedural
C)verbatim
D)gist

Question 28

Andrei has a spelling test tomorrow.Tonight,he's practicing spelling each word over and over again,hoping that this will help him remember their spellings for tomorrow's test.Andrei's strategy is called

A)chunking.
B)organization.
C)a mnemonic device.
D)rehearsal.

Question 29

Boris's teacher shows him a card with the words zoo,animals,lions,tigers,seals,moose,bears,wolves,elephants,and chimps printed on it.Then she takes away the list of words and asks him to remember as many of them as he can.Boris remembers some of the words,but also says that he remembers the word "monkeys." Boris's performance on this test demonstrates

A)that the information is stored in his procedural memory.
B)that he suffers from horizontal decalage.
C)that memory is constructive.
D)the misinformation paradigm.

Question 30

In general,experts _____ than novices when solving problems in their areas of expertise.

A)are faster at processing information
B)are better at chunking information
C)have bigger working memories
D)have bigger sensory memories

Question 31

Even though Jacinto can't tell you his friend Maxmiliao's IM address,his fingers always seem to punch it in correctly when he's holding his Blackberry.The address seems to be stored in Jacinto's _____ memory.

A)declarative
B)procedural
C)verbatim
D)gist

Question 32

The accuracy of children's memories can be adversely affected by all of the following except

A)the use of neutral prompts.
B)how much the child wants to please the questioner.
C)how long ago an event actually happened.
D)how a question is askeD.

Question 33

When Wahchumyus first learns to play a new piece of music,he learns it note by note.This makes it hard to play because he has to keep looking at the score.After a while,he starts to put together several notes into musical phrases,so he is able to think of all the notes in that phrase as a single unit.This helps him keep more of the piece in his working memory.Wahchumyus is using a strategy called

A)decalage.
B)chunking.
C)seriation.
D)transitive inference.

Question 34

A person's _____ memory stores detailed memories of specific events,such as your first day at school.

A)declarative
B)procedural
C)verbatim
D)gist

Question 35

When her teacher asks the class who experimented with electricity while flying a kite during a thunderstorm,Zoe yells out,"Benjamin Franklin." Franklin's name and experiment were retrieved from Zoe's _____ memory.

A)declarative
B)procedural
C)verbatim
D)gist

Question 36

A person's _____ memory contains information such as the names of people,places,or things.

A)declarative
B)procedural
C)verbatim
D)gist

Question 37

_____ is a good memory strategy for increasing your chunking ability.

A)Rehearsal
B)Making a to-do list
C)Cramming
D)Organizing

Question 38

Bina is telling her friends about her class trip to the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.She even gives a good,detailed description of walking through a giant human heart.This information seems to have been stored in her _____ memory.

A)declarative
B)procedural
C)verbatim
D)gist

Question 39

Ludmila is being tested with the Deese-Roediger-McDermott procedure.If she is 5 years old,we would expect her

A)to make no mistakes.
B)to mistakenly remember some new words that rhyme with words actually on the list.
C)to mistakenly remember some new words with meanings similar to those of words actually on the list.
D)to mistakenly remember some new words with meanings similar to those of words actually on the list and other new words that rhyme with words actually on the list.

Question 40

When Sophie learns that the University of Pennsylvania was founded by Benjamin Franklin,she realizes that he's the same person who invented the Franklin Stove and published Poor Richard's Almanac.Sophie is more likely to remember this new information about the university because

A)it is categorized.
B)she is rehearsing it.
C)she has always wanted to live in Philadelphia.
D)she is relating it to her existing knowledge about Franklin.

Question 41

Betty spends a lot of time at the park.She's very interested in the ecological links between the animals and plants,and has developed a deep understanding of the local ecosystem and habits of the animals.Howard Gardner would probably credit Betty with a lot of _____ intelligence.

A)naturalistic
B)interpersonal
C)spatial
D)linguistic

Question 42

Barney loves being in his 5th grade debate club.He spends a lot of time putting together intricate arguments and is very quick to see errors in his opponent's arguments.Howard Gardner would probably say that Barney has a lot of _____ intelligence.

A)logical-mathematical
B)naturalistic
C)bodily-kinesthetic
D)intrapersonal

Question 43

Dekanawida is an amazing lacrosse player.When he has the ball,he can move downfield quickly,easily avoids the other players in his way,and always scores.Howard Gardner would probably say that Dekanawida has a great deal of _____ intelligence.

A)logical-mathematical
B)naturalistic
C)bodily-kinesthetic
D)intrapersonal

Question 44

Andor takes an IQ test when he is 8 years old.He takes the test again when he is 12 years old,and gets nearly the same score.We would be likely to say that this is a _____ test.

A)reliable
B)psychometric
C)factor-analytic
D)valid

Question 45

Wilma travels the world,and wherever she goes,she always figures out how to communicate with the people there,even if they don't speak English.Howard Gardner would probably say that Wilma has a lot of _____ intelligence.

A)naturalistic
B)interpersonal
C)spatial
D)linguistic

Question 46

_____ attempted to measure intelligence using people's reaction times.

A)Louis Terman
B)Alfred Binet
C)Paul Broca
D)Francis Galton

Question 47

The _____ approach to understanding children's intelligence is based on the use of standardized tests.

A)psychometric
B)neurolinguistic
C)synaptic
D)psychosocial

Question 48

Charles Spearman argued that intelligence was made up of

A)analytical,creative,and practical abilities.
B)seven primary mental abilities.
C)a single factor that he called g.
D)the abilities measured by a good,standardized IQ test.

Question 49

Barney loves being in his 5th grade debate club.He spends a lot of time putting together intricate arguments,and is very quick to see errors in his opponent's arguments.Robert Sternberg would probably say that Barney has a lot of _____ intelligence.

A)practical
B)analytical
C)creative
D)linguistic

Question 50

Sigmund can make anyone feel better.He has a knack for knowing how his friends feel,and saying just the right thing.Robert Sternberg would probably say that Sigmund has a great deal of _____ intelligence.

A)interpersonal
B)practical
C)creative
D)analytical

Question 51

The verbal scale of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III)includes items that measure a child's ability to

A)complete pictures.
B)rearrange pictures to tell a story.
C)solve arithmetic problems.
D)find missing parts of figures.

Question 52

IQ scores are currently computed by

A)dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying the result by 100.
B)dividing chronological age by mental age and multiplying the result by 100.
C)comparing a child's performance on tests taken when they are 4,8,and 12 years old.
D)comparing a child's performance on tests to the performance of other children who are the same age.

Question 53

_____ is not one of the things measured by the Stanford-Binet test.

A)Verbal reasoning
B)Quantitative reasoning
C)Abstract visual reasoning
D)Long-term memory

Question 54

The performance scale of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III)includes items that measure

A)arithmetic ability.
B)vocabulary.
C)how well a child rearranges pictures to tell a story.
D)understanding social customs.

Question 55

Louis L.Thurstone argued that intelligence was made up of

A)analytical,creative,and practical abilities.
B)seven primary mental abilities.
C)a single factor that he called g.
D)the abilities measured by a good,standardized IQ test.

Question 56

Robert Sternberg argues that intelligence is made up of

A)analytical,creative,and practical abilities.
B)seven primary mental abilities.
C)a single factor that he called g.
D)the abilities measured by a good,standardized IQ test.

Question 57

We say that a test is _____ if it provides an accurate measure of what it is supposed to measure.

A)reliable
B)psychometric
C)factor-analytic
D)valid

Question 58

Sigmund can make anyone feel better.He has a knack for knowing how his friends feel and saying just the right thing.Howard Gardner would probably say that Sigmund has a great deal of _____ intelligence.

A)naturalistic
B)interpersonal
C)spatial
D)linguistic

Question 59

_____ abilities are not among the types of abilities included in Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.

A)Spatial
B)Analytical
C)Practical
D)Creative

Question 60

Athena is studying geography.She knows the locations of many countries,and can show the easiest and fastest routes to go anywhere on her maps.Howard Gardner would probably say that Athena has a great deal of _____ intelligence.

A)naturalistic
B)interpersonal
C)spatial
D)linguistic

Question 61

Fred and Ricky are identical twins.Lucy and Ethel are fraternal twins.If intelligence is primarily an environmentally-based trait,we would expect that

A)Lucy's and Ethel's IQ scores would be more similar to each other than Fred's IQ score would be to Ricky's.
B)Fred's and Ricky's IQ scores would be more similar to each other than Lucy's IQ score would be to Ethel's.
C)Lucy's and Ethel's IQ scores would be as similar to each other as Fred's IQ score is to Ricky's.
D)Fred and Ricky would both have lower IQ scores than either Lucy or Ethel.

Question 62

Studies have shown that the roots of extreme giftedness in children are

A)entirely genetic in nature.
B)entirely due to environmental influences.
C)due to a combination of heritable and environmental factors.
D)impossible to determine in any meaningful way.

Question 63

Most children entering the second grade have approximately _____ words in their root word vocabularies.

A)4,000
B)5,000
C)6,000
D)7,000

Question 64

Hildegard loves to compose intricate,beautiful songs for her church choir.People are usually impressed by how different her music sounds from anyone else's.Robert Sternberg would probably say that Hildegard is high in _____ abilities.

A)analytic
B)creative
C)practical
D)mathematical-logical

Question 65

Which of the following is not a major problem with IQ tests?

A)IQ tests may be biased in favor of particular ethnic groups.
B)Children may not complete IQ tests accurately which will invalidate their scores.
C)How IQ tests are administered may change their results.
D)IQ tests do not actually predict academic achievement.

Question 66

Children whose IQ scores are below _____ are likely to be identified as mentally retarded.

A)60
B)70
C)80
D)90

Question 67

Dominic uses a lot of slang when he talks to his friends.When he talks to his very picky fifth grade teacher,Dominic is careful to use much more formal language.Dominic seems to have mastered

A)code switching.
B)phonics.
C)mainstreaming.
D)class inclusion.

Question 68

When Monica sends email to her friends,she uses a lot of abbreviations and emoticons.For example,she might type "ROTFLOL" if she thinks something is really funny.However,when she sends email to her fifth grade teacher to ask about the homework she missed when she was absent,Monica is careful to use only standard English.Monica seems to have mastered

A)code switching.
B)phonics.
C)mainstreaming.
D)class inclusion.

Question 69

Louis Terman (1947)found that extremely gifted children

A)generally became extremely maladjusted failures as adults.
B)generally became unhappy loners,though they were very successful financially as adults.
C)generally became successful,well adjusted adults.
D)generally became well adjusted adults,even though they never achieved financial or professional success.

Question 70

Results of the English and Romanian Adoptees Study seem to reveal that

A)environment has very little affect on intelligence.
B)if orphaned children are adopted,their IQ scores will suffer.
C)if orphaned children are not adopted,their IQ scores will suffer.
D)environmental effects on intelligence decline as children get older.

Question 71

Results of the English and Romanian Adoptees Study seem to reveal that

A)environment has very little effect on intelligence.
B)if orphaned children are adopted,their IQ scores will suffer.
C)if orphaned children are not adopted,their IQ scores will suffer.
D)early severe deprivation can have long-term effects on children's intelligence.

Question 72

Children suffering from _____ have an abnormal change in one of the genes on their X chromosome.

A)Fragile X syndrome
B)Down syndrome
C)Turner's syndrome
D)Xenophanes syndrome

Question 73

The outcomes of preschool enrichment projects such as Head Start and the Abecedarian Project indicate that

A)early intervention programs are ineffective.
B)children's achievement scores can be improved,but IQ is stable over time.
C)children's IQ scores can be improved through environmental intervention.
D)there is nothing conclusive to say about the effects of the environment on IQ.

Question 74

Hildegard loves to compose intricate,beautiful songs for her church choir.People are usually impressed by how different her music sounds from anyone else's.Howard Gardner would probably say that Hildegard is high in _____ intelligence.

A)naturalistic
B)logical-mathematical
C)bodily-kinesthetic
D)musical

Question 75

Fred and Ricky are identical twins.Lucy and Ethel are fraternal twins.If intelligence is primarily a genetic trait,we would expect that

A)Lucy's and Ethel's IQ scores would be more similar to each other than Fred's IQ score would be to Ricky's.
B)Fred's and Ricky's IQ scores would be more similar to each other than Lucy's IQ score would be to Ethel's.
C)All four of the twins would have similarly close IQ scores.
D)Fred and Ricky would both have lower IQ scores than either Lucy or Ethel.

Question 76

_____ is an aspect of giftedness that is measured by IQ tests.

A)Creative thinking
B)Intense curiosity
C)Abstract reasoning
D)Sustained diligence

Question 77

Children suffering from _____ have a third copy of chromosome 21 in their DNA.

A)Fragile X syndrome
B)Down syndrome
C)Turner's syndrome
D)Xenophanes syndrome

Question 78

Studies have shown that

A)early education programs can raise the IQ scores of some children who have been identified as mentally retarded.
B)mental retardation is a temporary condition,as intellect is a highly canalized trait.
C)most children identified with mental retardation have been misdiagnosed.
D)children who have been identified with mental retardation cannot be educateD.

Question 79

Most children entering the fifth grade have nearly _____ words in their root word vocabularies.

A)8,500
B)9,500
C)10,500
D)12,500

Question 80

Children are often described as "gifted" if their IQ scores are greater than approximately

A)130.
B)140.
C)150.
D)160.