Deck 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

Despite the fact that the material being covered in the current chapter of Michael's math class is quite difficult,he is very confident that he will be able to master the concepts if he works hard.Michael is demonstrating a high level of

A)self-regulation.
B)self-concept.
C)self-esteem.
D)self-efficacy.

Answer 1

self-efficacy.

Question 2

In terms of self-understanding,children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to:

A)compare themselves with their peers.
B)compare themselves with role models.
C)use physical characteristics to describe themselves.
D)use outer states to describe themselves.

Answer 2

compare themselves with their peers.

Question 3

During the elementary years,a child's self-understanding includes increasing reference to all but which of the following?

A)psychological characteristics
B)social comparison
C)social aspects
D)physical characteristics

Answer 3

physical characteristics

Question 4

Kelson is trying to help his son deal with the World Trade Center tragedy of September 11,2001.One strategy Kelson should NOT implement is to:

A)allow his son to tell and retell the details of the event.
B)encourage his son to talk about his disturbing feelings.
C)allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy.
D)reinforce to his son that this type of tragedy is rare,and that he is safe.

Question 5

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development,appearing during middle and late childhood,is called:

A)industry versus inferiority.
B)trust versus mistrust.
C)ego integrity versus ego despair.
D)ego autonomy versus ego independence.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of improving a child's self-esteem through achievement?

A)finding out what is important to a child's self-concept
B)telling a child that she is liked and respected
C)straightforwardly teaching a child a new skill
D)letting a child cope with a problem without assistance

Question 7

Research into the effects of high levels of self-regulation have found that higher self-control in children between the ages of 4 and 10 years was related to lower levels of:

A)self-esteem.
B)deviant behavior.
C)friendships.
D)medication usage.

Question 8

Children have the highest self-esteem when:

A)they are emotionally supported for their efforts.
B)they perform competently in domains that are important to them.
C)they are extrinsically rewarded by role models.
D)their peers acknowledge their achievements.

Question 9

How would an 8-year-old child most likely describe herself?

A)"I am 8,and I have a bicycle."
B)"I am 8,and I have red hair and brown eyes."
C)"I am nice,and I have a friend named Julie."
D)"I am taller than my brother,but shorter than my mother."

Question 10

Jaymon is a third-grader asked by his teacher to describe himself.What is the most likely description Jaymon will give?

A)"I have a dog."
B)"I have blue eyes."
C)"I am friendly."
D)"I am strong."

Question 11

Older children are better at coping with stress than younger children for all of the following reasons,EXCEPT:

A)they have better cognitive coping strategies.
B)they are better able to deny stressful events.
C)they are better at reframing stressful events.
D)they are better at shifting their thoughts to a less stressful stimulus.

Question 12

Both Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg agree that:

A)cognitive stages are the underpinnings of morality.
B)biological processes must mature for morality to develop.
C)children learn morality through consequences of behavior.
D)morality is a critical period that must be reached by childhood.

Question 13

Self-esteem is to _______ self-evaluation as self-concept is to _______ self-evaluation.

A)global;domain-specific
B)personal;academic
C)subjective;objective
D)interpersonal;intrapersonal

Question 14

Ten-year-old Julio cannot get his science project to work.In fact,it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly.According to Erik Erikson,Julio is at risk for developing a sense of:

A)stagnation.
B)inferiority.
C)shame and doubt.
D)identity diffusion.

Question 15

All of the following are changes in emotional development during middle and late childhood,EXCEPT:

A)development of the capacity to experience genuine empathy.
B)the ability to understand the events leading to emotional reactions.
C)the use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings.
D)improvement in the ability to interpret subtle social cues.

Question 16

Research reported by Baumeister and others in 2003 shows that individuals with high self-esteem:

A)are more likely to be bullies.
B)can be prosocial or antisocial.
C)always want to help others.
D)have unpredictable behavior.

Question 17

Jermaine and Latoya want to help their daughter develop high self-esteem.What should they do?

A)teach her to turn to adults for help when faced with a problem
B)teach her to ignore her problems and they will go away
C)teach her to face problems realistically and cope with them
D)teach her to turn her problems over to someone who is more advanced at problem solving

Question 18

Tadako's teachers have steadily been working on her self-esteem by frequently commenting on how nice it is to have Tadako as a member of their classes.Which strategy are these teachers engaging in?

A)emotional support and social approval
B)promoting increased achievement
C)helping Tadako cope with a problem
D)implementing a peer support system

Question 19

Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self?

A)self-concept
B)self-esteem
C)self-awareness
D)self-control

Question 20

The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is:

A)very low.
B)moderate.
C)high.
D)very high.

Question 21

Females are often perceived as more emotionally expressive than males.This could be because females:

A)have more metabolic activity in the brain regions involved in emotional expression.
B)have a slightly smaller hippocampus,which regulates emotions.
C)have more cerebral cortex devoted to the parts of the brain that identify emotion.
D)are socialized to show their emotions more than males.

Question 22

In which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's scheme of moral development is a person most likely to imitate the moral standards of others?

A)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
C)social systems morality
D)community rights versus individual rights

Question 23

Which of the following is the clearest type of evidence favoring Lawrence Kohlberg's claims about the sequence of moral development?

A)The use of all of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning increases with age.
B)During adolescence,moral reasoning tends to become more focused on self-interest and rewards than on the expectations of others.
C)Children sometimes skip a stage,but they do not skip a moral level.
D)Stage 4 reasoning does not appear in children but occurs in a majority of adults.

Question 24

More than 80% of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen television set is morally wrong.Yet 50% admitted they would buy a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught.These data indicate:

A)preconventional moral reasoning.
B)that social prohibitions are more potent than moral ones.
C)that purchasing stolen property is an accepted social convention.
D)that for many people,moral thought does not predict moral behavior.

Question 25

Which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development often involves children adopting their parents' moral standards?

A)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B)heteronomous morality
C)social systems morality
D)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity

Question 26

According to Lawrence Kohlberg,the highest and most internalized level of moral development is to be found in the stage called:

A)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity.
B)social systems morality.
C)social contract or utility and individual rights.
D)universal ethical principles.

Question 27

If you were to ask a 6-year-old child to give you another word for "fair," which of the following responses would you be most likely to get?

A)earn
B)balance
C)amount
D)equal

Question 28

How is Lawrence Kohlberg's theory culturally biased?

A)Many people in non-Western cultures do not achieve the higher stages of moral development.
B)In some cultures,high levels of moral reasoning derive from different values than those that form the basis of Lawrence Kohlberg's claims.
C)Some cultures do not recognize the idea of morality but rather think in terms of the way things are versus the way things could be.Lawrence Kohlberg stresses "should be" instead.
D)Kohlberg's theory is not culturally biased.It captures the essence of moral thinking in all cultures.

Question 29

Women tend to have about _______.

A)half as much body fat as men
B)the same amount of body fat as men
C)50% more body fat than men
D)twice as much body fat as men

Question 30

Carol Gilligan reports that males tend to use a(n)_______ perspective when making moral judgments,whereas females tend to use a(n)_______ perspective.

A)justice;care
B)care;justice
C)egocentric;nonegocentric
D)nonegocentric;egocentric

Question 31

A person is arrested for stealing company documents and says,"Yes,I did steal the documents,and I am willing to go to jail for it.These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical.I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using _______ morality.

A)conventional
B)unconventional
C)preconventional
D)postconventional

Question 32

At which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development does a person understand that values and laws are relative,and that standards may vary from one person to another?

A)heteronomous morality
B)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
C)social systems morality
D)social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 33

Your best friend sideswipes a car and drives away without reporting the accident.You do not report it either,even though you worry about the owner's loss,but over the next few days,you do talk to your friend about it.Your actions suggest that you are in which of Kohlberg's moral reasoning stages?

A)heteronomous morality
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
D)autonomous morality

Question 34

Tiesha's behavior is controlled by external rewards and punishments reflecting which level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)preconventional reasoning
B)conventional reasoning
C)interconventional reasoning
D)postconventional reasoning

Question 35

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)Morality does not grow from childhood.
B)Childhood does not grow from morality.
C)It is not what one thinks,but what one does that is most important for morality.
D)It is not what one does,but what one thinks that is most important for morality.

Question 36

Comparing the math abilities of males and females shows that:

A)most males outperform the majority of females.
B)most females outperform the majority of males.
C)there is no significant difference between the sexes.
D)students in grades 2 through 11 had no significant differences in math scores.

Question 37

Carol Gilligan has criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development because:

A)it does not include a role for reasoning about relationships and concern for others.
B)it does not recognize higher-level moral reasoning in certain cultural groups.
C)Kohlberg underestimated the contribution of family relationships to moral development.
D)it places too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.

Question 38

The fact that well-adjusted females used to be thought of as dependent,nurturing,and uninterested in power and well-adjusted males were thought of as independent,aggressive,and powerful reflects deeply rooted:

A)gender roles.
B)gender expectations.
C)gender stereotypes.
D)gender schemas.

Question 39

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against treatment of women on her campus,Kai says that all humans have the fundamental right to be treated fairly,and that she is morally against the continuing discrimination against women.What is Kai's likely moral level according to Lawrence Kohlberg?

A)postconventional
B)conventional
C)unconventional
D)preconventional

Question 40

To investigate the nature of moral thought,Lawrence Kohlberg presented children with a story in which a character named Heinz faces a moral dilemma: the only way to save his mother's life is to steal an experimental drug he cannot buy.When Ellie is read the story and asked whether Heinz should have stolen the drug,she states,"No,it is against the law to steal.The husband should find another way to get the drug." Ellie is in the _______ stage of moral development.

A)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)social systems morality
D)universal ethical principles

Question 41

Maybe you've hear the song that goes,"Here's the story of a lovely lady who was bringing up three very lovely girls!" The song goes on to sing,"It's the story of a man named Brady who was living with three boys of his own." The fact that the Brady Bunch was about two single parents,each with their own children,who got married created a _________ family.

A)cohesive
B)single-generation
C)step
D)blended

Question 42

Across childhood and adolescence,research suggests that:

A)girls engage in more prosocial behavior.
B)boys engage in more prosocial behavior.
C)girls are more likely to be kind and considerate,whereas boys are more likely to share.
D)boys are more likely to be kind and considerate,whereas girls are more likely to share.

Question 43

Boys are more _______ aggressive,whereas girls can be more _______ aggressive.

A)outwardly;inwardly
B)physically;passive
C)violently;verbally
D)physically;verbally

Question 44

Jeff is independent,flexible,cheerful,friendly,assertive,tactful,comfortable with making decisions,sensitive to the feelings of others,and sympathetic.Jeff can best be described as:

A)masculine.
B)feminine.
C)androgynous.
D)transcendent.

Question 45

Which of the following would probably be the most developmentally appropriate type of discipline tactic for an 11-year-old?

A)spanking
B)scolding
C)time-out
D)deprivation of privileges

Question 46

As Trey grows from early to middle childhood,the issues that he and his parents discuss and disagree about will begin to include:

A)manners.
B)control of temper.
C)household chores.
D)attention seeking.

Question 47

Boys are much more likely than girls to be behaviorally disruptive in the classroom.This phenomenon may be explained by which of the following trends noted in your textbook?

A)teachers single our boys for punishment
B)boys are more likely to be verbally abusive
C)boys usually show less self-regulation
D)boys are more punitive to classmates

Question 48

According to William Pollack (1999),boys learn that the expression of emotion is something that should be minimized,and that they should act "tough" to assert their masculinity.He refers to these messages as:

A)the animus archetype.
B)the anima archetype.
C)boy code.
D)masculine pseudomessages.

Question 49

_______ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems.

A)Fifty
B)Forty
C)Twenty-five
D)Twenty

Question 50

Bellah sits in the back of the room,and very few of the children in class even know his name.Bellah's sociometric status is probably:

A)average.
B)neglected.
C)rejected.
D)controversial.

Question 51

Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child.This process involves:

A)deregulation.
B)socioregulation.
C)coregulation.
D)bioregulation.

Question 52

Androgynous individuals are often thought to be more mentally healthy than nonandrogynous people.This statement is TRUE in:

A)all contexts.
B)contexts that value androgyny.
C)contexts that value femininity.
D)contexts that value masculinity.

Question 53

All of the following are peer statuses,EXCEPT:

A)rejected.
B)neglected.
C)controversial.
D)conforming.

Question 54

Cassandra is assertive and nurturant.She could be described as:

A)feminine.
B)masculine.
C)aggressive.
D)androgynous.

Question 55

Angie's mother allows her to schedule her own study and relaxation times,with the expectation that Angie must continue doing well in school and must discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time.Her mother checks on Angie's school progress frequently and talks with Angie about her social life and problems.This approach is called:

A)coregulation.
B)latchkey control.
C)unilateral control.
D)boundary ambiguity.

Question 56

By the time children get to middle and late childhood,they will spend approximately ___ of their time interacting with peers,as opposed to only 10% when they are 2 years of age.

A)15
B)20
C)25
D)30

Question 57

Approximately ________ of stepfamily couples stay remarried.

A)one-fourth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)three-fourth

Question 58

Why are there different patterns of gender-related attitudes and behavior in different ethnic groups?

A)The status of females in relation to males is different in different ethnic groups.
B)There are few similarities in gender roles across different ethnic groups.
C)Non-White ethnic groups tend to discriminate between men and women less than White ethnic groups.
D)The question is misleading;actually,there are few important differences in gender-related attitudes and behavior in different ethnic groups.

Question 59

Why are there more elementary and secondary school children living in stepfamilies than there are infants and preschool children?

A)People tend not to have any more children when they remarry.
B)A major cause of divorce is problems older children cause families.
C)Remarriages consolidate children into blended families.
D)It takes time to marry,have children,divorce,and remarry.

Question 60

As children grow older,parents tend to spend:

A)less time with them.
B)more time with them.
C)about the same amount of time with them,though the nature of the interactions changes significantly.
D)about the same amount of time with them,and the nature of the interactions is similar to those of early childhood.

Question 61

This social cognitive theorist was the first to use the term "self-efficacy" and theorize about its importance in understanding child (and adult)effort and mastery of new situations.

Question 62

Which of the following types of bullying is a girl most likely to be the victim of?

A)being the subject of rumors
B)being bullied over her religion or race
C)being hit,slapped,or pushed
D)being the subject of sexual comments or gestures

Question 63

Which mind-set considers the possibility that qualities can change and improve with effort over time?

A)operational
B)fixed
C)growth
D)autonomous

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of friendship that is proposed by Gottman and Parker?

A)healthy conflict
B)companionship
C)social comparison
D)stimulation

Question 65

All of the following are effective ways to improve relationships among ethnically diverse students,EXCEPT:

A)reducing bias.
B)being a competent cultural mediator.
C)segregating the classroom into groups.
D)placing students in cooperative group projects.

Question 66

The ability of a friendship to help a child see him/herself as competent,attractive,and worthwhile serves which of Gottman and Parker's functions of friendship?

A)companionship
B)affection and intimacy
C)stimulation
D)ego support

Question 67

This psychosocial theorist suggested that the primary "task" of childhood was mastery (industry)in various endeavors.

Question 68

Latoya has been struggling with her writing assignments.Frustrated,she slams her notebook closed and says,"I am just no good at writing and that won't ever change." This statement reflects a _________ mind-set.

A)concrete
B)growth
C)operational
D)fixed

Question 69

Though schools should be fully integrated in terms of the racial and ethnic characteristics of their students,research finds that almost one-third of all African-American and Latino students attend schools in which _____ percent or more of their classmates are from minority groups.

A)90
B)70
C)60
D)40

Question 70

Which view of education sees the teacher as a monitor and guider who helps a child build his/her own understanding of the world?

A)developmentally appropriate practice
B)direct instruction approach
C)constructivist approach
D)phoneme-pragmatic approach

Question 71

Micah has been rejected by most of her peers,whereas Ezra is neglected by them.Which of the following would be expected about these two children?

A)Micah will probably be shyer than Ezra.
B)Ezra will probably be more aggressive than Micah.
C)Both Ezra and Micah will probably engage in delinquent behaviors.
D)Micah will probably be more disruptive in school and at home than Ezra.

Question 72

A child's social cognitive skills will affect that child's social interactions,because a child whose social cognitive knowledge is better developed will:

A)respond more quickly to social situations.
B)avoid proposing too many solutions for social problems.
C)avoid having to reflect on the causes for social situations.
D)interpret ambiguous social situations more effectively.

Question 73

By the time a child graduates from high school,she/he will have spent approximately _________ hours in a classroom.

A)8,000
B)12,000
C)15,000
D)19,000

Question 74

Research has found that between 70 and 80% of victims of bullying are victimized by:

A)a friend.
B)a classmate.
C)a family member.
D)an older child.

Question 75

Which of the following does NOT help explain why children from Asian cultures show superiority in mathematical abilities when compared with American children?

A)Asian parents punish their children more severely for poor math grades.
B)Asian teachers spend more time teaching math skills than U.S.teachers.
C)Asian parents see math achievement as due to effort rather than ability.
D)Asian students are in school many more days than American students.

Question 76

Which of the following types of bullying is a boy most likely to be the victim of?

A)being bullied over his looks or his speech
B)being bullied over his religion or race
C)being hit,slapped,or pushed
D)being the subject of sexual comments or gestures

Question 77

Jevaughn goes to a school where there is a high level of teacher control,classes are structured,and there is high demand for students to perform academically.Jevaughn is probably attending a(n)__________ school.

A)direct instruction approach
B)constructivist approach
C)IEP
D)NCLB

Question 78

In what year was the No Child Left Behind legislation signed into law?

A)1978
B)1984
C)1997
D)2002

Question 79

Children who are bullied have increased feelings of:

A)loneliness.
B)difficulty making friends.
C)depression.
D)all of these.

Question 80

Blanca is a "bully," and no one likes to play with her.Blanca's sociometric status is probably:

A)average.
B)neglected.
C)rejected.
D)controversial.