Deck 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

On average,children grow _______ inches per year during middle and late childhood.

A)1 to 2
B)2 to 3
C)5 to 7
D)7 to 10

Answer 1

2 to 3

Question 2

On average,children gain ______ pounds per year during middle and late childhood.

A)1 to 2
B)2 to 3
C)5 to 7
D)7 to 10

Answer 2

5 to 7

Question 3

Although many think that television is uniquely responsible for the deficit in exercise that children are getting in the United States,your authors point out that increased __________ is also contributing to this problem.

A)cell phone use
B)availability of shopping malls
C)options for fast-food dining
D)computer usage

Answer 3

computer usage

Question 4

What does the research indicate about gender differences in learning disabilities?

A)Boys are more likely to have a learning disability.
B)Girls are more likely to have a learning disability.
C)There are no significant gender differences in learning disabilities.
D)Although boys are referred more often for treatment,girls have higher rates of learning disabilities.

Question 5

Eight-year-old Joshua is obese.His excess weight puts him at risk for all of the following,EXCEPT:

A)hip problems.
B)high blood pressure.
C)sleep apnea.
D)anemia.

Question 6

Researchers have found that increased aerobic activity is associated with increases in which important cognitive activity in children?

A)attention
B)seriation
C)planning
D)short-term memory

Question 7

About __________ of all school-age children in the United States receive special education or related services.

A)1%
B)10%
C)25%
D)30%

Question 8

What is the second most common cause of death for the child in middle childhood?

A)motor vehicle accident
B)drowning
C)disease
D)cancer

Question 9

Improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is likely a result of:

A)increased myelination of the central nervous system.
B)the proliferation of neuron circuits in the brain.
C)an increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine.
D)a simultaneous process in which axons in the brain die off,while dendrites in the brain grow and branch out.

Question 10

One research study found that ____ minutes of moderate and ____ minutes of vigorous physical activity per day can significantly help reduce the risk of a child becoming overweight.

A)10;30
B)45;15
C)30: 30
D)30;10

Question 11

Compared to girls,boys are __________ times more likely to be classified as having a learning disability.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 12

Which of the following types of cancer is the most prevalent in children?

A)leukemia
B)lung
C)pancreas
D)colon

Question 13

Cancer is the _______ leading cause of death in children.

A)first
B)second
C)fourth
D)sixth

Question 14

Tavonte has been having serious problems in his math class.As hard as he and his teachers have tried,he is having major difficulty grasping the basic concepts of arithmetic functions.Which learning disorder might Tavonte be suffering with?

A)dyscalculia
B)dysgraphia
C)dyslexia
D)disorder of executive functioning

Question 15

Which of the following children is statistically the most likely to be overweight?

A)Jaden,an 8-year-old Caucasian boy
B)Leslie,a 10-year-old Asian-American girl
C)Lester,a 11-year-old African-American boy
D)Anna,a 12-year-old Latina girl.

Question 16

Seven-year-old Milaka can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper,something she could not do well at age 5.What best accounts for her improving dexterity?

A)practice
B)increased myelination in the central nervous system
C)increased bone ossification
D)increased muscle development

Question 17

Which of the following is most fatiguing to an elementary school child?

A)playing basketball
B)running track
C)climbing on the monkey bars
D)long periods of sitting

Question 18

The most common problem that characterizes children with learning disabilities is the inability to:

A)pay attention.
B)do arithmetic.
C)read easily.
D)correctly pronounce words.

Question 19

During elementary school years,most children double their:

A)height.
B)weight.
C)muscle-to-fat ratio.
D)strength capabilities.

Question 20

What is the percentage of children who were involved in daily physical education programs in the United States in 1999?

A)20
B)40
C)60
D)80

Question 21

A dimension that distinguishes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)from learning disability is:

A)activity level.
B)success in school.
C)emotional maturity.
D)level of intelligence.

Question 22

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142)requires:

A)mainstreaming of all students with disabilities.
B)special classes for all students with disabilities.
C)a free and appropriate education for all children.
D)the same daily activities for students with and without disabilities.

Question 23

Jacob is a third-grader with a disability that had caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day.Just recently,Jacob has been moved to the regular third-grade classroom.What is this change called?

A)transforming
B)transitioning
C)incorporation
D)inclusion

Question 24

Kang has been diagnosed with ADHD,and Kang recently started a common form of drug therapy.Kang is probably receiving a _____.

A)barbiturate
B)benzodiazepine
C)stimulant
D)depressant

Question 25

Recent research suggests that __________ is the most effective treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

A)medication
B)behavior management
C)a combination of medication and behavior management
D)a combination of medication,behavior management,and the Feingold diet

Question 26

The Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)requires that students with disabilities receive:

A)an individualized education plan (IEP).
B)an exclusive learning environment.
C)specially trained educators.
D)free continuing education.

Question 27

Sadie has a learning disability and has been placed in a classroom where she is educated in the least restrictive environment possible.This means that Sadie:

A)is given great freedom and few rules.
B)is placed in as regular a classroom as possible.
C)has significant input into developing her educational goals.
D)spends part of her time in a regular classroom and part of her time in a special education classroom.

Question 28

Currently,researchers are considering all of the following as possible causes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),EXCEPT:

A)unusual activity of various neurotransmitters in the brain.
B)heredity.
C)child abuse.
D)prenatal and postnatal abnormalities.

Question 29

Jean Piaget believed that children below the age of _______ years do not have concrete operational thought.

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)9

Question 30

Jack is cutting up a pizza for himself and his little brother,Craig.He starts to cut it into eight pieces,but his brother says,"Don't cut it into so many pieces;I can't eat that many." Jack laughs but obeys.Craig's reactions characterize _______ thought,and Jack's reactions characterize _______ thought.

A)sensorimotor;preoperational
B)preoperational;concrete operational
C)symbolic;intuitive
D)concrete operational;formal operational

Question 31

Children who are diagnosed with __________ have deficits in social relationships;abnormalities in communication;and restricted,repetitive,and stereotyped patterns of behavior.

A)Asperger syndrome
B)Autistic disorder
C)childhood disintegrative disorder
D)pica

Question 32

Recent trends suggest that the number of children diagnosed and treated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)has:

A)slightly increased.
B)substantially increased.
C)slightly decreased.
D)substantially decreased.

Question 33

What does the research indicate about gender differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A)Boys are more likely to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
B)Girls are more likely to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
C)There are no significant gender differences in the occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
D)Girls are more likely to be diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),while boys are more likely to be referred for treatment due to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Question 34

Two identical glasses are filled to the same level with juice.A child then watches as the juice from one glass is poured into a taller,thinner glass.A child who is capable of concrete operational thought might say:

A)"The tall one has more juice-see how much taller it is?"
B)"The tall one has more juice-they just look like they are the same."
C)"It's still the same amount of juice-you can tell by just pouring it back."
D)"It's still the same amount of juice-you can tell by how tall this one is."

Question 35

A child is presented with two identical balls of clay.The experimenter rolls one ball into a long,thin shape;the other remains in its original ball.The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long,thin piece of clay.If the child answers the problem correctly,the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

A)sensorimotor stage
B)preoperational stage
C)formal operational stage
D)concrete operational stage

Question 36

Neuroimaging studies have found that a particular part of the brain does not peak in children with ADHD until about 10 years of age,where it peaks in children without that diagnosis by the age of 7.Which part of the brain is referred to in these studies?

A)the lateral geniculate nucleus of the hypothalamus
B)the prefrontal cortex
C)the corpus callosum
D)the cerebral cortex

Question 37

_______ is characterized by severe impairments in reading and spelling ability.

A)Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B)Phonological disorder
C)Dyslexia
D)Articulation disorder

Question 38

Quentin has been diagnosed with a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder.He often engages in repetitive routines,and he is preoccupied with airplanes.He studies them constantly,reads books and watches documentaries,and makes his father take him to the Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. ,every summer.Quentin might be most aptly diagnosed with:

A)autistic disorder
B)Rhett's disorder
C)ADHD
D)Asperger syndrome

Question 39

A second-grader is in what stage of cognitive development?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational thought
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 40

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has been criticized in four areas.Which of the following is NOT one of those areas?

A)Several concrete operational concepts do not appear in synchrony.
B)Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier than Piaget thought.
C)Children who are at one cognitive stage can be trained to reason at a higher cognitive stage.
D)Culture and education exert less influence on children's development than Piaget believed.

Question 41

Julio understands that although he is older than his brother,he is younger than his sister.This is because Julio understands:

A)seriation.
B)centration.
C)classification.
D)transitivity.

Question 42

To remember that Madison is the capital of Wisconsin,Greg thinks about a cupcake (because Dolly Madison is a cupcake company)with a slice of cheese on top (because Wisconsin is the cheese state).This is an example of using _______ to improve memory.

A)rehearsal
B)organization
C)mental imagery
D)a fuzzy trace

Question 43

The fuzzy trace theory of memory suggests that two types of representations are responsible for memory.What are they?

A)Verbatim memory trace and gist
B)Visualization and elaboration
C)Semantics and pragmatics
D)Operation and strategies

Question 44

The neo-Piagetians seem to incorporate ideas from another view about cognitive development and learning.What other view is this?

A)information-processing approach to cognition
B)individual differences study of intelligence
C)behaviorist concepts of learning
D)Vygotsky's ideas about the importance of culture and context

Question 45

Mimi looks at her mother and says,"Grandma can't be your mother,because she is my grandmother." Mimi does not yet understand:

A)classification.
B)reversibility.
C)c,conservation.
D)mental representation.

Question 46

To understand how a family tree showing relationships among relatives works,children must be able to use the skill of:

A)seriation.
B)centration.
C)classification.
D)mental reversibility.

Question 47

Knowing about knowing is referred to as:

A)metamemory.
B)first-order cognition.
C)metacognition.
D)megacognition.

Question 48

According to the text,the concept of intelligence can be defined as:

A)problem-solving skills.
B)adapting to experiences.
C)learning from experiences.
D)all of these in combination.

Question 49

The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called:

A)divergent thinking.
B)convergent thinking.
C)expressive thinking.
D)multiple thinking.

Question 50

_______ develop(s)more rapidly during early childhood,and _______ develop(s)more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

A)Long-term memory;short-term memory
B)Short-term memory;long-term memory
C)Control processes;learner characteristics
D)Learner characteristics;control processes

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of concrete operational thought?

A)the ability to reverse actions mentally
B)transitivity
C)classification skills
D)the ability to think abstractly

Question 52

In contrast to the study of information processing,the study of intelligence is more likely to involve the concept of:

A)language.
B)individual differences.
C)problem-solving skills.
D)cognitive processes.

Question 53

Questions on intelligence tests often measure _______ thinking.

A)convergent
B)creative
C)divergent
D)analytical

Question 54

Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size (the silver half dollar)to the smallest (a dime).His newfound ability is called:

A)centration.
B)seriation.
C)reversibility.
D)classification.

Question 55

In a famous study,Chi (1978)found that 10-year-old children who knew a lot about chess remembered chessboard positions better than adults who did not play much chess.Evidently,these 10-year-old chess experts could do this because they:

A)had more prior knowledge about chess than the adults.
B)had better long-term memory processes than the adults.
C)were highly motivated to show that they could beat the adults.
D)had a longer duration of short-term memory than the adults.

Question 56

__________ consist of deliberate mental activities to improve the processing of information.

A)Operations
B)Schemas
C)Concepts
D)Strategies

Question 57

The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems is called:

A)spontaneity.
B)congruency.
C)elasticity.
D)creativity.

Question 58

Compared with novices,experts have:

A)better overall memory.
B)better memory for their area of expertise.
C)no better memory but more experiences.
D)higher levels of motivation.

Question 59

The term "individual differences" in the text discussion of intelligence refers to:

A)differences between individuals that change over time.
B)the relative strengths and weaknesses within an individual.
C)day-to-day changes in an individual's knowledge and skills.
D)differences among individuals that are stable over time.

Question 60

Which of the following is a strategy that helps us remember information by making it more personally meaningful?

A)Visualizing
B)Elaboration
C)Rehearsing
D)Chunking

Question 61

Early intervention programs designed to help provide an intellectually stimulating environment for children have been found to be most effective for:

A)poor children and those whose parents have little education.
B)Caucasian children.
C)girls.
D)children from high socioeconomic backgrounds.

Question 62

Sally's mental age is 12,but her chronological age is 9.Sally's IQ is:

A)75.
B)100.
C)108.
D)133.

Question 63

What is the best explanation for why minorities earn lower scores on IQ tests?

A)environment
B)prejudice
C)racism
D)unfair scoring

Question 64

Many intelligence tests are biased in that they:

A)test predominantly nonverbal skills.
B)reflect the common values of all test takers.
C)reflect the cultures of some test takers more than others.
D)use only standardized test items familiar to all test takers.

Question 65

If intelligence is assumed to be normally distributed,which of the following would you expect to find in the overall population?

A)more people of high intelligence than of low intelligence
B)more people of moderate intelligence than of high or low intelligence
C)more people of high intelligence than of moderate or low intelligence
D)more people of low intelligence than of moderate or high intelligence

Question 66

Who among the following would have good spatial abilities?

A)an accountant
B)a theologian
C)a botanist
D)an architect

Question 67

Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that:

A)intelligence is a general ability.
B)there are three types of intelligence.
C)intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities.
D)there are separate information-processing components of intelligence.

Question 68

All of the following are types of intelligence according to Howard Gardner,EXCEPT:

A)naturalist skills.
B)musical skills.
C)artistic skills.
D)verbal skills.

Question 69

Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner's theories of intelligence are alike in that both:

A)emphasize the ability to adapt to novel situations.
B)hypothesize several different types of intelligence.
C)hypothesize a single-factor theory of intelligence.
D)stress the ability to quickly identify and remember patterns.

Question 70

Paul has an IQ of 68.He lives in his own apartment and supports himself with a job.He has many friends,goes bowling,and eats out frequently.He has no difficulty adapting to everyday life.According to the definition of mental retardation,Paul is:

A)organically retarded.
B)mildly retarded.
C)moderately retarded.
D)severely retarded.

Question 71

When compared to the Binet intelligence test,the Wechsler test offers the advantage of:

A)an overall IQ score.
B)both verbal and nonverbal scores.
C)scores in four different content areas.
D)being suitable for testing both children and adults.

Question 72

Howard Gardner has developed _______ types of intelligence.

A)4
B)6
C)8
D)11

Question 73

Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes all but which of the following?

A)creative intelligence.
B)practical intelligence.
C)analytical intelligence.
D)verbal intelligence.

Question 74

Amber is given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test.Her mental age is determined to be 12.8 and her chronological age is 11.0.Which of the following can be said about Amber?

A)Her IQ score is 86.
B)Her IQ score is about average.
C)Her IQ score is below the majority of the population.
D)Her IQ score is above the majority of the population.

Question 75

Which researcher is responsible for identifying the trend that intelligence scores are slowly increasing worldwide over time?

A)Mary Ainsworth
B)James Flynn
C)John Bowlby
D)Jonathan Richard

Question 76

Although Casey has scored poorly on standardized intelligence tests,can use ideas,implement them,and put them into practice.According to Sternberg,he has _______ intelligence.

A)spatial
B)practical
C)analytical
D)interpersonal

Question 77

Students who are high on Robert J.Sternberg's ________ intelligence tend to be favored in conventional schooling.

A)practical.
B)naturalistic.
C)analytical.
D)creative.

Question 78

Colin does not earn high grades on standardized tests but has a black belt in martial arts.According to Gardner,Colin has _______ skills.

A)spatial
B)intrapersonal
C)bodily-kinesthetic
D)interpersonal

Question 79

What is the best way to determine the relative influence of genetics in the development of a person's intelligence?

A)examining identical and fraternal twins
B)examining parents and their children
C)doing genetic testing on fetuses
D)studying those who have exceptional or deficient IQs

Question 80

Is it possible to develop an intelligence test that is truly culturally fair?

A)Yes.It requires including only nonverbal items on the test.
B)Yes.It requires adapting the test language to fit the test-taker's culture.
C)No.There are too many different levels of intelligence to assess them all.
D)No.There are too many different variations in test-takers' cultures to address them all.