Deck 34: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Question 1

How is most carbon dioxide (CO₂)in the blood transported?

A) Attached to oxygen
B) In the form of bicarbonate
C) Combined with albumin
D) Dissolved in the plasma

Answer 1

In the form of bicarbonate

Question 2

Where in the lung does gas exchange occur?

A) Trachea
B) Segmental bronchi
C) Alveolocapillary membrane
D) Main bronchus

Answer 2

Alveolocapillary membrane

Question 3

The sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles are referred to as which group?

A) Diaphragmatic muscles
B) Muscles of expiration
C) Intercostal muscles
D) Muscles of inspiration

Answer 3

Diaphragmatic muscles

Question 4

How is most of the oxygen in the blood transported?

A) Dissolved in plasma
B) Bound to hemoglobin
C) In the form of carbon dioxide (CO2)
D) Bound to protein

Question 5

Which describes the pressure in the pleural space?

A) Atmospheric
B) Below atmospheric
C) Above atmospheric
D) Variable

Question 6

Which term is used to identify the movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs?

A) Perfusion
B) Ventilation
C) Respiration
D) Diffusion

Question 7

Which substances cause airway epithelium to constrict?

A) Epinephrine and acetylcholine
B) Histamine and prostaglandin
C) Bradykinin and thromboxane A
D) Leukotrienes and prostacyclin

Question 8

Stretch receptors and peripheral chemoreceptors send afferent impulses regarding ventilation to which location in the brain?

A) Pneumotaxic center in the pons
B) Apneustic center in the pons
C) Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) in the medulla oblongata
D) Ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the medulla oblongata

Question 9

Aspiration is most likely to occur in the right mainstem bronchus because it:

A) Extends vertically from the trachea.
B) Is narrower than the left mainstem bronchus.
C) Comes into contact with food and drink first.
D) Is located at the site where the bronchi bifurcate.

Question 10

Which normal physiologic change occurs in the aging pulmonary system?

A) Decreased flow resistance
B) Fewer alveoli
C) Stiffening of the chest wall
D) Improved elastic recoil

Question 11

Which structures secrete surfactant?

A) Type I alveolar cells
B) Type II alveolar cells
C) Alveolar macrophages
D) Stretch receptors

Question 12

An increase in surface tension caused by decreased surfactant production results in which alteration?

A) Decrease in alveolar macrophage production
B) Increase in lung compliance
C) Decrease in alveoli collapse
D) Increase in alveoli fluid collection

Question 13

Which part of the brainstem provides basic automatic rhythm of respiration by sending efferent impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?

A) Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
B) Ventral respiratory group
C) Pneumotaxic center
D) Apneustic center

Question 14

What pulmonary defense mechanism propels a mucous blanket that entraps particles moving toward the oropharynx?

A) Nasal turbinates
B) Alveolar macrophages
C) Cilia
D) Irritant receptors on the nares

Question 15

Which structure is not associated with any lymphatic vessels?

A) Trachea
B) Bronchi
C) Acinus
D) Terminal bronchioles

Question 16

If a patient develops acidosis,the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to react in which manner?

A) Shift to the right, causing more oxygen (O2) to be released to the cells
B) Shift to the left, allowing less O2 to be released to the cells
C) Show no change, allowing the O2 concentration to remain stable
D) Show dramatic fluctuation, allowing the O2 concentration to increase

Question 17

Air passage among alveoli is collateral and evenly distributed because of the function of which structures?

A) Type I alveolar cells
B) Pores of Kohn
C) Acinus pores
D) Alveolar pores

Question 18

Surfactant produced by type II alveolar cells facilitates alveolar distention and ventilation by which mechanism?

A) Decreasing thoracic compliance
B) Attracting water to the alveolar surface
C) Decreasing surface tension in the alveoli
D) Increasing surface tension in the alveoli

Question 19

When an individual aspirates food particles,where would the nurse expect to hear decreased or absent breath sounds?

A) Left lung
B) Right lung
C) Trachea
D) Carina

Question 20

The adequacy of a person's alveolar ventilation is assessed best by monitoring which mechanism?

A) Ventilatory rate
B) Ventilatory pattern
C) Respiratory effort
D) Arterial blood gas

Question 21

What is the most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction?

A) Low alveolar partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)
B) Hyperventilation
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Epinephrine

Question 22

What event is characteristic of the function in Zone 1 of the lung?

A) Blood flow through the pulmonary capillary bed increases in regular increments.
B) Alveolar pressure is greater than venous pressure but not greater than arterial pressure.
C) The capillary bed collapses, and normal blood flow ceases.
D) Blood flows through Zone 1, but it is impeded to a certain extent by alveolar pressure.

Question 23

Which receptors are located in the smooth muscles of airways?

A) Central chemoreceptors
B) Stretch receptors
C) Peripheral chemoreceptors
D) J-receptors

Question 24

Where does the tracheal bifurcation occur?

A) Larynx
B) Bronchi
C) Carina
D) Nasopharynx

Question 25

Which structures belong to the upper conduction airway? (Select all that apply.)

A) Oropharynx
B) Larynx
C) Nasopharynx
D) Trachea
E) Bronchi

Question 26

Which receptors are located in the aortic bodies,aortic arch,and carotid bodies?

A) Central chemoreceptors
B) Stretch receptors
C) J-receptors
D) Peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 27

What are the effects of aging on the pulmonary system?

A) Decreased chest wall compliance
B) Decreased lung recoil
C) Reduced ventilatory reserve
D) Decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)
E) Reduced respiratory rate

Question 28

Match the receptor with its function.
Initiates cough reflex

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 29

Match the receptor with its function.
Senses pH of cerebrospinal fluid

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 30

What is the purpose of the spirometry measurement?

A) To evaluate the cause of hypoxia
B) To measure the volume and flow rate during forced expiration
C) To measures the gas diffusion rate at the alveolocapillary membrane
D) To determine pH and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations

Question 31

Match the receptor with its function.
Monitors pH,partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂),and partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂)in arterial blood

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 32

Decreased lung compliance means that the lungs are demonstrating which characteristic?

A) Difficult deflation
B) Easy inflation
C) Stiffness
D) Inability to diffuse oxygen

Question 33

Hypoventilation that results in the retention of carbon dioxide will stimulate which receptors in an attempt to maintain a normal homeostatic state?

A) Irritant receptors
B) Central chemoreceptors
C) Peripheral chemoreceptors
D) Stretch receptors

Question 34

The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via which nerve?

A) Vagus
B) Phrenic
C) Brachial
D) Pectoral

Question 35

Regarding the respiratory process referred to as remodeling,which statements are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Remodeling involves the vascular walls.
B) Scarring and thickening occurs during this respiratory process.
C) Remodeling results in a permanent change.
D) Pulmonary artery hypotension results.
E) Remodeling increases blood flow resistance.

Question 36

Match the receptor with its function.
Initiates rapid,shallow breathing

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors

Question 37

How low must the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO₂)drop before the peripheral chemoreceptors influence ventilation?

A) Below 100 mm Hg
B) Below 80 mm Hg
C) Below 70 mm Hg
D) Below 60 mm Hg

Question 38

Which receptors are located near the respiratory center?

A) Peripheral chemoreceptors
B) Stretch receptors
C) Central chemoreceptors
D) J-receptors

Question 39

Match the receptor with its function.
Hering-Breuer expiratory reflex

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)J-receptors
D)Peripheral chemoreceptors
E)Central chemoreceptors