Deck 9: Complex Cognitive Processes

Question 1

Studies of expertise have discovered that chess masters are superior to nonexpert players in

A)conscious analytical thought.
B)domain knowledge.
C)random chess pattern recognition.
D)recognition of meaningful chess patterns.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

You remember that,when you lost your wallet last semester,campus security found it for you.You lost it again this morning and decided to call campus security.The method used to solve this problem is called a(n)

A)heuristic search.
B)means-ends analysis.
C)pattern matching.
D)schema-driven problem-solving process.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Sgt.York couldn't get a shot at the enemy,who was keeping his head down in a foxhole."Why,he's acting just like the turkeys back home at the farm!" Sgt.York thought and yelled out his best turkey gobble.The enemy stuck up his head to see what the noise was and found a bullet.What cognition process did the sergeant use?

A)Analogical thinking
B)Deductive logic
C)Overlearning
D)The generate-test method

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Frank was supposed to push three wheelbarrows back to the barn,and he wasn't relishing the idea of three trips.Then in a flash he reorganized the problem.He loaded two wheelbarrows onto the third and made one trip.In doing this,he demonstrated

A)flexibility.
B)functional fixedness.
C)insight.
D)response set.

Question 5

Greg ponders over a math problem.He looks,frowns,and several minutes pass as he continues to study and shuffle his papers.All at once,he smiles,picks up his pencil,and writes down the correct answer.The suddenness of Greg's solution best exemplifies

A)functional fixedness.
B)insight.
C)problem representation.
D)transfer.

Question 6

What is the "CAPS" strategy best used for?

A)It is a strategy to support inquiry.
B)It is a strategy to support direct teaching.
C)It is a strategy used to support brainstorming.
D)It is a strategy that can be used in reading literature.

Question 7

Which one of the following concepts is consistent with the notion of a heuristic?

A)Analogical thinking
B)Domain specific
C)Exhaustive
D)Guaranteed solution

Question 8

Gloria thinks about the solution to a problem regarding homelessness in Toronto.She asks herself what she needs to know in order to solve the problem.She tries to think about the problem in different and,possibly,creative ways.She is then able to clarify the problem and propose a potentially useful solution.The aspect of problem solving that Gloria's strategy exemplifies is

A)flexibility.
B)functional fixedness.
C)response set.
D)transfer.

Question 9

Hernando looked at the problem and exclaimed: "Aha! This is just like when Ahab was obsessed with the great white whale,Moby Dick!" This comment is the result of

A)analogical thinking.
B)deductive logic.
C)overlearning.
D)the generate-test method.

Question 10

Current beliefs about problem-solving techniques suggest that domain-specific strategies are

A)more useful than general problem-solving strategies.
B)likely to be used increasingly as experience with a particular subject increases.
C)highly transferable to other domains.
D)unlikely to be used in well-defined subject areas such as mathematics.

Question 11

Which one of the following students BEST illustrates the state of functional fixedness?

A)Nathaniel,a student who is using a ruler for drawing lines,fails to realize that he can use its metal edge as a scraper to remove paint from his desk.
B)Kathy,a student who is trying to solve a math problem,explores many different strategies until she finds a reasonable answer.
C)Rebecca,a third-grade teacher,sees the second-grade achievement scores for her new class and begins to form expectancies about individuals' abilities.
D)Wendell,who is used to making "d" look like "b," continues to make the same error.

Question 12

A procedure that is guaranteed to accomplish a particular goal when correctly implemented is called a(n)

A)algorithm.
B)heuristic.
C)theorem.
D)working-backward strategy.

Question 13

The main difficulty that occurs when students are too quick to decide what a problem asks is that they may

A)activate an inappropriate schema.
B)become too reflective.
C)experience overgeneralization.
D)rely on heuristics instead of algorithms to solve it.

Question 14

Means-ends analysis in problem solving involves

A)beginning at the goal and moving backwards to the unsolved initial problem.
B)dividing a problem into subgoals and solving these.
C)limiting the search for solutions having something in common with the problem.
D)using analogical reasoning and heuristics.

Question 15

Which of the following is the best example of a seductive detail?

A)The teacher uses a fictional story to illustrate the ecological implications of pollution.
B)The teacher tells a funny joke about his weekend to change up the pace of a long math lesson.
C)The teacher uses an analogy to illustrate a challenging concept in economics.
D)The teacher uses bold words and headings to focus students' attention on the main ideas.

Question 16

Production deficiencies are best described by

A)how students learn strategies but do not apply them when they could or should.
B)how students can complete work but will cannot express themselves verbally.
C)how students have incomplete learning of problem solving strategies.
D)how students cannot construct effective concept maps even with the use of tools.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a type of knowledge involved in metacognition?

A)declarative knowledge
B)evaluative knowledge
C)procedural knowledge
D)self-regulatory knowledge

Question 18

The strategy of solving a crossword puzzle by doing "down" items before "across" items is an example of

A)a heuristic.
B)metacognition.
C)patterning.
D)top-down processing.

Question 19

Metacognition is best defined as

A)knowledge about our own thinking processes.
B)the mechanism that primarily guides all problem-solving.
C)"self-talk" that guides thinking.
D)a heuristic used to promote retention in long term memory.

Question 20

What is a common problem with students using underlining or highlighting that teachers should be aware of?

A)Students are over-selective and do not highlight or underline enough.
B)Underlining and highlighting are used more than other strategies.
C)Students are under-selective and highlight or underline too much.
D)Underlining and highlighting are only used when studying from textbooks.

Question 21

Learning Latin to improve basic intelligence would possibly be inefficient due to

A)general rather than specific transfer taking place.
B)specific rather than general transfer taking place.
C)the impracticality of disciplining mental processes.
D)the irrelevance of the subject.

Question 22

Ray learned about divergent rays in physics class when he was studying the effects of lenses.Later,in his psychology class,he immediately understood the concept of "divergent thinking." What learning experience did Ray have?

A)A response set
B)Functional fixedness
C)General transfer
D)Negative transfer

Question 23

Ms.Cricket gave a creative writing assignment on today's film.She allows 10 minutes today and 10 minutes tomorrow to work on it.What component of the creative process is she fostering?

A)Automaticity
B)Elaboration
C)Flexibility
D)Restructuring

Question 24

Which type of problem fixation does Keri manifest when she refuses to take a different route home from work,even though it will add 25 minutes to her daily commute from work?

A)functional fixedness
B)response set
C)ill-defined problem
D)obsessive problem solving

Question 25

What heuristic is Felita most likely applying when she assumes her husband will be late to pick her up since he has been late the last three evenings?

A)Belief perseverance
B)Confirmation bias
C)Availability heuristic
D)Representation heuristic

Question 26

Overlearning is the process of practicing a skill

A)for too long,such that retroactive inhibition develops.
B)for too long,such that proactive inhibition develops.
C)past the point of mastery,such that retention is improved.
D)similar to one previously learned,so that positive transfer is realized.

Question 27

Which strategy is NOT useful when one is trying to solve a problem?

A)analogical thinking
B)functional fixedness
C)verbalizing
D)working-backward

Question 28

The stage of transfer for strategies in which the teacher should provide new problems that can be solved with the same strategy is the stage of

A)acquisition.
B)overlearning.
C)retention.
D)transfer.

Question 29

Jennifer had her stomach pumped after she ingested part of an unknown compound in chemistry class."But at home we always taste things to find out whether they're sugar or salt," she said.Jennifer is a victim of

A)negative transfer.
B)improper coding.
C)intuitive thinking.
D)divergent thinking.

Question 30

Before pulling off the bank job,Bugsy had his gang recite the steps of the operation."Do we hafta,Bugsy?" complained Willy."We must have been over them steps fifty times already." Bugsy is aware of the benefits of

A)general transfer.
B)making learning meaningful.
C)modeling.
D)overlearning.

Question 31

Expert teachers don't have to think as hard as beginning teachers due to an ability to

A)access short-term memory.
B)memorize many details.
C)recognize patterns in problems.
D)use logical reasoning.

Question 32

What does the term "cognitively engage" mean?

A)Focus attention on relevant aspects of the material to be learned.
B)Invest effort in learning the material at hand.
C)Organize and reorganize the material to be learned.
D)Regulate and monitor understanding of the material to be learned.

Question 33

Which one of the following people illustrates the best example of creative behavior?

A)Billy uses an established method to solve an algebraic equation on a test.
B)Shamini uses an encyclopedia to find the significance of the date July 4,1776.
C)Jack pours a solution of acid into a breaker of water in the chemistry lab.
D)Sheryl generates a list of solutions for the recycling problem.

Question 34

Use of the READS method would probably have questionable benefits for

A)children in early elementary school.
B)encouraging a distributed practice schedule.
C)high school students.
D)improving recall of information from the text.

Question 35

In order to encourage student creativity,teachers are advised to

A)enhance each student's reliance on authorities for response accuracy.
B)promote convergent thinking and problem-solving skills.
C)reinforce unusual solutions,even if the product is not perfect.
D)work on increasing the speed with which students can identify solutions to problems.

Question 36

One of the conditions for using good learning strategies is that students must

A)be able to work independently
B)understand that ability is more important than effort
C)value and care about learning
D)have speed of learning

Question 37

Michael was asked to devise as many uses for a brick as he could.After taking the assignment home to work on further,he came up with over 30 ideas,many of which were not proposed by any other student.All of Michael's ideas dealt with using a brick to break things.In what aspect of creativity proposed by Torrence is Michael lacking?

A)Flexibility
B)Fluency
C)Incubation
D)Originality

Question 38

Sohail gets good grades in his language class but uses incorrect grammar and punctuation in his written work in other classes.This situation suggests a problem with

A)assimilation.
B)encoding.
C)integration.
D)transfer

Question 39

Which one of the following transfer stages is NOT one of Gary Phye's stages in developing strategic transfer of learning?

A)Acquisition phase
B)Overlearning phase
C)Retention phase
D)Transfer phase

Question 40

Creativity is thought to be associated directly with what type of thinking?

A)Convergent
B)Deductive reasoning
C)Divergent thinking
D)Intuitive

Question 41

Metacognition involves only two kinds of knowledge: declarative knowledge,and procedural knowledge.

Question 42

The working backward strategy is sometimes an effective heuristic for solving certain mathematical problems.

Question 43

According to the text,one reason why strategies such as READS are effective is because they require students to study in sections instead of learning all the information at once.This would be most similar to which heuristic?

A)means-end analysis
B)working-backward strategy
C)analogical thinking
D)forward search

Question 44

Recognizing a problem as a "disguised" version of an old problem for which one has a solution already is called schema-driven problem solving.

Question 45

Students who have sophisticated learning strategies,and know when to use them,also tend to have high self-efficacy for the learning task.

Question 46

A heuristic that limits one's search for solutions to problems that have something in common is analogical thinking.

Question 47

A heuristic is a step-by-step prescription for achieving a goal that usually is domain-specific.

Question 48

In the retention phase of transfer,teachers should provide plenty of practice with feedback in order for students to hone their strategy use.

Question 49

As domain-specific knowledge increases,general problem-solving strategies are used more frequently.

Question 50

The tendency to respond in the most familiar or rigid way is a response set.

Question 51

Experts excel relative to novices in applying domain-specific knowledge.

Question 52

An algorithm is a general strategy that might lead to the right answer to a problem.

Question 53

Practicing a skill beyond the point of mastery ensures the enhancement of general transfer of problem-solving skills.

Question 54

Having a rich store of knowledge about a topic is necessary,but not sufficient,for creativity.

Question 55

When students do not have existing schemas that suggest an immediate solution to the problem,they must take a schema-driven route to solve the problem.

Question 56

Means-ends analysis,analogical thinking,functional fixedness,and verbalization are all examples of heuristics.

Question 57

Functional fixedness is a strategy for using an object in an unconventional way.

Question 58

Researchers have found that exposing individuals to other cultures may increase their creativity.

Question 59

Woolfolk recommends giving students individual problems as well as group problems.

Question 60

According to the text,which statement concerning the superior capabilities of experts is FALSE?

A)Experts deal with problems at a deeper level.
B)Experts perceive large,meaningful patterns in given information.
C)Experts spend a small amount of time to analyze a given problem.
D)Experts perform tasks quickly and with few errors.

Question 61

Knowledge about out own thinking processes is _________.

Question 62

Roberto,an eleventh grade student,rereads his poem for the third time and asks himself again "is this poem finished?" Roberto is engaging in _______________ thinking.

Question 63

What is meant by problem solving? Identify some of the factors that inhibit problem solving and suggest strategies for reducing their effects.

Question 64

An exhaustive,step-by-step approach for solving a problem,in which a solution is virtually guaranteed is a(n)________.

Question 65

An example of backward-reaching transfer in which you search for other,related situations is ________ thinking.

Question 66

Describe a problem that a student may encounter (either in or out of school)and show how one could solve that particular problem using each of the two general kinds of procedures outlined in the text.For each procedure,outline one advantage and one disadvantage.

Question 67

A pre-school teacher challenges her students to think about the many potential uses of a coffee pot beyond the typical use of serving coffee.One student could not move beyond her _____________________ and identify additional uses of the coffee pot beyond serving coffee.

Question 68

Formulating new answers by going beyond the simple application of previously learned rules to reach a goal is ________.

Question 69

The sudden re-conceptualization or reorganization of a problem that clarifies it and suggests a possible solution is ________.

Question 70

The inability to recognize unconventional uses of familiar objects represents a barrier to problem solving that is referred to as ________.

Question 71

A student who breaks down a task into several intermediate goals is using a ______________________ approach to solving a problem.

Question 72

Dividing a problem into a number of intermediate goals and then identifying a means of solving each subgoal is called ________.

Question 73

Making certain that you have the necessary declarative knowledge to understand new information will help to make you a(n)________ student.

Question 74

What can teachers do to support and encourage creativity in the classroom?

Question 75

An important part of becoming an expert in a field is ________ knowledge.

Question 76

Ms.Winn developed a new method of math instruction,which had a wide spread impact on education and revolutionized the field of mathematics education.Ms.Winn is noted for her ________ or innovation.

Question 77

Mr.Tolbert comes to you because he is concerned about this son Jack.He describes Jack as being a risk-taker,easily bored,susceptible to day dreaming,intensely curious,and at times silly.He is concerned Jack may have some learning difficulties.What else might be going on with Jack?

Question 78

Researchers have found that for fourth and fifth graders,general problem solving strategies are better than specific strategies.

Question 79

Define the different types of transfer and create new examples of each.

Question 80

Creativity is often equated with ________ thinking or the ability to generate many different ideas.