Deck 3: Classification and Diagnosis

Question 1

The primary purpose of a diagnostic system to classify mental disorders is that it serves to

A)differentiate between categorical and dimensional approaches to classification.
B)indicate potential causes and future developments in the disorder.
C)facilitate allocation of funding for research programs and community agencies servicing specific diagnostic groups.
D)provide a framework with which to train mental health practitioners.

Answer 1

indicate potential causes and future developments in the disorder.

Question 2

Research has categorized children's difficulties into two broad dimensions of problems: internalizing and externalizing.Internalizing problems refer to

A)yelling and destroying things.
B)sadness and withdrawn behaviour.
C)behaviour that occurs when the person is in a social setting.
D)attributing blame one's problem behaviour to oneself.

Answer 2

sadness and withdrawn behaviour.

Question 3

In the past few decades,classification of psychiatric disorders has been augmented with elements of a prototype model.When applied to psychiatric diagnosis,this implies that

A)not all people receiving the same diagnosis have exactly the same set of symptoms.
B)all people receiving the same diagnosis have the exact same set of symptoms.
C)people with the same diagnosis,but a different set of symptoms,will still require the same treatment for their diagnosis.
D)members of the same diagnostic category will generally resemble each other in level of impairment and in prognosis.

Answer 3

not all people receiving the same diagnosis have exactly the same set of symptoms.

Question 4

Health care providers often find it necessary and helpful to diagnose patients because:

A)Insurance companies often require a diagnosis before they will reimburse the patient for services received.
B)It provides guidance on treatment options.
C)It provides a common language for clinicians,researchers,and increasingly,patients to use in discussing mental health conditions.
D)all of the above.

Question 5

Research has categorized children's difficulties into two broad dimensions of problems: internalizing and externalizing.Externalizing problems refer to

A)yelling and destroying things.
B)sadness and withdrawn behaviour.
C)behaviour that occurs when the person is in a social setting.
D)attributing blame for one's problem behaviour to others.

Question 6

The underlying assumption of the dimensional approach to categorization is there is an important _________ difference between objects in the extent to which they possess certain characteristics or properties.

A)quantitative
B)qualitative
C)subjective
D)objective

Question 7

Which of the following is known as 'a family of empirically derived assessment tools to measure competence and problems internalizing and externalizing)across the lifespan?'

A)Miller's Assessment Tool Kit.
B)Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment.
C)Schwartz Assessment Battery.
D)Weisner System of Clinical Diagnosis.

Question 8

The classification approach that is based on the assumption that objects differ in the extent to which they possess certain characteristics or properties is known as the

A)diagnostic approach.
B)categorical approach.
C)qualitative approach.
D)dimensional approach.

Question 9

A psychologist who examines ways that an adult's depression symptoms interfere with the adult transitioning from living on his/her own to an assisted living facility is using a:

A)social work approach.
B)developmental psychopathology approach.
C)gerontological approach.
D)categorical approach.

Question 10

A psychologist who examines ways that a child's anxiety symptoms interfere with a child settling into a new school is using an):

A)developmental psychopathology approach.
B)anti-psychiatry approach.
C)ICD approach.
D)social work approach.

Question 11

A first-time father is reporting a great deal of anxiety surrounding his new role as a parent.A psychologist using a developmental psychopathology approach would first:

A)ask about the client's past history with symptoms of mental illness.
B)utilize a dimensional approach to diagnosing anxiety.
C)investigate how much the anxiety interferes with transitioning into this new role.
D)recommend that the new father enrol in parent training to help reduce his anxiety.

Question 12

Classification __________ refers to the extent to which the classification system reflects reality.

A)utility
B)reliability
C)validity
D)applicability

Question 13

In determining whether or not behaviour is abnormal,one must consider

A)the context in which the behaviour occurs.
B)the age of the person exhibiting the behaviour.
C)the cultural heritage of the person exhibiting the behaviour.
D)all of the above.

Question 14

The underlying assumption of a developmental psychopathology approach is that

A)biological and psychological systems are constantly changing.
B)human behaviour is predictable in all circumstances.
C)normative and nonnormative transitions are important considerations in understanding behaviour.
D)there is no such thing as "normal" development.

Question 15

A new client reports concerns that her child frequently talks about his imaginary friend and all of the wonderful adventures they have together.A psychologist using a developmental psychopathology approach would first:

A)ask about any familial history of mental illness.
B)ask if there were birth had complications that may have contributed to developmental issues.
C)recommend that the client bring her son for a therapy session.
D)ask the son's age to determine age-appropriateness of his behaviour.

Question 16

Classification __________ refers to the usefulness of a classification scheme.

A)utility
B)reliability
C)validity
D)applicability

Question 17

Children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD)show persistent and maladaptive symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that are ______________________.

A)consistent with developmental level.
B)inconsistent with developmental level.
C)consistent with age,but not maturity level.
D)inconsistent with age,but not maturity level.

Question 18

________ refers to the extent to which the classification system reflects reality,whereas ______ refers to the usefulness of the classification system for directing treatment.

A)Reliability,validity
B)Validity,utility
C)Reliability,utility
D)Utility,validity

Question 19

The underlying assumption of the categorical approach to categorization is that there is an important __________difference between objects that are members of a category and those that are not.

A)quantitative
B)qualitative
C)subjective
D)objective

Question 20

The classification approach that is based on the assumption that entities that are members of a category are qualitatively different from those that are not is known as the

A)diagnostic approach.
B)categorical approach.
C)qualitative approach.
D)dimensional approach.

Question 21

Cole et.al.2002)conducted a study to investigate the emergence of depression in children and adolescents.What were the results of the study?

A)There was a significant increase in the rate of depressive symptoms between the sixth and seventh grade.
B)Depressive symptoms developed identically across males and females.
C)The rate at which depressive symptoms occurred in children and adolescents was consistent over the course of their development.
D)All of the above.

Question 22

Longitudinal studies can inform us about which of the following?

A)Variables that predict mental disorders.
B)Individual differences in the emergence and development of mental disorders.
C)Maintenance and course of mental disorders.
D)All of the above.

Question 23

Turner and Lloyd 2004)conducted a study on the build-up of life stress and the subsequent risk of developing a mental disorder.The researchers found that the odds of developing a disorder

A)were unrelated to the number of stressors experienced.
B)increased with the number of stressors experienced.
C)decreased with the number of stressors experienced.
D)were related to the specific type of stressors experienced.

Question 24

A practicum student in clinical psychology is feeling sad over the break-up of a romantic relationship and wonders if this is the beginning of a depressive disorder.It is impossible to diagnose based on this information because:

A)most people get over break-ups after a few weeks.
B)the practicum student will know ways to prevent the sadness becoming more serious.
C)a diagnosis is based on a constellation of symptoms.
D)s/he will probably meet someone else soon.

Question 25

In determining whether a person meets criteria for a diagnosis a of mental disorder,clinical psychologists rely primarily on

A)family history.
B)self-report of symptoms.
C)laboratory tests to confirm diagnosis.
D)intrusiveness of primary symptoms.

Question 26

Widiger defined the concept of _______ which refers to the impairment resulting from a disorder that is involuntary or not readily managed.

A)harmful dysfunction
B)dysfunctional control
C)dyscontrol
D)harmful behaviour

Question 27

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and related Health Problems ICD)was developed:

A)by the World Health Organization following criticism of the DSM approach.
B)by the World Health Organization to diagnose all disorders.
C)by a coalition of international psychological organizations to incorporate the scientific evidence on normal development.
D)to provide an expanded range of billing codes for health care systems.

Question 28

Wakefield 1992)described ____________ as the behaviours associated with a mental disorder that are problematic,and that these problematic behaviours are damaging to the individual or to those around him or her.

A)harmful behaviour.
B)harmful dysfunction.
C)dysfunctional behaviour.
D)dysfunctional control.

Question 29

Childhood depression was not diagnosed until the 1980s.This is because:

A)there were not so many pressures on young people before the development of the Internet and the advent of cyberbullying.
B)there were no reliable antidepressant medications and no effective psychological treatments had been developed.
C)according to the dominant psychoanalytic model,depression was not possible until the person was old enough to have a superego.
D)sexist ideology reduced awareness of problems that were more prevalent in girls than boys.

Question 30

Criticism of the DSM-5 is based predominantly on

A)psychologists' preference for focusing on normal behaviour.
B)concerns that a transparent consultation process made it vulnerable to the efforts of lobby groups.
C)concern that reduction in the number of disorders will restrict access to services.
D)concern about both the reliability and validity of many of the diagnoses.

Question 31

In the 2004 survey of prevalence rates of mental disorders across 14 countries,the Mental Health Survey Consortium World Health Organization)found that across most countries,________ disorders were the most common,followed by _______ disorders.

A)mood; anxiety
B)anxiety; impulse-control
C)anxiety; mood
D)mood; substance abuse

Question 32

One shortcoming of the original Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM; 1952)was that

A)the diagnostic descriptions were too vague.
B)the diagnostic descriptions were too specific.
C)it offered unethical treatment methodologies for various disorders.
D)it heavily emphasized biological and neurological aspects of mental disorders.

Question 33

The ICD is used:

A)far less than DSM as it is a newer system.
B)to determine prevalence rates across countries using the same criteria.
C)by practitioners who favour biological interventions.
D)predominantly in low income countries.

Question 34

Dhat syndrome,malady moun,and nervios are examples of

A)documented languages spoken by patients with psychotic symptoms.
B)culture-specific disorders described in one of the DSM-V appendices.
C)culture-specific disorders that remain excluded from the DSM-V.
D)Inuit rituals involving the "de-spiritification" of individuals with mental disorders.

Question 35

An understanding of not only an individual's current difficulties,but also a consideration of the course of the problem if left untreated,is considered:

A)a developmental psychopathology approach.
B)clinical utility.
C)a syndrome.
D)a social work approach.

Question 36

Within the biopsychosocial model of the etiology of mental disorders,the contributions of biological,psychological,and social factors are likely to ________ from disorder to disorder,and may _________ over the course of life.

A)be comparable; remain constant
B)be comparable; change
C)vary; remain constant
D)vary; change

Question 37

Schizophrenia was not included in the World Health Organization Mental Health Survey Consortium 2004),however,researchers were not so concerned because

A)previous research has shown that schizophrenia is strictly a North American phenomenon.
B)previous research has shown that many people diagnosed with schizophrenia would also receive a diagnosis included in the surveys.
C)schizophrenia was not of interest to the researchers.
D)all of the above.

Question 38

Longitudinal research of depression rates in adulthood indicate that rates of depressive symptoms are

A)lower in young adulthood than middle adulthood,and then surge in older adulthood.
B)highest in young adulthood,decrease in middle adulthood,but increase again in older adulthood.
C)highest in young adulthood,decrease in middle adulthood,and then remain constant throughout the remainder of adulthood.
D)lowest in young adulthood,but steadily increase through middle and older adulthood.

Question 39

The DSM-5 and the ICD-10-CM are:

A)fundamentally different ways of looking at mental disorder.
B)a US versus a global approach to diagnosis.
C)compatible for most major mental disorders.
D)both available in English only.

Question 40

Hammen,Shih,and Brennan 2004)examined intergenerational transmission of depression among Australian adolescents and their mothers.What did the researchers find?

A)Depression was transmitted from grandmothers to mothers,who in turn transmitted depression to their children.
B)Only mothers' depression and interpersonal stress contributed to children's depression.
C)Interpersonal stress experienced by mothers did not contribute to children's depression.
D)Only poor social competence in children predicted depression.

Question 41

The extent to which professionals agree on the presence and nature of a diagnosable condition is known as

A)diagnostic reliability.
B)diagnostic validity.
C)diagnostic consensus.
D)mutual consensus.

Question 42

Both Sam and Aimée recently received diagnoses of depression,however the symptoms they are each experiencing are very different from each other.This would best be described as

A)an example of diagnostic reliability.
B)an example of a disorder that is defined polythetically.
C)they are experiencing comorbid disorders.
D)an example of a disorder that is defined monothetically.

Question 43

A DSM diagnosis with questionable validity is:

A)Schizophrenia.
B)Bipolar disorder.
C)Acute stress disorder.
D)Selective mutism.

Question 44

According to Kendell and Jablensky 2003),when a disorder is a discrete entity that has clear boundaries with other disorders,this is referred to as diagnostic

A)validity.
B)reliability.
C)classification.
D)specificity.

Question 45

An important consideration in diagnostic reliability is the _______ of individuals with the same diagnosis,as this could impact inter-rater reliability,and contribute to ______ in treatment response.

A)homogeneity of symptom profiles; similarity
B)heterogeneity of symptom profiles; variability
C)homogeneity of symptom profiles; variability
D)heterogeneity of symptom profiles; similarity

Question 46

Compared to individuals with a single mental disorder,those with comorbid conditions are more

A)severely impaired in daily life functioning.
B)likely to have a chronic history of mental health problems.
C)likely to use more health care services.
D)all of the above.

Question 47

Post traumatic stress disorder is an example of a diagnosis that is defined polythetically,meaning that individuals with the diagnosis

A)meet all criteria in the same way.
B)may exhibit markedly different patterns of symptoms.
C)may exhibit symptoms of personality disorders.
D)meet none of the criteria in the same way.

Question 48

Overall,whether based on clinical samples or community samples,most epidemiological surveys find in country after country,comorbidity rates that exceed

A)10%.
B)25%.
C)40%.
D)75%.

Question 49

The extent of comorbidity in clinical populations is

A)non-existent.
B)limited.
C)unknown.
D)substantial.

Question 50

Studies on vulnerability to mental disorder following natural disasters have found:

A)the majority of people exposed to natural disaster will develop symptoms of PTSD if they do not receive counseling during the acute phase.
B)most countries now have sophisticated systems to ensure continuity of care during disasters.
C)those with pre-existing disorders are already getting help,which protects them from further symptoms.
D)Although acute distress is to be expected,long-term resilience is the most common outcome.