Deck 11: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

In general,motivated behavior occurs in response to which two factors?

A)drives and incentives
B)hunger and satiation
C)reward and punishment
D)food and sex

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Many people who have temporal lobe epilepsy describe the seizures as _____.

A)painful
B)"raw fear"
C)out-of-body experiences
D)religious experiences

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Rested is to tired as satiation is to

A)sleep.
B)hungry.
C)aroused.
D)full.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Motivation is best described as

A)the physiological triggers that tell us we may be deprived of something and cause us to seek out what is needed,such as food.
B)the body's physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment.
C)the stimuli we seek to reduce the drives such as social approval and companionship,food,water,and other needs.
D)the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviors that direct organisms toward specific goals.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about how humans display emotions?

A)While some basic emotions are universally recognized,different cultures have unique ways of displaying some emotions.
B)All emotional displays are understood across all cultures.
C)There are no emotional displays that are universally understood across all cultures.
D)Emotional displays are determined by context,but not by culture.

Question 6

Gillian drinks a lot of coffee while studying all night.The caffeine in the coffee causes Gillian's heart to start racing and her hands to begin shaking.Suddenly,Gillian begins to feel fear and anxiety for no apparent reason.Gillian's experience is best explained by which theory of emotions?

A)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B)James-Lange theory of emotion
C)Facial feedback
D)Cannon-Bard theory

Question 7

Hunger and thirst are examples of

A)libidos.
B)approach goals.
C)incentives.
D)drives.

Question 8

Which of the following factors increases an individual's risk for illness,heart disease,and even cancer?

A)Mortality salience
B)Loneliness
C)Performance motives
D)Avoidance goals

Question 9

Luisa is working out at a gym and her body temperature begins to rise.Tool cool itself down,her body begins to sweat.After showing however,her body temperature drops below ideal,so her body begins to shiver to warm itself up.This example illustrates the concept of

A)libido.
B)homeostasis.
C)satiation.
D)drives.

Question 10

Alfred Kinsey is famous for being one of the first scientists to study _____.

A)human sexuality
B)obesity in children
C)peer pressure
D)facial expressions

Question 11

Louis practices shooting baskets after school because he doesn't want his friends to make fun of him for being bad at basketball.Louis's motivation to practice is most accurately described as driven by a(n)_____ goal.

A)shame
B)mastery
C)avoidance
D)approach

Question 12

In general,what effect does the presence of other people have on the amount of food an individual eats?

A)The presence of others makes people eat less.
B)The presence of others makes people eat more.
C)The presence of others has no effect on the amount people typically eat.
D)The presence of others can make people eat more or less than usual,depending on the situation.

Question 13

Gerald is trying to watch how much he eats and avoid eating junk food.According to your text,what can he do to reduce his craving for cookies when he is craving them?

A)Try to ignore the craving
B)Imagine visual images that have nothing to do with food.
C)Stand on his head
D)Stick himself in the arm with a pin

Question 14

The chief function of homeostasis is to

A)prevent balance.
B)maintain a steady state.
C)regulate emotions.
D)control sexual urges.

Question 15

The psychology of motivation can be best summarized as the study of

A)how decisions are made.
B)the processes underlying goal-directed behavior.
C)the libido's effects on behavior.
D)how rewards and punishments affect behavior.

Question 16

Controlled studies of polygraph recordings indicate that they should be most accurately described as detecting _____.

A)parasympathetic activity
B)lies
C)arousal
D)negative emotions

Question 17

Researchers have found that homosexual men tend to have a greater number of older brothers than heterosexual men.Which hypothesis has been proposed to account for this finding?

A)The mother's immune system is exposed to male-specific proteins during pregnancy,which then limits the amount of testosterone available during later pregnancies.
B)Parents tend to deemphasize masculinity in young sons if they already have several sons.
C)Being raised with older male brothers influences the developing sexuality of male children.
D)Younger brothers eventually inherit a gene that predisposes them to homosexuality.

Question 18

Saying "I'm full" at the end of a meal is a common way to let others know that you have reached the point of

A)homeostasis.
B)satiation.
C)maximum drive.
D)social facilitation.

Question 19

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called

A)stability.
B)drive reduction.
C)homeostasis.
D)physiological balance.

Question 20

The goal of motivated behavior is often to _____________ a drive.

A)reduce
B)maximize
C)maintain
D)create

Question 21

Which of the following is true regarding the role of taste and texture in eating habits?

A)Which foods we eat are determined much more by their nutritional value than their tastes and textures.
B)Taste and texture influence our enjoyment of food,but not our overall eating habits.
C)Paradoxically,we eat smaller portions of foods whose taste and textures we prefer.
D)Taste and texture play a large role in determining which foods we eat and in what amounts.

Question 22

In a study discussed in your textbook,participants had nutrients delivered directly into their stomachs via a feeding tube.Compared to control subjects who believed they were being tube-fed but were not,tube-fed participants

A)consumed more food.
B)consumed less food.
C)consumed the same amount of food.
D)consumed less nutritious food but more junk food.

Question 23

The two areas of the hypothalamus which appear to be related to eating behavior as a result of controlling the level of glucose in the body are called _________________ and _________________.

A)ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus
B)lateral hypothalamus; basal hypothalamus
C)basal hypothalamus; ventrolateral hypothalamus
D)none of the above

Question 24

Phyllis feels hungry even after she has eaten large meals and has been gaining weight.A doctor diagnoses her with a neurological disorder that affects a specific structure in the brain.Which of the following is most likely to be the affected brain region?

A)thalamus
B)basal ganglia
C)hypothalamus
D)locus coeruleus

Question 25

One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in __________,which causes blood sugar levels to eventually drop several hours after we eat.

A)cholesterol
B)lipoproteins
C)insulin
D)glucose

Question 26

When specialized cells detect __________ levels of ____________,they trigger an increase in hunger.

A)high; insulin
B)high; glucose
C)low; insulin
D)low; glucose

Question 27

Which two hormones are released by the digestive system,and are involved in the regulation of hunger?

A)CCK and ghrelin
B)oxytocin and vasopressin
C)oxytocin and CCK
D)ghrelin and vasopressin

Question 28

Nila's younger brother does not like the meatloaf their mother made for dinner.When Nila is not looking,her brother secretly scoops some of his meatloaf onto her plate so that,although Nila is eating meatloaf,the amount on her plate remains about the same.Which of the following is most likely to happen?

A)Nila will eat her normal amount and then stop when she feels full.
B)Nila will eat less than she normally would.
C)Nila will eat more than she normally would.
D)Nila will develop a dislike for meatloaf.

Question 29

The lateral hypothalamus may be involved in

A)stoppage of eating.
B)the onset of eating.
C)processing low fats.
D)food allergies.

Question 30

Research suggests that the best way to cope with a food craving might be to

A)give in and eat the food your craving.
B)try to ignore the craving.
C)imagine the sight and smell of the food.
D)condition yourself to associate food with pain.

Question 31

In one study discussed in your textbook,healthy individuals volunteered to receive all the nutrients their bodies needed through tube feeding.What do the results of this study suggest?

A)People primarily eat to replenish nutrients.
B)The stomach has specialized receptors to detect nutrients.
C)People continue to eat,even when their nutritional needs have been met.
D)Nutritious food elevates hunger faster than non-nutritious food.

Question 32

Omar catches his roommate "walking" his fingers across his forehead while following them with his eyes.When Omar asks him what he is doing,he explains that it is a strategy that he read about in a psychology article.What is Omar's roommate likely trying to do?

A)reduce a hunger craving
B)hypnotize himself
C)reduce his anxiety
D)reduce an unwanted sexual urge

Question 33

Research using brain imaging technology indicates that tasting foods high in fat directly stimulates ____________ areas of the brain.

A)disgust
B)pleasure
C)risk-taking
D)attentional

Question 34

Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychological factor that motivates eating?

A)social setting
B)low blood sugar
C)flavor and texture
D)portion size

Question 35

Glucostats are

A)cells that can detect glucose levels.
B)drugs that block the absorption of glucose.
C)hormones that help cells store glucose for future use.
D)a category of sugars used by the brain and body for energy.

Question 36

What do sugar and addictive drugs have in common?

A)They create states of euphoria in high doses.
B)They stimulate activity in the hypothalamus.
C)They inhibit self-control by inhibiting the cingulate gyrus.
D)They stimulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.

Question 37

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)may be involved in

A)increasing hunger.
B)stopping the eating response.
C)processing low fats.
D)food allergies.

Question 38

In experiments where bowls of soup were secretly filled through a tube so that the soup never ran out,which of the following happened?

A)Participants felt full at the same time as control participants,but continued to eat anyway.
B)Participants ate significantly more than control participants,but did not feel more satiated.
C)Participants felt full at the same time as control participants and stopped eating.
D)Participants ate significantly less than control participants,but felt equally satiated.

Question 39

Most people have a preference for foods with a high fat content (e.g.,red meat,cheese,cream).From an evolutionary perspective,what does this suggest?

A)Modern humans should eat a diet rich in high fat food.
B)All animals prefer a diet high fat diet.
C)At some point in our evolutionary history,seeking out high fat foods was adaptive.
D)Early humans were mostly vegetarians.

Question 40

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas.What role does it play in the body?

A)Insulin converts fat stores into energy the body can use.
B)Insulin stimulates stomach contractions and appetite.
C)Insulin detects blood sugar levels.
D)Insulin helps cells store circulating glucose for future use.

Question 41

Masters and Johnson's original subjects in the study of human sexual response were

A)prostitutes.
B)church elders and parishioners.
C)prisoners in the local jails.
D)volunteers from introductory psychology classes.

Question 42

Wanda goes to the cafeteria with her coworkers.She is not hungry,but eats because everyone else in the group is.This is an example of

A)social facilitation.
B)the minimal eating norm.
C)impression management.
D)the unit bias.

Question 43

Another term for a person's sex drive or desire for sexual activity is his or her

A)orgasmic motivation.
B)sexual response cycle.
C)sexual orientation.
D)libido.

Question 44

Eating disorders and body-image distortions among boys and men often take a different form than is typically seen with women.For example,they are more likely to

A)starve themselves and exercise compulsively to be more muscular.
B)binge on foods high in fat and starches.
C)use inactivity to try to reduce the size of their bodies.
D)eat normally,but purge anyway.

Question 45

Which is NOT one of the usual criticisms of Kinsey's methodologies?

A)Most of the volunteers were homosexual.
B)The sample was not broad enough to cover all types of people.
C)Kinsey's methods were flawed and controversial.
D)Kinsey tended to make sweeping generalizations based on small samples.

Question 46

Zulma is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder.Every day she eats a box of donuts and an entire bag of chips and then makes herself vomit.Zulma most likely has which of the following disorders?

A)binge-eating disorder
B)Adonis complex
C)bulimia nervosa
D)anorexia nervosa

Question 47

Which of the following most accurately describes sexuality in adults in their 60s through 80s?

A)Sexuality remains fairly constant throughout adulthood.
B)Sexuality decreases in older adults,but this is generally not considered a problem during this phase of life.
C)Sexuality decreases in older adults,which is a source of discontent for many older adults.
D)Sexuality increases in later adulthood,primarily because children moving out and retirement allow for more intimacy.

Question 48

Kinsey believed that

A)sexual orientation was an either/or situation.
B)sexual orientation was on a continuum.
C)sexual orientation was too sensitive to be studied.
D)premarital sex was fundamentally destructive to society.

Question 49

Which of the following is true about the following claim: "Men become sexually aroused more often,fantasize more,masturbate more,and desire more sexual partners than do women."

A)This is a stereotype,men do not engage in these behaviors any more than women.
B)This is true for the vast majority of men and women.
C)On average this is true,but there is a high amount of variability in these behaviors for both men and women.
D)The opposite is actually true; women engage in these behaviors more frequently than men.

Question 50

The first systematic surveys of sexual behavior were conducted from 1938 to 1952 by

A)Masters and Johnson.
B)Meston and Buss.
C)Alfred Kinsey.
D)Sigmund Freud.

Question 51

For years,Jenna ate one toaster pastry for breakfast.Then the company changed their packaging so that the toaster pastries were wrapped in sets of two.Ever since this change occurred,Jenna has had two pastries for breakfast.This is an example of

A)social facilitation.
B)modeling.
C)impression management.
D)the unit bias.

Question 52

_______________ famously observed volunteers masturbating or having sex while specialized equipment monitored their physiological responses.

A)Masters and Johnson
B)Meston and Buss
C)Alfred Kinsey
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 53

_______________ is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of being fat,a distorted body image,radically reduced consumption of food,and emaciation.

A)Anorexia nervosa
B)Body-image distortion
C)Bulimia
D)Leptin

Question 54

The prevalence of ____________ is 20% or worse in almost every U.S.state.

A)anorexia
B)bulimia
C)obesity
D)malnutrition

Question 55

The four stages of sexual activity include excitement,plateau,orgasm and

A)refraction.
B)rest.
C)reinforcement.
D)resolution.

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of the unit bias?

A)buying a second bottle of soda because the store has a "buy one,get one free" sale
B)adding more sugar to a cup of coffee because it is bitter
C)asking for a second helping of pasta
D)eating more chips in one sitting from a "jumbo" bag than a regular size bag

Question 57

Equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity was used by

A)Kinsey.
B)Freud.
C)Skinner.
D)Masters and Johnson.

Question 58

Samantha is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder.She is dangerously thin but perceives herself as overweight.To control her weight she starves herself.Samantha is diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

A)anorexia nervosa
B)Adonis complex
C)bulimia nervosa
D)binge-eating disorder

Question 59

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by forced vomiting or the use of laxatives is called

A)anorexia nervosa.
B)Adonis complex.
C)bulimia.
D)self-starvation.

Question 60

Petra is on a date.She really likes her food,but stops herself after eating only one-third because she doesn't want her date to think she is a glutton.Petra's behavior is an example of

A)social facilitation.
B)modeling.
C)impression management.
D)the unit bias.

Question 61

The probability of a man's becoming gay rises significantly according to the number of older brothers he has.The reason for this "brother effect" may be

A)that parents with many male children secretly wish for a daughter and encourage feminine behavior.
B)that a child with older brothers behaves differently to get attention.
C)that the developing brain responds to having so many males in one house.
D)changes in the conditions within the womb caused by previous male pregnancies.

Question 62

Which statement is consistent with Masters and Johnson's findings?

A)Women respond more slowly but cannot stay aroused as long as men.
B)Many women can have multiple orgasms.
C)Women experience a refractory period prior to orgasm.
D)Women admit that size matters.

Question 63

Which of the following is true of Simon LeVay's finding that a region of the brain is typically smaller in homosexual males than it is in heterosexual males?

A)If true,this would be strong evidence that sexual orientation is genetically determined.
B)A confounding variable in the study is that many of the gay men in the study died from HIV complications.
C)LeVay's findings have been replicated many times.
D)If true,this would be strong evidence that sexual orientation is environmentally determined.

Question 64

Melvin has finished having sex approximately 30 minutes ago and his partner is interested in having sex again.However,Melvin is not able to achieve an erection.Melvin is in the

A)refractory period.
B)stagnation period.
C)seminal period.
D)growth period.

Question 65

Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A)Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may have more time to seek fulfillment from her career and family.
B)Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well.
C)Barbara knows that as a teacher she is a good person because she realizes the importance of imparting knowledge to society.
D)Mark works hard so he can afford to move out of his dangerous and crime ridden neighborhood.

Question 66

Masters and Johnson reported that unlike men,women

A)can only achieve 1 orgasm in a 12 hour period.
B)do not have a refractory period and can achieve many orgasms during a sexual encounter.
C)need more stimulation to achieve an orgasm with oral sex.
D)have a longer refractory period than men.

Question 67

Research supports the theory that homosexuality

A)is the result of a "smothering mother."
B)is the result of an "absent father."
C)is caused by seduction by an older adult.
D)has unknown and puzzling causes.

Question 68

Research indicates that,when it came to orgasms,

A)the capacity for sexual response of men surpasses that of women.
B)the similarity between men and women depends on the source of stimulation (vaginal versus clitoral).
C)men and women experience them quite differently.
D)men and women are remarkably similar.

Question 69

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy,which needs must be met first?

A)esteem
B)safety
C)physiological
D)belongingness and love

Question 70

A band of nerve fibers connecting the left and right brain hemispheres,called the________________,may be larger on average in homosexual men and women than in heterosexual men.

A)medial forebrain bundle
B)anterior commissure
C)hypothalamus
D)medial pre-optic area

Question 71

According to your textbook,erectile dysfunction (ED)in men is often caused by

A)cardiovascular problems.
B)prolonged refractory periods.
C)sexually transmitted diseases.
D)cirrhosis of the liver.

Question 72

The second phase of the sexual response is

A)excitement.
B)plateau.
C)orgasm.
D)resolution.

Question 73

Blood levels of the hormone oxytocin surge in both men and women just after which phase of the sexual response cycle?

A)excitement
B)plateau
C)orgasm
D)resolution

Question 74

Which of the following is the best definition of sexual orientation?

A)a person's sex as determined by his or her genes
B)a categorization based on the gender of a person's sexual partners
C)a consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the same sex,opposite sex,or both
D)a categorization based on whether a person's behavior matches their biological sex or not

Question 75

The final phase of the sexual response is

A)excitement.
B)plateau.
C)orgasm.
D)resolution.

Question 76

Some research suggests that an area of the _____________ is on average smaller in brains of gay males than heterosexual males.

A)hippocampus
B)thalamus
C)amygdala
D)hypothalamus

Question 77

Which prenatal event has been shown to increase the chances that a female child will show male typical behavior,and sometimes homosexual orientation?

A)very low levels of estrogen
B)exposure to high levels of testosterone
C)exposure to alcohol
D)low oxygen levels

Question 78

Rashid has just had an orgasm.However,his partner is still excited and wants Rashid to continue his sexual activity.Unfortunately,Rashid has lost his erection.Rashid is probably now in the

A)refractory period.
B)male menopause.
C)disruptive period.
D)plateau.

Question 79

Research suggests that relative finger length and sexual orientation are correlated.This is likely because both factors are affected by

A)prenatal estrogen levels.
B)nutrition during childhood.
C)prenatal testosterone levels.
D)a gene on the X-chromosome.

Question 80

The first phase of the sexual response is

A)excitement.
B)plateau.
C)orgasm.
D)resolution.