Deck 4: Classical Conditioning: Learning to Predict Important Events

Question 1

Suppose a child grows up hearing his parents making derogatory comments about African Americans,and eventually the child comes to have negative feelings about African Americans.What is the conditioned stimulus?

A)the derogatory comments
B)the negative feelings
C)African Americans
D)the parents

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Something that naturally elicits a reflexive response is called a(n):

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The unconditioned response occurs:

A)in response to a neutral stimulus.
B)only after repeated pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
C)only after repeated pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned responses.
D)without any training or conditioning.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Lightning is usually followed by thunder.Eventually we can be startled just by the lightning alone.What is the unconditioned response?

A)being startled by thunder
B)being startled by lightning
C)thunder
D)lightning

Question 5

When the US is an unpleasant event such as shock,the conditioning is called:

A)aversive conditioning.
B)appetitive conditioning.
C)delay conditioning.
D)trace conditioning.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of appetitive conditioning?

A)flies being shocked in the presence of a particular odor
B)rats freezing in response to a tone that predicts a shock
C)Pavlov's conditioning of salivation in dogs
D)eyeblink conditioning

Question 7

Suppose a child in the hospital gets injections from the nurses,and the child eventually learns to cry as soon as a nurse walks into her room.What is the conditioned response?

A)crying when getting a shot
B)crying when the nurse comes in
C)the nurse
D)the shot

Question 8

Jeff's dog salivates when he goes to the cupboard to get a dog biscuit.What is the unconditioned stimulus?

A)the cupboard
B)Jeff
C)the dog biscuit
D)salivation

Question 9

The _________ prepares the organism for the expected __________.

A)unconditioned response;conditioned stimulus
B)conditioned response;unconditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned stimulus;unconditioned response
D)conditioned response;conditioned stimulus

Question 10

Dionne compete on her high school's track team.She always feels naturally nervous right before a race.She also noticed that on days when she is not racing,just seeing the track still made her feel nervous.Her nervousness at seeing the track on non-race days is a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 11

Classical conditioning involves learning:

A)that a particular behavior leads to a reward.
B)about a stimulus by being repeatedly exposed to it.
C)that one stimulus predicts an important event.
D)by observing another person perform a behavior.

Question 12

Which of the following demonstrates classical conditioning?

A)A child reads more books because her parents praised her for reading.
B)A toddler copies the behavior of his older brother.
C)A dog learns that the sound of the treat container being opened indicates that a treat is coming his way.
D)A man gets used to the sound of traffic and eventually learns to sleep through it.

Question 13

When a conditioned compensatory response occurs,the:

A)CR is the opposite of the UR.
B)CR is the same as the UR.
C)US is the same as the CS.
D)US is the same as the CR.

Question 14

The eyeblink CR seems to:

A)gradually increase in strength over several trials.
B)gradually decrease in strength over several trials.
C)start out strong on the first trial and remain strong.
D)remain about the same strength across trials.

Question 15

The conditioned compensatory response occurs in response to the ________ in order to prepare the organism for the _________.

A)CS;CR
B)US;UR
C)CS;UR
D)US;CR

Question 16

The conditioned stimulus elicits the:

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)conditioned response.
C)unconditioned stimulus.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 17

When the eyeblink reflex is conditioned using a tone,the puff of air is the:

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)conditioned response.
C)unconditioned stimulus.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 18

Frank once ate an orange and shortly afterwards he got the flu.Although the orange did not cause Frank to become ill,he no longer likes to eat oranges.What is the conditioned stimulus?

A)feeling ill from the flu
B)feeling ill from the orange
C)the virus that caused the flu
D)oranges

Question 19

If someone blows a puff of air into your eyes,you automatically blink.In this example,the puff of air is a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 20

When the eyeblink reflex is conditioned using a tone,what is the conditioned response?

A)blinking in response to a puff of air
B)blinking in response to the tone
C)the puff of air
D)the tone

Question 21

Suppose we classically condition a dog by pairing a light with food.According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,if the learning rate ( $\beta$ )is 0.1,what is the expected value of the food at the end of the second trial?

A)19
B)0.90
C)90
D)10

Question 22

When a previously acquired association is diminished through repeated presentation of the CS in the absence of the US,it is known as:

A)aversive conditioning.
B)appetitive conditioning.
C)extinction.
D)homeostasis.

Question 23

In order to get Pavlov's dog to experience extinction,you would:

A)give the dog a little extra food on each trial.
B)play the tone more loudly on each trial.
C)present the food repeatedly without playing the tone.
D)play the tone repeatedly without any food.

Question 24

In the Rescorla-Wagner model,if the actual US value is 80 and the expected US value is 40,then the prediction error is:

A)120.
B)40.
C)-40.
D)0)5.

Question 25

Suppose a rat has been conditioned by presenting a loud buzzing sound followed by shock.According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,if we then present several trials of the buzzing sound alone,without any shock,the association between the buzzing sound and the shock will:

A)stay the same.
B)increase.
C)decrease.
D)increase and then decrease.

Question 26

In the Rescorla-Wagner model,the associative weight for the CS-US association before any classical conditioning training takes place is:

A)0)
B)25.
C)100.
D)1,000.

Question 27

Suppose we condition a rabbit to give an eyeblink response to a tone.If we then present both a tone and a light together followed by a puff of air to eyes,the rabbit will not blink in response to the light.This demonstrates:

A)homeostasis.
B)extinction.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)blocking.

Question 28

Which of the following is suggested by the Rescorla-Wagner model?

A)When the CS predicts the US and the expected US occurs,the association between the CS and US is increased.
B)When the CS predicts nothing and an unexpected US occurs,no learning occurs.
C)When the CS predicts the US and the expected US does not occur,no learning occurs.
D)When the CS predicts the US and the expected US does not occur,the association between the CS and US is decreased.

Question 29

In the Rescorla-Wagner model,if the associative weight for CS₁ is 20 and the associative weight for CS₂ is 30,then the expectation of the US is:

A)10.
B)600.
C)-10.
D)50.

Question 30

If we pair a tone with a shock,a rat can learn that the tone predicts the shock.If we then pair a tone and light with a shock,we find that the rat gives a:

A)CR only to the tone.
B)CR only to the light.
C)UR only to the tone.
D)CR only to the tone and light together.

Question 31

The phenomenon of blocking demonstrates that:

A)a compound CS cannot be learned.
B)a compound US cannot be learned.
C)the US must provide nonredundant information.
D)the CS must provide nonredundant information.

Question 32

The spontaneous recovery of a CR suggests that:

A)the body tends toward a state of equilibrium.
B)any stimulus can be a CS.
C)any stimulus can be a US.
D)the CR is not gone after extinction.

Question 33

In the Rescorla-Wagner model,the expectation of the US is described by the:

A)association weight for the CS-US association at the end of training.
B)association weight for the CS-US association at the start of training.
C)sum of the association weights of all the cues in a trial.
D)difference of the association weights of all the cues in a trial.

Question 34

In the Rescorla-Wagner model,if a novel CS is followed by an unexpected US,the prediction error:

A)is positive.
B)is negative.
C)is zero.
D)can be either positive or negative.

Question 35

While driving to work one day,Jennifer heard her favorite song on the radio.Soon after the song started playing,Jennifer was rear-ended by another car.Now Jennifer's favorite song causes her to feel nervous and tense.If Jennifer wishes to use extinction to stop these unpleasant feelings from occurring when her favorite song comes on,she should:

A)play the song in a safe and pleasant environment such as her room.
B)listen to music other than her favorite song whenever she drives.
C)play her favorite song whenever she drives anywhere without getting in an accident.
D)try to get in an accident while a different song is playing on the radio.

Question 36

In the Rescorla-Wagner model,an associative weight of 50 would indicate that the CS predicts the US ______ of the time.

A)0%
B)25%
C)50%
D)100%

Question 37

The difference between whether an animal expects the US and whether the US actually occurs is known as:

A)homeostasis.
B)a prediction error.
C)an error-correction rule.
D)latent inhibition.

Question 38

In Bower and Trabasso's study of blocking in humans,students were trained to categorize geometric figures based on shape.Blocking was demonstrated when the students could:

A)not use a redundant cue to classify a new figure.
B)not learn to categorize the figures based on shape.
C)use a redundant cue to classify a new figure.
D)learn to categorize the figures based on shape.

Question 39

Suppose we condition a dog to salivate in response to a tone (by pairing the tone with food).Then,we present both the tone and a light together,followed by the food.The dog will:

A)salivate only in response to the tone.
B)salivate only in response to the light.
C)salivate in response to both the tone and light.
D)not salivate to the tone or the light.

Question 40

According to the phenomenon of conditioned compensatory responses,drug addicts develop a tolerance to their drug because:

A)the drug elicits a UR that becomes weaker over time.
B)environmental cues elicit URs that enhance the effect of the drug.
C)the drug elicits a CR that enhances the effect of the drug.
D)environmental cues elicit CRs that counteract the effect of the drug.

Question 41

In a latent inhibition paradigm,the animals in the experimental group:

A)sit in the chamber quietly.
B)are pre-exposed to the CS.
C)are pre-exposed to the US.
D)are pre-exposed to a compound CS.

Question 42

Suppose we classically condition a rat by pairing a tone with shock.According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,if the learning rate ( $\beta$ )is 0.1,as the number of trials increases,the prediction error will:

A)stay the same.
B)increase.
C)decrease.
D)increase and then decrease.

Question 43

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,blocking occurs because:

A)both CSs perfectly predict the US.
B)neither CS perfectly predicts the US.
C)the CS that is trained in the first phase does not provide any new or predictive information.
D)the CS that is added in the second phase does not provide any new or predictive information.

Question 44

Suppose we classically condition a rabbit by pairing a tone with a puff of air to the eyes.According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,if the learning rate ( $\beta$ )is 0.3,what is W_TONE at the end of the first trial?

A)0
B)100
C)30
D)0.30

Question 45

Latent inhibition is problematic for the Rescorla-Wagner model because:

A)the model predicts that there will be learning in the pre-exposure phase (phase 1).
B)the model predicts that there will be learning in the training phase (phase 2).
C)the model predicts that there will be no learning in the pre-exposure phase (phase 1).
D)the model predicts that there will be no learning in the training phase (phase 2).

Question 46

For humans performing a category learning task,Gluck and Bower's neural network model can:

A)account for people's ability to actively focus attention on one feature.
B)account for people's ability to shift their attention to different feature.
C)predict how the timing of presentation of the CS and US will affect learning.
D)predict how often a particular categorization will be made.

Question 47

Suppose we classically condition a rat by pairing a tone with shock.According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,if the learning rate ( $\beta$ )is 0.1,as the number of trials increases,W_LIGHT will:

A)stay the same.
B)increase and then decrease.
C)decrease.
D)increase.

Question 48

Which is true about the Rescorla-Wagner model?

A)It is considered the most influential formal model of learning.
B)It explains only a small handful of experimental findings.
C)It explains existing findings but does not make any predictions.
D)Its complexity is a primary reason for its attractiveness.

Question 49

In trace conditioning,the:

A)CS begins before the US and stays on until the US has occurred.
B)US begins before the CS and stays on until the CS has occurred.
C)CS begins before the US and ends before the onset of the US.
D)US begins before the CS and ends before the onset of the CS.

Question 50

According to the idea of latent inhibition,pre-exposing a rat to a light by itself will make it:

A)easier for the rat to learn to associate the light with food.
B)easier for the rat to learn to associate the light with a tone.
C)harder for the rat to learn to associate the light with food.
D)harder for the rat to learn to associate a tone with food.

Question 51

Suppose we pair just a tone with a shock for many trials until the CR is reliably elicited by the tone,then we pair the tone plus a light with a shock.According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,at the end of the second phase of training:

A)the prediction error will be 100.
B)W_TONE will be close to 50.
C)W_LIGHT will be close to 0.
D)the Expected US will be close to 50.

Question 52

According to CS modulation theories such as that of Makintosh,latent inhibition occurs because the:

A)CS is ignored because it doesn't predict anything reliably.
B)US is ignored because it doesn't predict anything reliably.
C)CS also includes the context.
D)CS does not include the context.

Question 53

When Gluck and Bower applied their neural network model of learning to study how humans learn to form categories,they treated:

A)the input nodes as CSs and the output nodes as USs.
B)the input nodes as USs and the output nodes as CSs.
C)both the input and output nodes as CSs.
D)both the input and output nodes as USs.

Question 54

Regarding CS modulation theories versus US modulation theories,it seems to be that:

A)CS modulation theories are correct.
B)US modulation theories are correct.
C)both theories are correct.
D)neither theory is correct.

Question 55

In delay conditioning,the:

A)CS begins before the US and stays on until the US has occurred.
B)US begins before the CS and stays on until the CS has occurred.
C)CS begins before the US and ends before the onset of the US.
D)US begins before the CS and ends before the onset of the CS.

Question 56

A reduction in learning about a CS to which there has been prior exposure without any US is called:

A)blocking.
B)prediction error.
C)extinction.
D)latent inhibition.

Question 57

Imagine we train an animal to associate a compound light + tone stimulus with a shock.After the animal is fully trained,we present just the tone by itself.According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,W_TONE should be about ______ at the end of the training.

A)25
B)150
C)100
D)50

Question 58

Consider a blocking experiment,in which an animal is first conditioned to associate a light with shock,and then is presented with a tone and light together followed by shock.According to CS modulation theories such as that of Makintosh,blocking would occur because the:

A)tone is ignored.
B)light is ignored.
C)shock is surprising.
D)shock is predictable.

Question 59

The Rescorla-Wagner model is a(n)________ theory of learning.

A)US modulation
B)CS modulation
C)attentional
D)latent

Question 60

The results of Garcia & Koelling's taste aversion studies demonstrate that animals can:

A)not learn to associate tones with feeling sick.
B)learn most associations equally easily.
C)not learn to associate food with shock.
D)learn some associations more readily than others.

Question 61

The _____ has/have different subregions for each kind of sensory stimulation.

A)cerebellar cortex
B)interpositus nucleus
C)inferior olive
D)pontine nuclei

Question 62

Which of the following has been suggested as a mechanism for storage of new memories?

A)theta waves in the hippocampus
B)sharp waves in the hippocampus
C)theta waves in the cerebellum
D)sharp waves in the cerebellum

Question 63

Which of the following has been viewed as evidence of an error-correction mechanism in the brain?

A)The hippocampus is highly active during conditioning
B)Activity in the inferior olive is high at the start of training and diminishes with successive trials.
C)Blocking occurs when the connection from the inferior olive to the interpositus nucleus is disabled.
D)People with cerebellar damage have difficulty learning a CR.

Question 64

Lesion studies suggest that the interpositus nucleus is involved in _____ ,while the cerebellar cortex is involved in _______.

A)response timing;formation and execution of the CR
B)formation and execution of the CR;response timing
C)computing the degree to which the US is unexpected;formation and execution of the CR
D)response timing;computing the degree to which the US is unexpected

Question 65

Classical conditioning in aplysia occurs when:

A)the CS precedes the US by about 4 seconds.
B)the US precedes the CS by about 4 seconds.
C)the CS precedes the US by about half of a second.
D)the US precedes the CS by about half of a second.

Question 66

Which of the following has been implicated in implementing the Rescorla-Wagner error-correction mechanism?

A)Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex
B)inhibitory connections between the interpositus nucleus and the Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex
C)pontine nuclei
D)inhibitory connections between the interpositus nucleus and the inferior olive

Question 67

In Garcia & Koelling's taste aversion studies,it was found that rats in:

A)the poison group were more likely to associate a taste with poison than a tone with poison.
B)the poison group were more likely to associate a tone with poison than a taste with poison.
C)the shock group were more likely to fear a taste than a tone.
D)both groups feared tastes more than tones.

Question 68

After a rabbit has been trained with eyeblink conditioning,which of the following is observed when the CS is presented?

A)decreased neural activity in Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex
B)increased neural activity in Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex
C)decreased neural activity in the interpositus nucleus
D)no change in neural activity in the interpositus nucleus

Question 69

Patients with damage to the cerebellum:

A)have trouble learning tasks involving verbal associations.
B)are slower to learn a CR.
C)produce CRs that are relatively normal in terms of frequency and timing.
D)experience disruption of only those responses requiring the side of the body that is opposite to the side of the damaged cerebellum.

Question 70

In what way is classical conditioning different from sensitization in aplysia?

A)Sensitization is specific to touching the siphon,while classical conditioning generalizes to stimulation of other areas.
B)Sensitization is due to changes in the number of synapses,whereas classical conditioning is due to changes within the cells.
C)The siphon-withdrawal response is larger following classical conditioning than it is after sensitization training.
D)Sensitization involves an increase in glutamate release,whereas classical conditioning involves a decrease in glutamate release.

Question 71

Which of the following results suggests that the hippocampus is critical for CS modulation effects?

A)Hippocampal lesions eliminate latent inhibition in rabbit eyeblink conditioning.
B)The hippocampus is not necessary for acquiring basic conditioned responses.
C)The hippocampus is highly active during conditioning.
D)The hippocampus is not necessary for eyeblink conditioning to occur.

Question 72

Removing the ______ abolishes conditioned responses.

A)pontine nuclei
B)cerebellar cortex
C)interpositus nucleus
D)inferior olive

Question 73

A conditioned eyeblink response can be produced by stimulating the:

A)inferior olive as the CS
B)inferior olive as the US
C)pontine nuclei as the CS.
D)both the inferior olive and the pontine nuclei as the CS.

Question 74

Which of the following is true regarding the Rescorla-Wagner model?

A)It provides a good account of learning in the hippocampus but not in the cerebellum.
B)It provides a good account of learning in the cerebellum but not in the hippocampus.
C)It provides a good account of learning in the cerebellum and in the hippocampus.
D)It does not provide a good account of learning in either the cerebellum or in the hippocampus.

Question 75

In mammals,the two sites where information about the CS-US association can be stored in the cerebellum are the _____ and the _____.

A)pontine nuclei;interpositus nucleus
B)pontine nuclei;inferior olive
C)Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex;inferior olive
D)Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex;interpositus nucleus

Question 76

The final exit point of CR information from the cerebellum is/are the:

A)Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex.
B)interpositus nucleus.
C)inferior olive.
D)motor cortex.

Question 77

Classical conditioning in aplysia appears to involve:

A)short-term changes in the number of synapses,and long-term intracellular changes.
B)long-term changes in the number of synapses,and short-term intracellular changes.
C)short-term changes both in the number of synapses and within the cells.
D)long-term changes both in the number of synapses and within the cells.

Question 78

Which of the following does NOT require the cerebellum in a classical conditioning experiment?

A)the unconditioned stimulus
B)the conditioned stimulus
C)the unconditioned response
D)the conditioned response

Question 79

When a conditioned eyeblink response is learned using brain stimulation,the CR is:

A)learned more quickly than when an air puff is used.
B)learned more slowly than when an air puff is used.
C)learned at the same rate as when an air puff is used.
D)not able to be learned at all.

Question 80

If an air puff US is delivered to an untrained rabbit,what happens in the cerebellum?

A)There is no activity in the interpositus nucleus,and no UR to the air puff.
B)There is no activity in the interpositus nucleus,but there is a UR to the air puff.
C)There is activity in the interpositus nucleus,and there is a UR to the air puff.
D)There is activity in the interpositus nucleus,but there is no UR to the air puff.