Deck 11: Major Minerals and Bone Health

Question 1

Which of the following does NOT decrease the bioavailability of calcium?

A)tannins
B)fibre
C)oxalates
D)starch

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When is calcium absorption highest?

A)in infancy.
B)in young adults.
C)in older adults.
D)in women after menopause.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is a consequence of the consumption of soft drinks?

A)It provides necessary nutrients.
B)It has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk.
C)It adds nutrient dense kcalories to the diet.
D)It is not of nutritional concern.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding minerals is TRUE?

A)Minerals are organic molecules.
B)Minerals can be structural components.
C)Minerals are destroyed by heat.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 5

Which mineral is found in varying amounts in food depending on the mineral's concentration in soil and water at the food's source?

A)calcium
B)iodine
C)magnesium
D)pyridoxine

Question 6

Which of the following compounds has NOT been found to interfere with absorption of a mineral needed by the body?

A)glutathione
B)oxalates
C)phytates
D)tannins

Question 7

What is the most abundant mineral found in the body?

A)Calcium
B)Sodium
C)Potassium
D)Water

Question 8

What is a consequence of replacing 250 ml (1 cup)of milk with 355 ml of a soft drink?

A)It decreases the amount of added sugar in the diet.
B)It increases the amount of protein in the diet.
C)It reduces calcium,vitamin A,vitamin D,and riboflavin intake.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 9

Which is the LEAST plentiful source of calcium?

A)carrots
B)eggs
C)sardines
D)yogurt

Question 10

The following minerals all compete with each other,which one exception.Which one?

A)calcium.
B)sodium.
C)copper.
D)zinc.

Question 11

Which statement about mineral supplements is FALSE?

A)Supplements can be toxic.
B)Supplements of one mineral can compromise the bioavailability of other minerals.
C)Supplements can help individuals meet their dietary needs.
D)Supplements should always be avoided.

Question 12

Which statement about vitamin D is CORRECT?

A)Vitamin D induces the synthesis of proteins needed for the active transport of calcium across the intestine.
B)Vitamin D induces the synthesis of proteins needed for the passive transport of calcium across the intestine.
C)Vitamin D is most necessary when calcium intake is high.
D)Adequate consumption of vitamin D increases the absorption of calcium to 50%.

Question 13

Which of the following statements regarding the absorption of calcium is FALSE?

A)Absorption of calcium decreases during pregnancy.
B)Taking large amounts of calcium supplements may interfere with absorption of copper and iron.
C)The presence of lactose enhances the rate of calcium absorption.
D)The presence of vitamin D enhances calcium absorption.

Question 14

What regulates the absorption of some minerals?

A)lipoproteins
B)antigens
C)transport proteins.
D)amino acids.

Question 15

What is the best dietary advice to ensure that all mineral requirements are met?

A)consume mainly fortified foods
B)consume mainly meat and alternatives
C)contain mainly grain products
D)consume foods from at all four food groups

Question 16

Which statement about the processing of foods is TRUE?

A)Processing destroys minerals.
B)The processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium,selenium,and zinc.
C)As the structure of foods is broken down,sodium is lost from processed foods.
D)Potassium is often added during food processing.

Question 17

Which statement describes the relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium?

A)If dietary calcium is low,both blood and bone levels will decline.
B)If dietary calcium is low,bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium.
C)If dietary calcium is low,blood calcium is sacrificed to maintain bone calcium.
D)Blood levels of calcium are a good indicator of the calcium status of bone.

Question 18

What happens as calcium intake increases?

A)the percentage absorbed declines.
B)active transport becomes more important.
C)more vitamin C is required.
D)more iron is absorbed.

Question 19

What determines whether an element is classified as a major mineral or as a trace element?

A)the amounts needed daily by the body.
B)where they are absorbed in the digestive tract.
C)how critical they are for metabolic processes.
D)where they are found on the periodic table.

Question 20

According to the CCAC,which population has the poorest intake,from food,of which nutrient?

A)women and calcium
B)women and magnesium
C)men and calcium
D)men and phosphorous

Question 21

What change in bone metabolism typically takes place as people enter their forties?

A)bone formation exceeds bone breakdown.
B)bone formation is equal to bone breakdown.
C)bone breakdown exceeds bone formation.
D)the skeleton is weak and fractures easily.

Question 22

What is the hard compact layer found on the surface of bones?

A)cortical bone
B)spongy bone
C)trabecular bone
D)both b & c

Question 23

Which is NOT a consequence of low calcium intake?

A)lower peak bone mass.
B)problems with cell communication and regulation.
C)increased bone loss in adults.
D)increased risk of osteoporosis.

Question 24

The RDA for calcium during lactation is the same as for a non-pregnant non-lactating woman.Why?

A)Newborns are quickly weaned off breast milk so the mother does not require very much additional calcium for milk production.
B)Calcium to support the growth of a newborn's skeleton is derived from the maternal skeleton and is quickly regained after weaning.
C)Calcium to support the growth of a newborn's skeleton is NOT derived from the maternal skeleton so additional calcium to maintain bone health is not required.
D)All the calcium required for the first 6 months of an infant's life is present in the skeleton at birth.

Question 25

Despite the fact that calcium is needed for fetal bone development,the RDA for pregnant and non-pregnant women is the same.Why?

A)the amount of required calcium is very small
B)calcium absorption is decreased during pregnancy
C)calcium absorption is increased during pregnancy
D)the use of calcium supplements is common among pregnant women

Question 26

Why,in 2010,did the IOM reduce the UL for calcium for adults over age 50?

A)there was too much interference with iron and zinc availability.
B)studies suggested this population was especially vulnerable to kidney stones.
C)this population has more post-menopausal women.
D)the long-term effects could possibly result in iron toxicity.

Question 27

Which is NOT a function of the parathyroid hormone?

A)increasing appetite for calcium-containing foods.
B)stimulating calcium release from bone.
C)reducing calcium excretion by the kidney.
D)activating vitamin D.

Question 28

What is the criterion used to set the RDA for calcium in young adults?

A)an amount that allows for the maintenance of bone health
B)an amount that allows for both the accretion of bone and the maintenance of bone health
C)an amount that prevents the development of osteoporosis
D)an amount that allows for the maintenance of blood calcium levels

Question 29

Which statement best describes the structure of bone?

A)The organic component is a protein framework and the mineral component is a calcium chloride crystal.
B)The organic matrix is composed of collagen and the mineral component is an hydroxyapatite crystal composed mainly of calcium and phosphorus.
C)The organic component is a hydroxyapatite compound and the mineral component is composed mainly of calcium and phosphorus,as well as small amounts of magnesium,sodium and fluoride.
D)The organic component is made mainly of the protein collagen and the mineral component is mainly calcium and magnesium.

Question 30

Why is it important to maximize calcium absorption during childhood?

A)To enable maximum vitamin D absorption and storage.
B)To prevent goiters,which arise from calcium deficiency.
C)To increase the amount of bone and potentially reduce the risk of osteoporosis later in life.
D)It is not important to maximize calcium absorption during childhood.

Question 31

Which is NOT a characteristic of the milk-alkali syndrome?

A)excessive use of calcium containing antacids.
B)high blood calcium.
C)the consumption of sweetened soft drinks.
D)calcification of the kidney leading to kidney failure.

Question 32

A group of adolescents were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group.The treatment group was given inulin to consume,while the control group was given a placebo.The effect of the inulin on calcium absorption and bone density was measured at the end of one year.The conclusion of the researchers was that inulin increased the bioavailability of calcium and improved bone health.How would you describe this study?

A)The study is an intervention trial in which calcium absorption increased in the treatment group;there was also an increase in bone density in the treatment group.
B)The study is an observational study in which a higher intake of inulin was associated with increased bone density.
C)The study is an intervention trial in which calcium absorption increased in the control group;there was also an increase in bone density in the control group.
D)The study is an intervention trial in which calcium absorption increased in the treatment group,but there NO increase in bone density in the treatment group.

Question 33

Which statement best distinguishes between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

A)Osteoblasts resorb bone;osteoclasts break down bone.
B)Osteoclasts build bone;osteoblasts consume bone.
C)Osteoblasts build bone;osteoclasts resorb bone
D)Osteoblasts consume bone;osteoclasts consume bone.

Question 34

Which statement about osteoporosis is FALSE?

A)Osteoporosis causes a decrease in bone density.
B)Osteoporosis has no early symptoms.
C)Osteoporosis may result in a loss of height.
D)Osteoporosis is not as serious as osteopenia.

Question 35

The level of calcium in the blood is maintained within a narrow limit by two hormones.Which one raises blood calcium? Which one lowers blood calcium?

A)raises: calcitonin;lowers: aldosterone
B)raises: calcitonin;lowers: parathyroid hormone
C)raises: parathyroid hormone;lowers: calcitonin
D)raises: thyroid stimulating hormone;lowers: calcitonin

Question 36

What is peak bone mass?

A)highest bone mass within a given population.
B)maximum bone density attained at any time in life.
C)greatest amount of weight an individual's bone mass will support.
D)rate of bone formation during young adulthood.

Question 37

When is peak bone mass achieved?

A)in infancy.
B)in early childhood.
C)in young adulthood.
D)during menopause.

Question 38

This condition is characterized by a loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging.What is being described?

A)osteofissure.
B)osteomalacia.
C)osteoporosis.
D)osteopropensia.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium?

A)muscle contraction
B)ATP stabilization
C)blood pressure regulation
D)hormone secretion

Question 40

Which statement accurately describes tetany?

A)It occurs when the extracellular concentration of calcium is too high.
B)It causes muscles to contract.
C)It is never life-threatening.
D)It is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency.

Question 41

Bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis by what mechanism?

A)mimicking the action of estrogen.
B)inhibiting the action of osteoclasts.
C)encouraging weight gain.
D)providing more energy for exercise.

Question 42

Which other nutrients,in addition to calcium and vitamin D,have been identified as having a beneficial role in bone health?

A)vitamin C and oxalates
B)vitamin K,vitamin C,protein,and sodium
C)vitamin K,vitamin C,sodium,and magnesium
D)vitamin K,vitamin C,protein,and magnesium

Question 43

Which group could benefit from calcium supplements if calcium needs are NOT met with diet alone?

A)young people who have not yet achieved peak bone mass
B)post-menopausal women
C)people with decreased bone density
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 44

Which of the following does NOT reduce the risk of osteoporosis?

A)weight-bearing exercise.
B)very low body weight.
C)increased muscle mass.
D)high body weight and % body fat.

Question 45

With respect to osteoporosis risk,genetic factors are important determinants of which factors?

A)bone density.
B)bone size.
C)bone turnover.
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 46

How does bone loss in space differ from osteoporosis?

A)Space-related bone loss does not respond to weight-bearing exercise.
B)Astronauts who experience bone loss fully regain it on return to Earth,while bone loss from osteoporosis is not regained.
C)Vitamin D and calcium supplements are not useful for space-related bone loss.
D)None of the above.

Question 47

Which of the following is the major reason why women are at increased risk of osteoporosis,compared to men?

A)Women achieve a higher peak bone mass than men.
B)Bone breakdown is accelerated for a few years post-menopause.
C)Women experience higher rates of sacropenia.
D)Family history influences risk more in women than men.

Question 48

One of the finding of CaMOS was that a certain event increased the risk of an elderly person dying.What is the event?

A)having reduced mobility
B)having weakened muscles
C)suffering a bone fracture
D)suffering pneumonia

Question 49

Postmenopausal bone loss is primarily associated with decreased levels of which hormone?

A)aldosterone.
B)estrogen.
C)progesterone.
D)secretin.

Question 50

Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the relationship between smoking and drinking and osteoporosis risk?

A)Smoking increases risk while drinking decreases it.
B)Smoking and drinking both increase risk.
C)Smoking decreases risk while drinking increases it.
D)Smoking and drinking both decrease risk.

Question 51

Which of the following has been the most effective in decreasing post-menopausal bone loss?

A)fluoride treatment
B)hormone replacement therapy
C)increasing vitamin C consumption
D)vitamin A replacement therapy

Question 52

Which statement best describes the relationship between bone health and calcium consumption? Note: fracture threshold = bone density that is so low that bones will break readily

A)The accretion of calcium into bone occurs until early adulthood after which bone mass gradually declines.The greater the peak bone mass,the younger the age at which an individual reaches the fracture threshold.
B)The accumulation of calcium into bone occurs until early adulthood after which bone mass does not change.The exception of women,who experience a rapid decline in bone mass for the first five years after menopause.
C)The accumulation of calcium into bone occurs until early adulthood,after which bone mass does not change The lower the peak bone mass,the younger the age at which an individual reaches the fracture threshold.
D)The accretion of calcium into bone occurs until early adulthood after which bone mass gradually declines.The greater the peak bone mass,the older the age at which an individual reaches the fracture threshold.

Question 53

Which of the following has NOT been associated with a loss of bone mass in women?

A)alcohol consumption
B)weight training
C)high sodium intake
D)smoking

Question 54

Which statement regarding lactose intolerance is TRUE?

A)Lactose intolerance must be treated with calcium supplements to avoid osteoporosis.
B)Lactose intolerance means a person must completely avoid dairy products.
C)Using products treated with the lactase enzyme is usually not an effective treatment for lactose intolerance.
D)Fish bones and kale are non-lactose-containing sources of calcium.

Question 55

Which statement about age-related bone loss is TRUE?

A)Age-related bone loss occurs primarily in females.
B)Age-related bone loss is independent of nutrient intake.
C)Age-related bone loss proceeds occurs gradually after the age at which peak bone mass is attained.
D)Age-related bone loss is related to a decrease in calcium activation by the kidney.

Question 56

Which statement best distinguishes between calcium carbonate and calcium citrate?

A)Because it is soluble at neutral pH,calcium citrate can be consumed without food;calcium carbonate must be consumed with food to be well absorbed.
B)Calcium carbonate is more suitable for people with achlorohydria than calcium citrate.
C)Calcium carbonate is typically the more expensive of the two supplements.
D)Calcium citrate cannot be taken with food,while calcium carbonate can.

Question 57

Which of the following dietary changes would increase calcium intake without significantly increasing kcalorie intake?

A)adding olive oil to a kale salad
B)replacing a sweetened beverage with a glass of milk
C)decreasing consumption of red meats
D)adding an afternoon snack of carrots and celery sticks

Question 58

What is the purpose of the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos)?

A)to study how osteoporosis and bone fractures affect Canadians.
B)to determine factors that can prevent,detect,and treat osteoporosis
C)to publish studies on various aspects of osteoporosis
D)all of the above.

Question 59

Which factor would result in a reduced risk of osteoporosis?

A)increased osteoclast activity in the post-menopausal period.
B)decreased osteoclast activity in the post-menopausal period.
C)decreased osteoblast activity during youth,resulting in increased peak bone mass.
D)increased osteoclast activity during youth,resulting in increased peak bone mass.

Question 60

Osteoporosis results in the loss of what components of bone?

A)the mineral component only.
B)the organic component only.
C)both protein and hydroxyapatite.
D)calcium and phosphorus only.

Question 61

Phosphorous is essential for energy production since it is part of which molecule?

A)ATP.
B)NADH.
C)FADH_2.
D)DNA.

Question 62

Which is not a good sources of magnesium?

A)leafy green vegetables.
B)processed foods.
C)nuts.
D)whole grains.

Question 63

Which statement best describes the absorption of phosphorus?

A)increased absorption in phosphorus results in a corresponding increase in phosphorus levels in the blood
B)unlike calcium,absorption is NOT affected by vitamin D status
C)it is more efficient than calcium absorption and it not effected by the amount in the diet
D)it is less efficient than calcium absorption and increases with increased dietary intake.

Question 64

Which statement best distinguishes between the criterion of adequency used to set the EAR for phosphorus in adults and in children?

A)For adults the criterion is the amount required to maintain blood phosphorus levels,while for children the amount needed for bone and tissue growth is also included.
B)For children the criterion is the amount required to maintain blood phosphorus levels,while for adults the amount needed for bone and tissue growth is also included.
C)For adults the criterion is the amount required to minimize urinary excretion,while for children the amount needed for bone and tissue growth is also included.
D)For adults the criterion is the amount required to maintain bone health,while for children the amount needed for bone and tissue growth is also included.

Question 65

How do phytates,tannins,and oxalates affect the absorption of minerals?

Question 66

What is the recommended intake for sulfur (mg/d. )?

A)500
B)700
C)1,000
D)There is no recommended intake.

Question 67

Which statement concerning magnesium toxicity is FALSE?

A)Magnesium toxicity may occur with magnesium-containing laxatives or antacids.
B)Magnesium toxicity is characterized by high blood pressure.
C)Magnesium toxicity is more common in the elderly with impaired kidney function.
D)Magnesium toxicity may occur from supplements.

Question 68

Which of the following is a good source of phosphorous?

A)dairy
B)whole grains
C)nuts
D)All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 69

Compared to the non-pregnant state,the magnesium requirement for pregnancy is increased but there is no further increase during lactation.Why is this the case?

A)There is no increased need for magnesium during lactation because the infant is born with sufficient magnesium stores.
B)Any additional needs are met by magnesium release during bone resorption and decreased urinary excretion.
C)Magnesium absorption is increased during lactation.
D)Breast milk does not contain a lot of magnesium.

Question 70

Which of the following groups is LEAST at risk for phosphorous deficiency?

A)healthy adults
B)vegans
C)elderly
D)alcoholics

Question 71

Which statement concerning magnesium deficiency is FALSE?

A)Magnesium deficiency is common in the general population.
B)Magnesium deficiency symptoms include changes in heartbeat and blood pressure.
C)Magnesium deficiency can be caused by diuretics.
D)Magnesium deficiency is more common when gastrointestinal disease is present.

Question 72

Which compounds contain sulfur?

A)methionine,cysteine,thiamin and biotin.
B)glutathione
C)methionine and ATP
D)Both a and b

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT a major function of phosphorus in the body?

A)contributor to bone and teeth structure
B)constituent of DNA
C)acid-base buffer
D)regulation of blood pressure levels

Question 74

Where is most of the body's magnesium found?

A)the bones.
B)the blood.
C)intracellular fluid.
D)extracellular fluid.

Question 75

Which factors influenced the setting of the RDA for phosphorus over the various stages of life?

A)the amount needed to maintain normal blood phosphorus levels.
B)in children and teens,the amount needed for bone and tissue growth
C)the increase in absorption observed during pregnancy
D)all of the above

Question 76

How are blood levels of magnesium regulated?

A)absorption across the small intestine.
B)elimination in the feces
C)uptake by the liver
D)excretion or retention by the kidneys.

Question 77

"The maintenance of total body magnesium balance over time." What is being described?

A)the criterion on which the RDA for magnesium is based
B)the role of magnesium in bone health
C)the regulation of blood magnesium levels
D)the amount of magnesium found in soft tissue

Question 78

According to the CCHS,which statement best describes the intake,from food,of magnesium?

A)Many Canadians have intakes below the EAR.
B)Most Canadians have intakes above the RDA.
C)Magnesium is not a nutrient of concern.
D)Most Canadians are at risk of magnesium toxicity.

Question 79

Which is NOT a major functions of magnesium in the body?

A)blood clotting.
B)cofactor for several hundred enzymes.
C)division of growing cells.
D)maintenance of bones.

Question 80

Which statement about phosphorous is CORRECT?

A)Phosphorous toxicity is common in Canada because of the increase in the use of phosphorous containing food additives.
B)Phosphorous toxicity causes uncontrolled muscle contractions.
C)Phosphorous toxicity causes bone resorption.
D)Phosphorous toxicity increases the energy available to cells,leading to exhaustion.