Deck 7: Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence

Question 1

According to research on self-concept in children,which of the following aspects of self-concept is most closely tied to overall level of self-esteem?

A)Academic self-concept.
B)Social self-concept.
C)Athletic self-concept.
D)Physical appearance.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door.A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers.As they get closer,they see the clerk go inside the store.Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy,but she refuses.How would an individual in Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral reasoning explain Selena's behavior?

A)Selena didn't take the candy because she might get caught.
B)Selena didn't take the candy because it belonged to someone else.
C)Selena didn't take the candy because stealing is a violation of the moral rules of justice and fairness.
D)Selena didn't take the candy because it is not good for society when people steal from others.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

One factor that promotes self-esteem among minority group members is

A)a strong and positive racial or ethnic identity.
B)being a member of a smaller,rather than a larger,social group.
C)making social comparisons to members of other cultural groups.
D)increased use of reflected appraisals in constructions of self.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Critics of Gilligan's perspective on moral reasoning say that she has

A)overemphasized the importance of concern for others.
B)overemphasized the importance of gender differences in moral reasoning.
C)overemphasized the importance of rewards in moral reasoning.
D)overemphasized the importance of autonomy in moral reasoning.

Question 5

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door.A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers.As they get closer,they see the clerk go inside the store.Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy,but she refuses.How would Freud's theory explain Selena's behavior?

A)Selena identifies with her mother,who taught her that stealing is wrong.
B)Selena identifies with her father,who taught her that stealing is wrong.
C)Selena has not developed an adequate superego because of her age,so she just conforms to authority.
D)Selena has not developed an adequate superego because of her gender,so she just conforms to authority.

Question 6

People are generally motivated to evaluate themselves favorably in relation to others.This tendency is called a

A)self-comparison bias.
B)positive appraisal.
C)social comparison.
D)self-enhancing bias.

Question 7

Tim is doing poorly in math.Although he knows he's not a very good math student,it does not concern him greatly.He spends most of his time after school playing hockey,a sport at which he excels.Tim's 5th grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring,but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice.Furthermore,he reasons,two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does.Which of the following statements about Tim's self-esteem is most accurate?

A)Tim's global self-esteem is likely to be high because he excels in an area of importance to him.
B)Tim's global self-esteem is likely to be low because he is failing in an important academic area.
C)Tim's global self-esteem is higher in the academic than in the nonacademic area.
D)Tim's global self-esteem is higher in the non-academic than in the academic area.

Question 8

Billy's babysitter takes him to the park every day where he can play with other preschoolers.When Billy falls or gets hurt,his babysitter soothes him until he feels better.One day Dwayne,another preschool child,falls from the swings.Billy looks concerned and rushes over to help.Then Billy tells his babysitter that Dwayne got hurt.According to research,Billy's prosocial behavior is strongly related to Billy's experience of

A)empathy and sympathy.
B)guilt.
C)anxiety.
D)interest.

Question 9

Caring for others is an example of a ____________,while using a proper form of address,such as Mister or Miss,is an example of a ____________.

A)conventional rule / personal rule.
B)moral rule / conventional rule.
C)moral rule / personal rule.
D)conventional rule / moral rule.

Question 10

Tim is doing poorly in math.Although he knows he's not a very good math student,it does not concern him greatly.He spends most of his time after school playing hockey,a sport at which he excels.Tim's 5^th grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring,but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice.Furthermore,he reasons,two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does.Which of the following statements about Tim's self-concept is most accurate?

A)Tim's self-concept is low because thinks poorly of himself in math.
B)Tim's self-concept is high because he thinks he is good in athletics.
C)Tim's self-concept reflects some understanding of his strengths and weaknesses.
D)Tim's self-concept is undifferentiated because of his age.

Question 11

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door.A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers.As they get closer,they see the clerk go inside the store.Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy,but she refuses.According to Gilligan's theory,how would Selena,if she were an adult,most likely explain why she chose not to steal?

A)Selena would explain that her mother taught her that stealing is wrong.
B)Selena would explain that it is important to conform to authority.
C)Selena would explain that she does not steal because she believes in universal laws of justice.
D)Selena would explain that she does not steal because stealing is wrong and because it would cause harm to the shop owner.

Question 12

Ms.Jackson,a middle school counselor,is concerned about the special problems girls face at adolescence.Consider the research evidence for gender differences in self-esteem at this period of development.Which of the following interventions would be most productive?

A)Restructure the curriculum to teach subjects from a feminist perspective in order to empower girls.
B)Respond more favorably to initiatives developed by girls in the school,giving them priority over boys' initiatives to redress past inequality.
C)Conduct group counseling sessions for all female students as a preventive intervention for eating disorders and depression.
D)Provide opportunities,modeling,and support for both girls and boys to select courses and activities that could be considered non-traditional with regard to gender.

Question 13

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door.A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers.As they get closer,they see the clerk go inside the store.Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy,but she refuses.How would an individual in Kohlberg's conventional stage of moral reasoning explain Selena's behavior?

A)Selena didn't take the candy because she might get caught.
B)Selena didn't take the candy because it belonged to someone else.
C)Selena didn't take the candy because stealing is a violation of the moral rules of justice and fairness.
D)Selena didn't take the candy because it is not good for society when people steal from others.

Question 14

Tim is doing poorly in math.Although he knows he's not a very good math student,it does not concern him greatly.He spends most of his time after school playing hockey,a sport at which he excels.Tim's 5th grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring,but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice.Furthermore,he reasons,two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does.Which intrapersonal process seems to be serving to enhance Tim's self-esteem?

A)Tim's self-criticism.
B)Tim's self-monitoring of his performance.
C)Tim's perspective-taking skills.
D)Tim's downward social comparison.

Question 15

Tim is doing poorly in math.Although he knows he's not a very good math student,it does not concern him greatly.He spends most of his time after school playing hockey,a sport at which he excels.Tim's 5th grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring,but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice.Furthermore,he reasons,two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does.Which of the following approaches would you recommend Tim's teacher use with him?

A)Try to help Tim gain a more realistic perspective about his weaknesses in math and help him learn the skills he needs to succeed.
B)Try to enhance his academic self-esteem by giving him unconditional positive regard.
C)Encourage him to focus his attention on sports because that's where his talents are.
D)Provide reflected appraisals of positive warmth and encouragement for his efforts in math,regardless of the quality of his efforts.

Question 16

Individuals with low levels of self-esteem would be more likely than those with high self-esteem to

A)have higher levels of moral reasoning.
B)go along with peers even when they do not agree.
C)force other people to conform to their wishes.
D)lack impulse control.

Question 17

Individuals with high levels of self-esteem would be more likely than those with low self-esteem to

A)obey authority figures.
B)try to be liked by members of a peer group.
C)be assertive about expressing something they believe in.
D)have higher levels of moral reasoning.

Question 18

Mr.Sanderson is a 1^st grade teacher.He believes in fostering children's tolerance for others,encouraging fairness,and promoting cooperative behavior.One of his classroom jobs involves leading the lunch line to the school cafeteria,a coveted role among the students.Vanessa has been line leader of the week.It is now the last day of the week and Mr.Sanderson asks Vanessa to allow Jeremy,a brand new student,a chance to lead the line.Mr.Sanderson is upset with Vanessa when she refuses because he feels she is not being kind.What is the best explanation for Vanessa's behavior?

A)At this age,Vanessa is at the premoral stage of prosocial behavior and is unconcerned about other children in the class.
B)At this age,Vanessa can engage in needs-based reasoning but may still have difficulty weighing the needs of others against to her own.
C)At this age,Vanessa recognizes that she has a duty to share,and her selfishness will probably lead to social problems.
D)At this age,Vanessa can not engage in needs-based reasoning so she is unaware that she is being selfish.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true with respect to moral development?

A)Children's reasoning about moral issues does not progress in stages.
B)Children's ability to reason about moral dilemmas in conventional ways is common among children in late preschool years.
C)Many adults reach the point where they reason about moral issues using universal ethical standards.
D)Children's moral behavior is always coordinated with their level of moral reasoning.

Question 20

Which of the following is a temperamental characteristic that is associated with prosocial behavior?

A)Low social anxiety.
B)Popularity among peers.
C)Coherent self-concept.
D)Intelligence.

Question 21

It is generally a best practice for counselors to approach working with youngsters who demonstrate anger,noncompliance,and aggression in which of the following ways?

A)First assess level of academic ability because these children might be demonstrating underlying learning difficulties.
B)Use nondirective and supportive counseling strategies to enhance the child's sense of self-esteem.
C)Use guided imagery so that children can access motivations for anger and aggressive behavior.
D)Provide structure and a clear set of guidelines for appropriate behavior while seeking to enhance social competence.

Question 22

A person who perceives neutral events as containing aggressive or threatening meaning is said to possess a

A)social information processing tendency.
B)hostile attributional bias.
C)coercive family interaction style.
D)hypervigilant attentional process.

Question 23

Should character education be taught in school? Identify the pros and cons of this strategy.,

Question 24

Levels of social cognitive ____________ do not always match _____________.

A)reasoning / behavior
B)attributions / behavior
C)behavior / biases
D)attributions / reasoning
Chapter 7 Essay Questions
See answer key for potential essay answers)

Question 25

Develop a case study that reflects the development of an aggressive disorder.,

Question 26

What advice would you give to parents who want to develop prosocial behavior in their children? ,

Question 27

A "skills first" approach to mental health problems refers to an approach that

A)enhances self-esteem in order to bolster competence,because competence is seen as a by-product of feeling good.
B)emphasizes social skills over behavior management.
C)emphasizes competence before performance.
D)enhances competence in order to bolster self-esteem,because feeling good is seen as a by-product of doing well.

Question 28

Schulman 2002)defines morality as composed of three interlocking systems,including

A)sympathy,moral reasoning,and identification with authority.
B)empathy,identification with moral others,and standards of right and wrong.
C)rational competence,emotional competence,and identification with authority.
D)moral feeling,moral reasoning,and moral action.

Question 29

The ability to restrain or redirect a strong impulse in order to perform a less-preferred response is called

A)emotional reactivity.
B)positive regulation.
C)conscience-oriented behavior.
D)effortful control

Question 30

Peter,who is an aggressive 11-year-old,is referred to the counselor because of a recent episode of fighting on the bus.When asked to explain what happened,Peter said that he had to sit next to a girl who was laughing with her friend across the aisle about the "stupid kids in school." Enraged by this,Peter pushed her head into the window.What is the most likely explanation for Peter's aggressive reaction?

A)Peter was highly agitated by the girls' conversation and lacks self-control.
B)Peter probably learned aggressive behavior at home.
C)Peter has a hostile attribution bias and assumed the girls' mean comments were about him.
D)Peter acts first and thinks later.

Question 31

Write a response to a parent who believes that constantly comparing a child to other,perhaps more accomplished or talented,children is a good way to motivate that child to achieve more and become stronger.,

Question 32

Charles was a temperamentally irritable baby who was difficult for his parents to handle.Now at 6,he is showing behavior problems in school.He has not mastered his alphabet letters and gives up easily.Charles' parents also have difficulty making rules stick with him at home.They remember how easy their other two children were to raise and now have less patience with their youngest son.Based on research,which of the following characteristics is least likely to be related to Charles' conduct problems?

A)Weaknesses in verbal skills.
B)Birth order.
C)Coercive family interaction.
D)Difficult temperament.

Question 33

Self-esteem has been mistakenly touted as the "holy grail" of mental health,and this has meant that

A)many preventive and remedial efforts have focused directly on improving low self-esteem.
B)many therapeutic approaches employ social cognitive strategies to improve social skills.
C)many therapists have focused too much on the importance of their own self-esteem.
D)preventative efforts have never embraced a "skills first" approach.

Question 34

Peter,who is an aggressive 11-year-old,is referred to the counselor because of a recent episode of fighting on the bus.When asked to explain what happened,Peter said that he had to sit next to a girl who was laughing with her friend across the aisle about the "stupid kids in school." Enraged by this,Peter pushed her head into the window.Where is the error in Peter's social information processing about this situation?

A)Peter interprets cues incorrectly,and assumes the girls' comments are referring to him.
B)Peter did not clarify his goals in the situation,and assumed the girls' comments are referring to him.
C)Peter did not encode the social information into long-term memory.
D)Peter did not evaluate the girls' comments against what he knows about his behavior.

Question 35

A counselor is concerned about a clients' self-esteem.Which of the following provides a research-based rationale for this concern?

A)High levels of self-esteem directly reduce the risk of mental health problems
B)Low levels of self-esteem cause people to act incompetently.
C)Low levels of self-esteem are related to negative attributions about one's self,which are related to depression.
D)High levels of self-esteem protect against oppositional behavior.