Deck 14: The Main-Group Elements: Applying Principles of Bonding and Structure

Question 1

Which of the following elements exists in allotropic forms?

A)silicon
B)germanium
C)carbon
D)lead
E)xenon

Answer 1

carbon

Question 2

What are the products of the reaction of potassium hydride and water?
KH(s)+ H₂O(l) $\to$

A)K(s)+ H₂(g)+ OH^-(aq)
B)K(s)+ H₂(g)+ O₂(g)
C)KOH(s)+ O₂(g)
D)K⁺(aq)+ H₂(g)+ O₂(g)
E)K⁺(aq)+ H₂(g)+ OH^-(aq)

Answer 2

K⁺(aq)+ H₂(g)+ OH^-(aq)

Question 3

One important feature of the chemistry of carbon is

A)its large radius that allows other atoms to fit easily around it.
B)its low electronegativity that allows it to ionize easily.
C)its amphoteric behavior.
D)its ability to form multiple bonds with hydrogen.
E)its ability to catenate.

Answer 3

its ability to catenate.

Question 4

Which of the following oxides will be the most acidic?

A)Al₂O₃
B)Ga₂O₃
C)In₂O₃
D)Tl₂O₃
E)None of these oxides is acidic.

Question 5

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants.
Mg(s)+ Cl₂(g) $\to$

A)MgCl(s)
B)MgCl₂(s)
C)MgCl(l)
D)MgCl₂(l)
E)MgCl₂(aq)

Question 6

Unlike the remainder of the Group 1A(1)elements,lithium forms many salts that have some covalent bond character.What is a reason for this behavior?

A)The high first ionization energy of lithium makes sharing the electron easier than transferring it.
B)The high charge density on the lithium cation deforms nearby polarizable electron clouds.
C)The atomic radius of lithium enables it to share its valence electron effectively.
D)Since lithium has only 1 electron in its 2s orbital,it can accept an electron from another element.
E)Lithium's electronegativity is more like that of a non-metal than a metal.

Question 7

Most of the alkali metal salts are soluble in water while many alkaline earth salts have very low solubilities.Why is this so?

A)The alkali metal cations are smaller than the alkaline earth cations and are more easily hydrated.
B)The alkali metals have lower ionization energies than alkaline earth elements.
C)The alkaline earth salts have much greater lattice energies than the alkali metal salts.
D)The alkaline earth metals have greater heats of atomization than the alkali metals.
E)Alkaline earth cations have very low heats of hydration.

Question 8

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants.
Ca(s)+ H₂(g) $\to$

A)CaH(s)
B)CaH₂(s)
C)Ca₂H₃(s)
D)Ca₃H₂(s)
E)None of these choices is correct.

Question 9

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants.
Sr(s)+ H₂O(l) $\to$

A)SrO(s)+ H₂(g)
B)Sr²⁺(aq)+ H₂(g)+ O₂(g)
C)Sr²⁺(aq)+ H₃O⁺(aq)
D)Sr²⁺(aq)+ OH^-(aq)+ H₂(g)
E)SrH₂(s)+ O₂(g)

Question 10

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants.
CaO(s)+ H₂O(l) $\to$

A)Ca²⁺(aq)+ OH^-(aq)+ H₂(g)
B)Ca²⁺(aq)+ H₂(g)+ O₂(g)
C)Ca²⁺(aq)+ H₃O⁺(aq)
D)Ca(OH)₂(s)
E)CaH₂(s)+ O₂(g)

Question 11

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants.
BaO(s)+ CO₂(g) $\to$

A)BaCO₃(s)
B)Ba(s)+ CO(g)+ O₂(g)
C)BaO₂(s)+ CO(g)
D)Ba₂CO₃(s)
E)BaC₂(s)+ O₂(g)

Question 12

Predict the products for the following set of reactants.
Li(s)+ CH₃Cl(g) $\to$

A)CH₃CH₃(g)+ LiCl(s)
B)CH₄(g)+ LiCl(s)
C)CH₃Li(s)+ LiCl(s)
D)CH₃Li(s)+ Cl₂(g)
E)CH₂Li(s)+ HCl(g)

Question 13

What are the products of the reaction of strontium hydride and water?
SrH₂(s)+ H₂O(l) $\to$

A)Sr²⁺(aq)+ H₂(g)+ O₂(g)
B)Sr²⁺(aq)+ H₂(g)+ OH^-(aq)
C)Sr(s)+ H₂(g)+ OH^-(aq)
D)Sr(s)+ H₃O⁺(aq)
E)None of these choices is correct.

Question 14

Predict the products for the following set of reactants.
Li(s)+ H₂O(l) $\to$

A)Li⁺(aq)+ H₂(g)+ O₂(g)
B)Li⁺(aq)+ H₂(g)+ OH^-(aq)
C)LiH(s)+ O₂(g)
D)Li⁺(aq)+ H₂O₂(aq)
E)LiOH(aq)+ H₂O₂(aq)

Question 15

Thallium can form two oxides,Tl₂O and Tl₂O₃.Which will be the more basic substance?

A)Tl₂O
B)Tl₂O₃
C)They have the same strength as bases.
D)Neither compound has any acidic or basic properties.
E)More information is needed to make an accurate prediction.

Question 16

Which one of the following elements is likely to exhibit the most violent and rapid reaction with water?

A)Na
B)Rb
C)Mg
D)Sr
E)Cl₂

Question 17

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants.
MgCO₃(s)+ heat $\to$

A)Mg(s)+ CO(g)
B)Mg(s)+ CO₂(g)
C)MgO(s)+ CO(g)
D)MgO(s)+ CO₂(g)
E)no reaction

Question 18

In which of the following ways is lithium different from the other alkali metals?

A)Its salts are much more soluble in water than those of the other alkali metals.
B)It has an unusually high density.
C)It forms molecular compounds with the hydrocarbon groups of organic halides.
D)Its ionization energy is lower than expected.
E)It does not react with water at room temperature.

Question 19

Boron has 3 valence electrons.Which of the following processes is involved in boron's achieving a complete outer shell?

A)formation of a B³⁺ cation
B)formation of bridge bonds
C)formation of $\pi$ -bonds using its d-orbitals
D)formation of $\pi$ -bonds using sp³-orbitals
E)None of these choices is correct.

Question 20

The elements from Groups 1A(1)and 2A(2)are

A)strong acids.
B)strong bases.
C)amphoteric.
D)strong oxidizing agents.
E)strong reducing agents.

Question 21

Name two different classes (types)of hydride.

Question 22

Dinitrogen monoxide,N₂O,is

A)a brown poisonous gas that is one of the chemicals involved in the production of photochemical smog.
B)a colorless gas used in the production of nitric acid.
C)a colorless gas used as an aerosol propellant.
D)a colorless gas that disproportionates into nitrogen and oxygen.
E)None of these choices is correct.

Question 23

Which,if any,of the following generalized formulas does not exist for interhalogen compounds? (X and Y represent different halogens. )

A)XY
B)XY₂
C)XY₃
D)XY₅
E)All the above can represent stable interhalogen compounds.

Question 24

Predict the products for the following set of reactants.
PCl₃(l)+ H₂O(l) $\to$

A)H₃PO₃(aq)+ HCl(aq)
B)H₃PO₄(aq)+ Cl₂(g)
C)PH₃(g)+ HCl(aq)+ O₂(g)
D)P₂O₅(s)+ HCl(aq)
E)PCl₅(l)+ PH₃(g)+ O₂(g)

Question 25

The halogens are

A)strong oxidizing agents.
B)strong reducing agents.
C)strong acids.
D)strong bases.
E)amphoteric.

Question 26

Predict the products for the following set of reactants.
Bi(s)+ Cl₂(g) $\to$

A)BiCl
B)BiCl₂
C)BiCl₃
D)BiCl₄
E)BiCl₅

Question 27

The chemical that ranks first in production among all industrial chemicals is

A)NH₃,ammonia.
B)H₃PO₄,phosphoric acid.
C)NaOH,sodium hydroxide.
D)Na₂CO₃,sodium carbonate.
E)H₂SO₄,sulfuric acid.

Question 28

Predict the products formed from the following set of reactants.
FeSe(s)+ HCl(aq) $\to$

A)Se(s)+ FeCl₂(aq)
B)SeCl₂(s)+ Fe(s)+ H₂(g)
C)FeH₂(s)+ SeCl₂(l)
D)H₂Se(g)+ Fe(s)+ Cl₂(g)
E)H₂Se(g)+ FeCl₂(aq)

Question 29

Certain Period 2 elements exhibit behaviors similar to Period 3 elements immediately below and to the right.One of the interesting diagonal relationships occurs between boron and silicon.Which of the following is one of their similarities?

A)Both exhibit electrical properties of a conductor.
B)The oxoanions of both elements occur in extended ionic networks.
C)Both elements form compounds (boranes and silanes)that are good oxidizing agents.
D)Both elements are metalloids.
E)Both elements are unusually soft solids.

Question 30

Predict the products for the following set of reactants.
Cs(s)+ Br₂(l) $\to$

A)CsBr(s)
B)CsBr₂(s)
C)CsBr(l)
D)CsBr₂(l)
E)Cs₂Br(s)

Question 31

Which of the following oxides is most basic?

A)As₂O₃
B)P₄O₁₀
C)Sb₂O₃
D)Sb₂O₅
E)NO₂

Question 32

The polymers containing silicon differ from polymers of carbon in which of the following ways?

A)Silicon-based polymers are larger molecules than carbon-based polymers.
B)Silicon-based polymers generally have a repeating silicon-oxygen link while carbon-based polymers can have carbon-carbon links.
C)Silicon-based polymers generally have inorganic elements attached to the chain while carbon-based polymers generally have organic groups attached.
D)Silicon-based polymers tend to be rigid while carbon-based polymers are generally flexible.
E)Silicon forms stronger bonds than carbon.

Question 33

Which of the following has the most allotropes?

A)carbon
B)sulfur
C)oxygen
D)selenium
E)nitrogen

Question 34

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the properties of nitrogen and oxygen?

A)Both oxygen and nitrogen form anions easily.
B)Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent while nitrogen is a strong reducing agent.
C)Nitrogen uses more oxidation states in its compounds than oxygen does.
D)Nitrogen is more reactive than oxygen.
E)Nitrogen does not form naturally-occurring compounds,but oxygen does.

Question 35

Certain Period 2 elements exhibit behaviors similar to Period 3 elements immediately below and to the right.One of these interesting diagonal relationships occurs between lithium and magnesium.Which of the following is one of their similarities?

A)They both form insoluble carbonate salts.
B)Both elements are important in treating manic-depression.
C)Their first ionization energies are almost equal.
D)Their densities are very similar.
E)They both form organic compounds with polar covalent bonds from the metal to hydrocarbon group.

Question 36

Predict the molecular shape of XeF₃^-.

A)linear
B)trigonal planar
C)trigonal pyramid
D)T-shaped
E)square

Question 37

Certain Period 2 elements exhibit behaviors similar to Period 3 elements immediately below and to the right.One of these interesting diagonal relationships occurs between beryllium and aluminum.Which of the following is one of their differences?

A)Some aluminum compounds and all beryllium compounds show significant covalent character in the gas phase.
B)Beryllium forms bridge bonds in its hydrides while aluminum does not.
C)Both form oxides that are impervious to reaction with water.
D)The cations for both strongly polarize nearby electron clouds.
E)Beryllium occurs in nature as the uncombined element,whereas aluminum does not.

Question 38

Predict the products for the following set of reactants.
Ca₃As₂(s)+ H₂O(l) $\to$

A)As³⁺(aq)+ Ca(OH)₂(aq)
B)As(OH)₃(s)+ Ca²⁺(aq)+ H₂(g)
C)As(OH)₃(s)+ Ca(OH)₂(aq)
D)AsH₃(g)+ Ca(OH)₂(aq)
E)CaH₂(aq)+ As₂O₃(aq)

Question 39

The nitrate anion is

A)a strong acid.
B)a strong base.
C)amphoteric.
D)a strong reducing agent.
E)a strong oxidizing agent.

Question 40

Predict the products for the following set of reactants.
Cl₂(g)+ I^-(aq) $\to$

A)ICl
B)ICl₂
C)ICl₃
D)I₂ + Cl^-
E)I + Cl₂^-

Question 41

The Haber process is the first step in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.

Question 42

Identify by number (1A-8A)the main-group of the periodic table to which the described element (X)belongs,in each of the following cases.
a.X commonly forms the ion X^2-.
b.X reacts with water according to the equation
X(s)+ 2H₂O(l) $\to$ X(OH)₂(aq)+ H₂(g)
c.X exists as molecules,X₂;its hydride has the formula HX.
d.X is a metal which reacts with oxygen to produce the peroxide,X₂O₂.

Question 43

Write balanced equations,showing all reactants and products,to represent
a.the reaction of lithium metal with oxygen to form lithium oxide.
b.the formation of ammonia in the Haber process.

Question 44

If an alkali metal is represented by the symbol M,what is the formula of
a.the oxide of M?
b.the peroxide of M?
c.the superoxide of M?

Question 45

In the gas phase,AlCl₃ exists as molecules of Al₂Cl₆.

Question 46

Potassium is a strong reducing agent.

Question 47

The following statements applies to an element or elements from one of the main groups (1A through 8A).Identify the group number appropriate to each of the statements.
a.This group contains the element with the lowest ionization potential of any element.
b.The maximum oxidation number of any element in this group is +5.

Question 48

Name the three allotropes of carbon and briefly describe their properties and structures.

Question 49

Neon does not form any known compounds.

Question 50

Consider the oxides XO₂,where X is one of the first 20 elements.Identify X in each of the following cases:
a.XO₂ is a natural component of the atmosphere,whose buildup is implicated in climate change.
b.XO₂ is a toxic,brown gas which is a serious air pollutant.
c.XO₂ is a colorless,toxic gas formed during the combustion of coal.
d.XO₂ is network solid;the element X itself is also a network solid.

Question 51

Write balanced equations,showing all reactants and products,to represent
a.roasting of limestone (CaCO₃)to give lime.
b.tetraphosphorus decaoxide (P₄O₁₀)reacting with water to produce phosphoric acid.

Question 52

Ionic hydrides do not have exact (stoichiometric)formulas.

Question 53

The halogens act as oxidizing agents in most of their reactions.

Question 54

Potassium nitrate is a strong reducing agent.

Question 55

Carbon monoxide's toxicity is related to its ability to bond to iron in hemoglobin.

Question 56

Write balanced equations,showing all reactants and products,to represent
a.the reaction of calcium metal with water.
b.the reaction of aluminum metal with oxygen gas.

Question 57

Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄)is a strong acid.

Question 58

Sulfuric acid is produced when sulfur dioxide dissolves in water.