Deck 30: Rare Earth Elements: a Bevy of Unfamiliar Minerals Are Crucial for Our Everyday

Question 1

In the United States, which of the following are predominantly raised in CAFOs?

A) cattle
B) pigs
C) chickens
D) A, B, and C
E) Only A and B

Answer 1

A, B, and C

Question 2

According to researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health, increased consumption of __________ increases one's risk of dying.

A) chicken
B) tuna
C) red meat
D) turkey
E) nonmeat sources of protein

Answer 2

red meat

Question 3

Describe why some scientists have suggested that feeding cattle a corn-rich diet has resulted in selecting for the development of E. coli strain O₁₅₇:H₇.

Answer 3

Cattle are not adapted to digest corn. A corn-rich diet disturbs the animal's stomach lining and makes the gut more acidic. In this acidic environment, the growth of bacteria normally found in the gut is reduced in favor of bacteria that are more acid-tolerant. The E. coli strain O₁₅₇:H₇ is such an acid-tolerant bacterium. Thus, this selection event, along with other factors, may have contributed to its increased success in cattle.

Question 4

Infographic 30.2

Refer to Infographic 30.2. Explain the relationship between red meat consumption and mortality. In designing a study to test this relationship, what other variables that affect mortality would need to be controlled for (taken into account) to avoid confounding the results?

Question 5

The __________________ refers to the amount of edible food that is produced per unit of feed input.

A) output per input ratio
B) feed conversion ratio
C) product per feed ratio
D) feed footprint
E) weight per time ratio

Question 6

Infographic 30.2

According to Infographic 30.2, in 2005 China's annual per capita meat consumption was:

A) 5000 kilograms/year.
B) 125 kilograms/year.
C) 60 kilograms/year.
D) 20 kilograms/year.
E) The information cannot be determined from this infographic.

Question 7

Which of the following is least efficient and slowest at converting the food it eats into body mass?

A) CAFO-reared cattle
B) grass-fed cattle
C) chickens
D) pigs
E) salmon

Question 8

Overconsumption of meat has been associated with which of the following?

A) diabetes
B) some cancers
C) cardiovascular disease
D) A, B, and C
E) only A and C

Question 9

Affluence is best described as:

A) diet.
B) wealth.
C) poverty.
D) consumption.
E) demand.

Question 10

Infographic 30.5

According to Infographic 30.5, the incidence of E. coli foodborne illness in the United States has trended toward the set goal of no more than 0.6 cases per 100,000. What are some preharvest and postharvest strategies used in the beef industry to reduce E. coli contamination?

Question 11

Infographic 30.2

According to Infographic 30.2, a country with a per capita gross domestic product of 20,000 U.S.$ PPP would most likely have a per capita meat consumption near:

A) 2000 kilograms/year.
B) 80 kilograms/year.
C) 100 kilograms/year.
D) 70 kilograms/year.
E) The information cannot be determined from this infographic.

Question 12

According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, CAFOs produce more than _____ of all our animal food and account for _________ of all animal farms.

A) 50%; 5%
B) 75%; 50%
C) 50%; 50%
D) 90%; 90%
E) 25%; 50%

Question 13

Infographic 30.2

Infographic 30.2 tells us that eating one red meat serving per day ___________ compared with those who ate no red meat.

A) increases the risk of dying by 50%
B) has no effect on the risk of dying
C) decreases the risk of dying by about 25%
D) increases the risk of dying by about 25%
E) increases the risk of dying by about 1.25%

Question 14

___________ affects diet by increasing the demand for animal food products.

A) Affluence
B) A food recall
C) Eating lower on the food chain
D) Use of antibiotics
E) Poverty

Question 15

In America, CAFOs have enabled all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the ability to grow many thousands more food animals.
B) increased availability of inexpensive meat to people of rising affluence.
C) cheaper fruits and vegetables.
D) increased availability of inexpensive meat to low-income individuals.
E) increased accessibility of meat to all people.

Question 16

According to most health experts, meat and dairy products are valuable sources of:

A) carbohydrates.
B) nucleic acids.
C) triglycerides.
D) proteins.
E) starches.

Question 17

The U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends that all ground meat be cooked to an internal temperature of _____°F.

A) 98.6
B) 100
C) 140
D) 160
E) 200

Question 18

How would bacterial contamination of steak differ from that of ground beef? How does the U.S. Department of Agriculture recommend ground meat be cooked?

Question 19

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs):

A) allow more beef to be produced with fewer animals.
B) require less grazing land per animal.
C) reduce the need for antibiotic application.
D) A, B, and C are correct.
E) Only choices A and B are correct.

Question 20

Infographic 30.2

According to Infographic 30.2, what is the relationship between income and consumption of meat for most nations? How is Japan different? Why do you think Japan is an outlier?

Question 21

Which of the following is a benefit of intense mechanized feedlot farming relative to traditional open-pasture farms?

A) Animals receive a highly diverse food supply.
B) Manure is easily harvested to be sold as fertilizer.
C) The amount of land required is minimized.
D) A, B, and C are correct.
E) Only choices B and C are correct.

Question 22

What do proponents claim as benefits to meat from free-range, grass-fed animals?

A) increased level of omega-3 fatty acids
B) less saturated fat
C) animals themselves don't get as fat as feedlot animals
D) both A and B
E) all of these answers

Question 23

If you pick up a package at the grocery store and it says "grass-fed beef," what does that mean?

A) The cows in the CAFOs were fed grass instead of grain.
B) The cows have adapted, through several generations at the same farm, to digest grass instead of grain.
C) The cows are allowed to roam free and graze on pasture lands.
D) The cows eat grass and quickly gain weight, making the meat very tender.
E) Since they are grass-fed, the cows have also been given high amounts of antibiotics.

Question 24

The 2020 national health objective for E. coli strain O157:H7 is no more than 0.6 cases per _____________ people.

A) 100
B) 1,000
C) 10,000
D) 100,000
E) 1 million

Question 25

Describe why antibiotic resistance is likely to emerge as a result of raising livestock in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) where antibiotics are included in feed.

Question 26

Do sustainable animal rearing methods address the disadvantages of CAFOs?

Question 27

On a(n) _________ farm, chickens follow cows onto a pasture to consume fly larvae on manure, so the flies do not hatch and bother the cows.

A) monoculture
B) polyculture
C) feed-lot
D) industrial
E) CAFO

Question 28

Grass-fed animals can be brought to market much more quickly than CAFO animals.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of grass-fed beef?

A) Animal sickness is less of a problem.
B) The meat has more omega-3 fatty acids.
C) There is a reduced need for antibiotics.
D) The animals gain weight nearly as rapidly as feedlot animals do.
E) None of these answers are correct.

Question 30

What are some advantages and disadvantages to feeding cattle grains instead of grass?

Question 31

How much of the corn produced in the United States is used as animal feed?

A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 55%
D) 60%
E) 75%

Question 32

Do you think sustainable animal rearing methods can supply enough meat and other animal products to meet the current levels of demand for such items in the United States? Based on your answer, do you think this is a bad thing?

Question 33

What is a result from raising animals in CAFOs?

A) loss of biodiversity
B) antibiotic resistance
C) habitat destruction
D) air and water pollution
E) all of these answers

Question 34

What is a polyculture farm?

A) a farm that rears different species of animals together
B) a farm that grows different species of crops together
C) a farm that has a set rotation schedule for animal feedings in particular areas and growth schedules for crops
D) a farm that relies less on fertilizers and pesticides
E) all of these answers

Question 35

Sustainable animal rearing methods can produce the same amount of meat and animal products that are currently produced by CAFOs.

Question 36

The water footprint to produce a pound of pork is:

A) 7 pounds.
B) 90 gallons.
C) 23 gallons.
D) 7 pounds of feed and 23 gallons of water.
E) The water footprint cannot be determined.

Question 37

How would raising grass-fed animals ultimately affect ecological problems such as erosion and pollution from fertilizers and pesticides?

Question 38

List and describe several ethical issues involved with raising animals in CAFOs.

Question 39

List several reasons beef-industry representatives would argue for industrial-scale production of beef in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), and then list several objections raised by critics of this industrial model.

Question 40

Why are grass-fed animals considered to represent a net gain for the human food supply?

A) They are raised following ethical guidelines.
B) They only eat what they have naturally evolved to eat-that is, grass.
C) They eat grass that humans cannot eat on land that is otherwise unsuitable for human crops.
D) They are raised on pasture land that does not require pesticides and fertilizer.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 41

What was the rationale for the original U.S. Farm Bill? What was it designed to do?

Question 42

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversees which aspect of agriculture?

A) the administration of antibiotics to animals
B) pesticide application
C) greenhouse-gas emissions from livestock
D) subsidies for grain purchased by feedlots
E) the regulation of wastewater treatment

Question 43

Infographic 30.6

According to Infographic 30.6, food safety and the environment are most important to which economic development status group?

A) low development, many smallholders
B) slow industrialization
C) rapid industrialization
D) postindustrial nations?E. This cannot be determined from the infographic.

Question 44

In terms of energy inputs required for raising beef, compare the industrial model, where cattle are fed grains, with a "grass-fed" model, where animals graze on pastureland. When considering agricultural policy, which method is more sustainable?

Question 45

Which U.S. Farm Bill legislation policies have been adapted or removed in recent years?

A) lax regulation of wastewater treatment
B) routine use of antibiotics
C) subsidies that enable feedlot operators to buy grain for less than it costs to grow
D) both B and C
E) A, B, and C

Question 46

The _______ footprint refers to the amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases released by an action.

A) water
B) feed
C) carbon
D) environmental
E) ecological

Question 47

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding antibiotic use in large-scale livestock operations prior to 2012?

A) Animals are given the same antibiotics that humans use to treat disease.
B) Antibiotics help reduce the risk of disease spreading through high-density animal confinements.
C) Antibiotics escape into the environment through contaminated water and soil.
D) Only sick animals receive antibiotics.
E) None-all of these statements are correct.

Question 48

By 2050, an estimated 9.6 billion people will live on Earth. Which of the following would best help to ensure sustainable food security for all humans?

A) a decrease in the price of fast-food restaurant burgers in developing countries
B) an increase from 50% to 90% in the number of animal farms that are CAFOs
C) minimizing or eliminating dairy products in the diets of most adults
D) a cultural shift involving a decrease in meat consumption in favor of a more plant-based diet
E) all of these answers

Question 49

The original U.S. Farm Bill was created during which time period?

A) the Great Depression
B) the 1980s farming crisis
C) the 1970s corn blight
D) the end of World War II
E) 2008-2010

Question 50

The USDA only acknowledges free-range:

A) beef
B) pork.
C) poultry.
D) salmon.
E) None of these answers are acknowledged as free-range by the USDA.

Question 51

Which of the following is a UN FAO recommendation regarding livestock production?

A) Globally, plant-based diets must be adopted.
B) Environmental concerns outweigh food-security concerns in most countries.
C) The biggest issue for developing countries is food safety.
D) The focus of an agricultural policy should depend on the level of industrialization.
E) Postindustrial countries should help bolster food security in developing countries.

Question 52

According to journalist and sustainable-food advocate Michael Pollan, "Cheap food is dishonestly priced. It is, in fact, unconscionably expensive." What does this mean for beef production and consumption in the United States, and what can be done about it?

Question 53

In terms of how much energy input is required to produce food, it is more energetically efficient to consume which of the following?

A) steak
B) milk
C) tuna
D) eggs
E) broccoli

Question 54

By some estimates, 17 to 34 acres worth of grain crop are required to produce a ton of beef (about four cows). This same amount of land could have been used to grow food to feed ____________ more people than the ton of beef can feed.

A) 1 to 2 times
B) 5 to 10 times
C) 10 to 20 times
D) 30 to 40 times
E) 90 to 100 times

Question 55

U.S. food policies largely support ___________ agriculture.

A) sustainable
B) industrial
C) traditional
D) organic
E) subsidy-free

Question 56

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Eighty percent of antibiotic use in the United States goes to livestock.
B) Globally, some 14.5% of greenhouse gas emissions due to human activity are from livestock.
C) Nearly 75% of U.S.-produced corn is used as animal feed.
D) Some 70% of beef cattle spend the last few months of their lives in CAFO pens.
E) None-all of these statements are true.

Question 57

Which of the following historical federal policies has(have) supported the CAFO model?

A) subsidies that allow feedlot operators to buy grain for less than it costs to grow
B) FDA approval for routine use of antibiotics in animal feed
C) lax regulation of wastewater treatment
D) A, B, and C
E) only B and C

Question 58

Infographic 30.6

Infographic 30.6 depicts UN FAO recommendations for taking into account the importance of each of four factors in developing a country's policies regarding raising livestock. Describe the shift in importance of factors as a country's income increases and the percentage of the country's income that comes from raising livestock decreases.

Question 59

A cancer-causing toxin is fat soluble (it is stored in the fat tissue of an organism). In the following food chain, which organism would likely have the largest concentration of this toxin: plankton, small fish (eats plankton), larger fish (eats smaller fish), bird of prey (eats larger fish)?

A) plankton
B) small fish
C) larger fish
D) bird of prey
E) none of these answers

Question 60

Infographic 30.6

When developing policy objectives, which economic development status group shown in Infographic 30.6 needs to focus most equally on all four factors?

A) low development, many smallholders
B) slow industrialization
C) rapid industrialization
D) postindustrial nations
E) This cannot be determined from the infographic.

Question 61

What does it mean to "eat lower on the food chain?" How can it help make livestock production more sustainable?

Question 62

Your friend refers to herself as a "meat and potatoes" kind of girl. That was the way she was raised. How could you describe to her the benefits to both the environment and to her personal health of a more plant-based diet with reduced meat consumption?

Question 63

Infographic 30.7

Refer to Infographic 30.7, explain how the number of people an area of land can support varies with the meat content of their diet. What happens to that relationship when the total consumption of fat per day increases to 35% or more?