Deck 14: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919-1939

Question 1

What are the chief characteristics of totalitarianism? To what extent was Fascist Italy a totalitarian state?

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

Why does the author state that the Stalinist era inaugurated an "economic, social, and political revolution that was more sweeping in its results than the revolutions of 1917"?

Answer 2

not answered

Question 3

IDENTIFICATIONS
Did anything good immediately result from the Great Depression?

Answer 3

The Great Depression, which began in 1929 and lasted throughout the 1930s, was a period of severe economic downturn and hardship for many people around the world. While the immediate effects of the Great Depression were largely negative—characterized by widespread unemployment, poverty, and social distress—there were some positive outcomes that emerged over time, which can be considered indirect or long-term results rather than immediate benefits. Here are a few:

1. **New Deal Reforms**: In the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal brought about significant government reforms designed to prevent future economic crises. These included the creation of the Social Security system, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which provided a safety net for the elderly, regulated the stock market, and protected bank deposits, respectively.

2. **Labor Improvements**: The Great Depression led to a greater awareness of the plight of workers and resulted in improved labor conditions. The Wagner Act of 1935, for example, guaranteed the rights of workers to organize into unions and bargain collectively, which helped to improve wages and working conditions over time.

3. **Economic Theories and Policies**: The economic challenges of the Great Depression spurred the development of new economic theories, most notably those of John Maynard Keynes, who advocated for increased government spending to counteract economic downturns. These ideas have had a lasting impact on economic policy and are still debated and applied today.

4. **Increased Government Responsibility**: The economic crisis led to a reevaluation of the role of government in the economy. Many people came to accept that government should play a more active role in stabilizing the economy and providing assistance to those in need.

5. **Infrastructure Development**: Programs like the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) were established to provide jobs through public works projects. These programs resulted in the construction of a vast array of infrastructure, including roads, bridges, schools, and parks, many of which are still in use today.

6. **Cultural Advancements**: The Great Depression also had an impact on culture, with programs like the Federal Art Project supporting artists. This period saw the creation of significant works of art, literature, and music, some of which reflected the experiences and struggles of the time.

7. **Global Economic Cooperation**: The economic collapse highlighted the interconnectedness of global economies and led to increased international cooperation, setting the stage for institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, which were established after World War II to help manage economic cooperation and development.

While these outcomes can be seen as positive, it is important to note that they were not immediate and often came after significant suffering and hardship. The Great Depression was a catalyst for change, prompting societies to find ways to prevent future economic disasters and improve the welfare of their citizens, but these changes took time to implement and realize their benefits.

Question 4

Using Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia as the models, what were the philosophic and practical differences between communism and fascism?

Question 5

How were the totalitarian revolutions in the Soviet Union, Italy, and Germany similar? How were they different?

Question 6

What impact did the growth of mass culture and mass leisure have upon European society in the 1920s and 1930s?

Question 7

How do the cultural and intellectual trends of the 1920s and 1930s reflect a crisis of confidence in Western Civilization?

Question 8

Other than the Great War having ended, about what was there to be hopeful as the 1920s dawned?

Question 9

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Kellogg-Briand pact

Question 10

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League of Nations

Question 11

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Treaty of Locarno

Question 12

How did America cope with the Depression? Why was the depression in the United States so long-lasting and what finally ended unemployment?

Question 13

What were the causes of the Great Depression? How did the European states respond to the Great Depression?

Question 14

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Dawes Plan

Question 15

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John Maynard Keynes

Question 16

What were Hitler's core ideas or assumptions? What were the methods used to implement them once he and the Nazis had established the Nazi state in Germany?

Question 17

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Great Depression

Question 18

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the Unknown Soldier(s)

Question 19

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Little Entente

Question 20

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the Popular Front

Question 21

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Fuhrerprinzip

Question 22

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"Germany Awake"

Question 23

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Fascio di Combattimento

Question 24

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Ataturk and Mohandas Gandhi

Question 25

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Benito Mussolini

Question 26

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Aryanism

Question 27

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the Enabling Act

Question 28

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totalitarianism

Question 29

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squadristi

Question 30

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Kristallnacht

Question 31

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Nuremberg laws

Question 32

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the New Deal

Question 33

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Hitler Jugend

Question 34

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Mein Kampf

Question 35

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Nazis

Question 36

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Lebensraum

Question 37

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Adolph Hitler

Question 38

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Weimar Republic

Question 39

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"Woman into the home"

Question 40

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the blackshirts

Question 41

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Salvador Dali's The Persistence of Memory

Question 42

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Louis H.Sullivan and the Chicago School

Question 43

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George Grosz and Otto Dix

Question 44

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Dadaism

Question 45

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Marie Stopes' Married Love

Question 46

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Francisco Franco and the Spanish Civil War

Question 47

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New Economic Policy

Question 48

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"war communism"

Question 49

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Frank Lloyd Wright

Question 50

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Stakhanov cult

Question 51

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Joseph Stalin

Question 52

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Oswald Spengler's The Decline of the West

Question 53

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Birth of a Nation and The Blue Angel

Question 54

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collective farms

Question 55

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German Expressionism

Question 56

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Surrealism

Question 57

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"wireless" and the BBC

Question 58

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five-year plans

Question 59

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Dopolavoro and Kraft durch Freude

Question 60

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Hannah Hoch and Tristan Tzara

Question 61

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Carl Jung

Question 62

Which one of the following did not characterize the weakness of the League of Nations?

A) the failure of the United States to join
B) U.S.determination to be less involved in European affairs
C) U.S.determination to be more involved in European affairs
D) economic sanctions as the League's sole weapon
E) failure of the League to reprimand member states for acts of aggression

Question 63

The settlement in 1925 by which Germany agreed to accept its border with France was known as the

A) Berne Protocol.
B) Treaty of Versailles.
C) Rapollo Agreement.
D) Geneva Accord.
E) Treaty of Locarno.

Question 64

The European economy did not begin to recover from the First World War until

A) 1920.
B) 1922.
C) 1928.
D) 1939.
E) 1946.

Question 65

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Bauhaus School and Walter Gropius

Question 66

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"socialist realism"

Question 67

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James Joyce's Ulysses and Virginia Woolf's Mrs.Dalloway

Question 68

A major cause of the Great Depression in Europe was

A) European governments were too involved in their own economies.
B) the recall of American loans from European markets.
C) the underproduction and high prices of agricultural goods in eastern and central Europe.
D) the inability of the League of Nations to set complementary economic policies in different global markets.
E) Weimar Germany's high tariff policies that prohibited trade with other nations.

Question 69

IDENTIFICATIONS
"degenerate art"

Question 70

Between 1929 and 1932, industrial production plummeted almost ____ percent in the United States

A) 100.
B) 50.
C) 25.
D) 10.
E) 5.

Question 71

Efforts to maintain European peace following World War I included

A) a three-way alliance between Great Britain, France, and the Weimar Republic.
B) the addition of an armed international security force to the League of Nations.
C) an inherently weak system of alliances between France and the Little Entente.
D) increased intervention by the United States in European political affairs.
E) the belated United States decision to Join the League of Nations.

Question 72

Following Germany's failure to pay its war reparations, France occupied Germany's Ruhr valley, resulting in

A) a policy of passive resistance by the German government and German resort to printing money to pay war debts.
B) an alliance concluded between Germany and Russia.
C) the election of Raymond Poincaré's French government in 1924.
D) an increase in the size of the German military.
E) Germany's decision to leave the League of Nations.

Question 73

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Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera

Question 74

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Arnold Schoenberg and atonal music

Question 75

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Hermann Hesse's Steppenwolf

Question 76

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Werner Heisenberg and the uncertainty principle

Question 77

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"stream of consciousness"

Question 78

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Ernest Rutherford and the atom

Question 79

One significant effect of the Great Depression in Europe was

A) the complete destruction of Communist parties.
B) huge unemployment rates in all nations but Great Britain.
C) the strengthening of liberal, democratic movements in the 1930s.
D) the rise of authoritarian movements in many areas of Europe.
E) the growth of free trade in order to spur economic recovery.

Question 80

Which of the following helped usher in a new era of European prosperity between 1924 and 1929?

A) the French occupation of the Ruhr Valley
B) Germany's decision to print extra money
C) the system of reparations payments devised in 1919 and foisted on Germany
D) American investments following the Dawes Plan
E) escalating prices for agricultural goods, leading to better rural finances and consequent government tax revenues