Deck 1: Hauser-Cram

Question 1

Current researchers have found that today's children show ______ emotion during pretend play as did children several decades ago.

A) about the same amount of
B) more
C) less
D) different kinds of

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The stage concept assumes change is

A) sudden.
B) gradual.
C) ongoing.
D) unique.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Age alone is a good estimator of

A) a child's maturation.
B) the underlying mechanisms of development.
C) only expected maturational guidelines.
D) where cognitive development is currently.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The stage concept assumes that

A) development is smooth and continuous.
B) change happens suddenly.
C) infants and children respond the same way as adults do.
D) development is a process of gradually adding skills.

Question 5

What type of relationship do researchers believe to be typical of the parent-child relationship?

A) unidirectional
B) bidirectional
C) multidirectional
D) child-centered

Question 6

Which approach to studying children does your text recommend?

A) The mother-child relationship
B) The father-child relationship
C) unidirectional
D) family systems

Question 7

"Enculturation" means

A) considering the impact of culture on a child's development.
B) customs, values, and traditions.
C) transmitted culture across time and generations.
D) learning the customs of other cultures.

Question 8

Who described the newborn's world as "one great blooming,buzzing confusion"?

A) T. Berry Brazelton
B) William James
C) Henry James
D) Jean Piaget

Question 9

Developmental psychologists typically divide their analysis into three general domains:

A) physical, cognitive, and psychosocial.
B) physical, spiritual, and emotional.
C) physical, emotional, and neurological.
D) physical, moodiness, and cognitive.

Question 10

Children become more involved in the world of symbols during which period?

A) adolescence
B) early childhood
C) middle childhood
D) infancy and toddlerhood

Question 11

Greg thinks the difference in maturity and immaturity is complex.He sees development as

A) continuous.
B) discontinuous.
C) nature.
D) nurture.

Question 12

Choose the answer that is true regarding the major domains of development.

A) Each period has separate domains.
B) The domains are separate and unique.
C) They are broadly divided into physical, cognitive, and psychosocial.
D) Psychosocial has little relevance to the others.

Question 13

During which period of development does the nature of the child's personality become evident?

A) prenatal
B) infancy and toddlerhood
C) early childhood
D) middle childhood

Question 14

Elizabeth believes that her child's ability to use language is due to the way she talks to the child.Her view is typical of

A) nature
B) nurture
C) cognition
D) plasticity

Question 15

Parenting is an) _______process.

A) static
B) authoritarian
C) dynamic
D) authoritative

Question 16

Barbara Rogoff found that human learning and development are _______ processes.

A) natural
B) cultural
C) individual
D) familial

Question 17

If you believe that you are the same person now as you were in childhood,you hold a ______ view of development.

A) continuous
B) discontinuous
C) stage
D) slope

Question 18

For change to be developmental,it must be

A) systematic, efficient, and orderly.
B) systematic, sustained, and organized.
C) successive, regular, and logical.
D) systematic, successive, and organized.

Question 19

Sarah believes that development takes place in stages where children change quickly as they step up to a new level.She believes development is

A) continuous.
B) discontinuous.
C) nature.
D) nurture.

Question 20

Who said the newborn behaves in a complex and competent manner?

A) T. Berry Brazelton
B) William James
C) Henry James
D) Jean Piaget

Question 21

The superego struggles to find compromise between the id and the ego.

Question 22

Resolution in each of Erikson's stages of development occurs as a result of

A) family.
B) culture.
C) family and culture.
D) none of these

Question 23

Schemas change over time through

A) adaptation.
B) assimilation.
C) accommodation.
D) none of these

Question 24

In each of Erikson's eight stages of development,he believes that individuals experience _______ in their emotional equilibrium.

A) turmoil
B) unrest
C) crisis
D) confusion

Question 25

Culturally shared belief systems about children's development and parents' roles are known as

A) enculturation.
B) ethnotheories.
C) culture ethnicity.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 26

Psychosocial theory focuses on

A) the impact of one society on another.
B) the effects of social interactions.
C) the result of an individual's removal from his or her environment.
D) the reinforcement of an action to alter a behavior.

Question 27

In what activity excluding sleeping) does the average child spend more time?

A) reading
B) exercise
C) media
D) face-to-face conversation

Question 28

Five-year-old Steven is initiating activities and mastering new tasks.Identify the appropriate stage of development Steven would be classified in,according to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development.

A) trust versus mistrust
B) autonomy versus shame, doubt
C) initiative versus guilt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 29

Freud's theory of psychosexual development

A) was developed by observing his own children.
B) has eight stages of conflicts to be resolved.
C) was developed through talking with emotionally troubled adults about their childhoods.
D) emphasizes how parents manage children's fears.

Question 30

Schemas are

A) mental structures that represent things an individual has experienced.
B) abstract images of events yet to occur.
C) documented accounts of events that one has experienced.
D) none of these

Question 31

Freud's psychoanalytic theory attributes personality development largely to

A) unconscious sources in the mind.
B) conscious sources in the mind.
C) environmental factors.
D) none of these

Question 32

Information-processing theory focuses on how children

A) pay attention to information.
B) remember information.
C) develop strategies about information.
D) all of these

Question 33

Freud's patients consisted of

A) the lower-class members of Viennese society.
B) the middle-class members of Viennese society.
C) the upper-class members of Viennese society.
D) members of each tier of Viennese society.

Question 34

According to Freud,which of the three elements that influence personality development is the key element in personality?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) all three

Question 35

Piaget's stage theory proposes continuous development.

Question 36

Identify the correct chronological order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development.

A) genital, latency, phallic, anal, oral
B) phallic, latency, anal, genital, oral
C) oral, anal, genital, Phallic, latency
D) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 37

In the United States,what approach do many parents take in order to understand a child's disability?

A) religious
B) scientific
C) supernatural
D) familial

Question 38

The _______ contains basic instincts and seeks to secure pleasure.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) none of these

Question 39

Constructivists focus on how children construct knowledge.

Question 40

"Assimilation" means to

A) fit something into a mental structure that already exists.
B) accommodate another individual's idea.
C) adapt to new surroundings.
D) fuse one's ideas with those of another.

Question 41

Learning theory focuses on _________ behaviors in development.

A) subconscious
B) innate
C) learned
D) automatic

Question 42

What is classical conditioning?

A) the eliciting of a response from the pairing of two stimuli, one neutral and one unconditioned
B) the eliciting of a response regardless of stimuli
C) a common technique used to train children how to behave in society
D) the pairing of a dependent variable and independent variable in eliciting a response

Question 43

A weakness of the cross-sectional approach to research is one of the following:

A) It cannot access the change in an individual over time.
B) It is expensive.
C) It cannot determine the cohort effect.
D) It has potential for biased observation.

Question 44

A benefit of the information-processing theory is that

A) it offers specific and practical guidance to those helping children to learn.
B) it gives broad interpretations for learning, thus allowing the instructor the freedom to develop his or her own methods of teaching.
C) it enhances already confirmed techniques of teaching.
D) it affords the student the freedom to disagree with the instructor's method of teaching and to develop their own learning method.

Question 45

Amy studies a group of 3-year-olds,6-year-olds,and 9-year-olds.What type of study is she conducting?

A) cross-sectional
B) time-segmented
C) longitudinal
D) cross-sequential

Question 46

According to _________,all children pass through the same four stages of cognitive development and in the same order.

A) Piaget
B) Freud
C) Erikson
D) Vygotsky

Question 47

The developmental systems theory identifies interactions at what level?

A) neural
B) behavioral
C) environmental
D) all of these

Question 48

Information-processing theory attempts to explain what's going on in the human mind as it acquires processes,retains,and comprehends information.

Question 49

According to Piaget's psychosocial stages of development,can children regress in development?

A) Yes
B) No
C) It depends on a number of factors.
D) Not enough information is given.

Question 50

According to Piaget,organization and adaptation are inseparable.

Question 51

Who co-founded the national Head Start program?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Uri Bronfenbrenner
C) Gilbert Gottlieb
D) Erik Erikson

Question 52

Negative reinforcement refers to a consequence presented after a response that makes that response more likely to happen in the future.

Question 53

If you wish to study a child's development in the child's natural environment,you will utilize the theory of

A) John
B) Albert Bandura.
B) Watson.
C) Konrad Lorenz.
D) Uri Bronfenbrenner.

Question 54

The times when a particular experience or lack of it) has a profound effect on development are referred to as

A) critical periods.
B) sensitive periods.
C) periods of necessity.
D) crucial periods.

Question 55

Watson demonstrated ___________ in teaching Little Albert to fear rats and other furry animals.

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) classical conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 56

Piaget's stage theory has been criticized because

A) some critics believe that development is more continuous than Piaget's stage theory suggests.
B) some critics believe that Piaget underestimated the abilities of younger children.
C) some critics believe that Piaget did not use a large enough sample when testing his theory.
D) all of these

Question 57

Brent studied a group of athletes from their entrance to middle school to graduation from high school in an attempt to assess physical development and the importance of training in competition and prevention of injury.What type of study did Brent conduct?

A) cross-sectional
B) time-segmented
C) longitudinal
D) cross-sequential

Question 58

Which of Bronfenbrenner's systems consists of settings in which the child is not present but which influence a child's development?

A) microsystem
B) mesosystem
C) exosystem
D) macrosystem

Question 59

Identify the appropriate order of the scientific method.

A) Develop a hypothesis. Formulate a question. Choose a method for testing hypothesis. Analyze the data collected. Draw conclusions. Disseminate the results of the study.
B) Formulate a question. Develop a hypothesis. Choose a method for testing hypothesis. Analyze the data collected. Draw conclusions. Disseminate the results of the study.
C) Formulate a question. Develop a hypothesis. Choose a method for testing hypothesis. Analyze the data collected. Disseminate the results of the study. Draw conclusions.
D) Disseminate the results of the study. Draw conclusions. Analyze the data collected. Choose a method for testing hypothesis. Develop a hypothesis. Formulate a question.

Question 60

In operant conditioning,the introduction of something that a person finds unpleasant is referred to as

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.

Question 61

Observation must be

A) random.
B) systematic.
C) both random and systematic.
D) None of the above.

Question 62

Which study can be used to determine cause and effect?

A) correlational study
B) microgenetic study
C) quasi-experimental study
D) none of these

Question 63

Ethnographic methods are derived from

A) Psychology.
B) Anthropology.
C) Archaeology.
D) Sociology.

Question 64

Place the following correlation coefficients in order from strongest to weakest: 0.59,0.87,-0.86,-1.0.

A) -1.0, 0.87, -0.86, 0.59
B) 0.87, 0.59, -0.86, -1.0
C) -1.0, 0.87, -0.86, 0.59
D) 0.59, -0.86, 0.87, -1.0

Question 65

A case study can utilize

A) test results.
B) interviews.
C) observations.
D) all of these.

Question 66

What is a weakness of observational studies?

A) Parents can influence the observer.
B) Children will behave normally when being observed.
C) Children may alter their behavior because they are being observed.
D) Researchers will seek to validate their hypothesis, rather than remain unbiased.

Question 67

Validity refers to

A) the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.
B) the degree to which an instrument fails to measure what it is intended to measure.
C) the degree to which a researcher implements an instrument.
D) the degree to which a hypothesis is proven.

Question 68

Khristy wants to determine the role of sleep in academic performance.In no specific way,she divides her volunteers into two groups-a control group that will sleep the standard eight hours a night and a second group that will sleep five hours a night.What type of study is Khristy conducting?

A) a microgenetic study
B) a quasi-experiement
C) a randomized controlled trial
D) a correlational study

Question 69

Correlation does not equal causation.

Question 70

Barbara Rogoff's study of children's daily routines in community life in a Mayan community in Guatemala is an example of what kind of study?

A) ethnographic study
B) case study
C) learning study
D) observational study

Question 71

David spent a period of time in Australia observing the daily routines of the indigenous people.What type of study is he conducting?

A) ethnographic study
B) case study
C) learning study
D) observational study

Question 72

Amy observes a group of 5-year-olds for 3 weeks,documenting changes weekly.What kind of study is she conducting?

A) correlational study
B) experimental study
C) descriptive study
D) microgenetic study

Question 73

What statistic describes the degree of association between two variables?

A) ecological correlation
B) linear association
C) Variable association
D) correlation coefficient

Question 74

Identify the correct order of the randomized controlled trial process.

A) Randomly assign individuals to one of two groups. Implement the intervention. Researchers assess individuals, unaware of group assignments. Develop conclusion. Analyze results and compare based on group assignments.
B) Randomly assign individuals to one of two groups. Implement the intervention. Researchers assess individuals, unaware of group assignments. Analyze results and compare based on group assignments. Develop conclusion.
C) Implement the intervention. Randomly assign individuals to one of two groups. Researchers assess individuals unaware of group assignments. Analyze results and compare based on group assignments. Develop conclusion.
D) Randomly assign individuals to one of two groups. Implement the intervention. Analyze results and compare based on group assignments. Researchers assess individuals, unaware of group assignments. Develop conclusion.

Question 75

How do psychologists gather data about children's development?

A) observational studies.
B) assessments
C) self-reports
D) all of these

Question 76

A quasi-experiment can determine the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable.

Question 77

Observation involves

A) asking parents about a child's behavior at home.
B) watching what a child does.
C) having the child write down his or her thoughts.
D) modeling a behavior and having the child imitate it.

Question 78

What is the difference between a randomized controlled trial and a quasi-experiment?

A) A randomized controlled sample is always ethical.
B) In a quasi-experiment, the two groups are compared on the independent variable.
C) In a quasi-experiment, participants are not randomly assigned to groups.
D) In a quasi-experiment, participants are randomly assigned to groups.

Question 79

The dependent variable can be referred to as the

A) outcome variable.
B)
B) criterion variable.
C) standard variable.
D) both A and

Question 80

Reliability refers to

A) validity.
B) consistency.
C) accuracy.
D) accountability.